Chronic stress effects on hippocampal structure and synaptic function: relevance for depression and normalization by anti-glucocorticoid treatment
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Exposure of an organism to environmental challenges activates two hormonal systems that help the organism to adapt. As part of this adaptational process, brain processes are changed such that appropriate behavioral strategies are selected that allow optimal performance at the short term, while relevant information is stored for the future. Over the past years it has become evident that chronic uncontrollable and unpredictable stress also exerts profound effects on structure and function of limbic neurons, but the impact of chronic stress is not a mere accumulation of repeated episodes of acute stress exposure. Dendritic trees are reduced in some regions but expanded in others, and cells are generally exposed to a higher calcium load upon depolarization. Synaptic strengthening is largely impaired. Neurotransmitter responses are also changed, e.g., responses to serotonin. We here discuss: (a) the main cellular effects after chronic stress with emphasis on the hippocampus, (b) how such effects could contribute to the development of psychopathology in genetically vulnerable individuals, and (c) their normalization by brief treatment with anti-glucocorticoids.
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The above neurophysiological mechanisms are likely highly interactive at multiple explanatory levels.
“The above neurophysiological mechanisms are also likely highly interactive at multiple explanatory levels; for example, dopamine can regulate inflammatory responses and vice versa, 105 and neuroendocrine stress systems and immune regulation may impact neuronal connectivity and brain function.”
From Towards an Integrative Account of Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Path From Sleep Dysfunction to Hallucinations (2025) · cites this paper as [106]
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Nácher, J., & McEwen, B. S. (2006) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20160 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Suppression of adult neurogenesis leads to an increased hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis response
Schloesser, R. J., Manji, H. K., & Martinowich, K. (2009) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3283293e59 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Kole, M. H. P., Swan, L., & Fuchs, E. (2002) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02136.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Mayer, J. L., Klumpers, L. E., Maslam, S., de Kloet, E. R., Joëls, M., & Lucassen, P. J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01455.x · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Tata, D. A., & Anderson, B. J. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.09.008 · Cited by 173 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Moreover, there is evidence that glial processes make up a larger proportion of the tissue after exposure to prolonged psychosocial stress and glucocorticoid exposure (Czéh et al., 2006; Tata et al., 2006; Tata and Anderson, 2010).”
Corticosteroid actions in hippocampus require DNA binding of glucocorticoid receptor homodimers
Karst, H., Karten, Y. J. G., Reichardt, H. M., de Kloet, E. R., Schütz, G., & Joëls, M. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/79910 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Wiegert, O., Joëls, M., & Krugers, H. (2006) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.87706 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Karten, Y. J. G., Nair, S. M., van Essen, L., Sibug, R. M., & Joëls, M. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.23.13456 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Ageing abolishes the effects of fluoxetine on neurogenesis
Couillard-Despres, S., Wuertinger, C., Kandasamy, M., Caioni, M., Stadler, K., Aigner, R., Bogdahn, U., & Aigner, L. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.147 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Modulation of Different States of Anxiety-Like Behavior by Chronic Stress.
Vyas, A., & Chattarji, S. (2004) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.6.1450 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis as Target for the Treatment of Depression
Drew, M. R., & Hen, R. (2007) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152707780619353 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Tata, D. Α., Marciano, V. A., & Anderson, B. J. (2006) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.21071 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
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Effect of Chronic Stress on Synaptic Currents in Rat Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus Neurons
Karst, H., & Joëls, M. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00691.2002 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Stress selectively and lastingly promotes learning of context-related high arousing information
Smeets, T., Wolf, O. T., Giesbrecht, T., Sijstermans, K., Telgen, S., & Joëls, M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.03.001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Krugers, H. J., Goltstein, P. M., van der Linden, S., & Joëls, M. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04842.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Daily injections alter spine density in rat medial prefrontal cortex
Seib, L. M., & Wellman, C. L. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01287-9 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Bidirectional shift in the cornu ammonis 3 pyramidal dendritic organization following brief stress
Kole, M. H. P., Costoli, T., Koolhaas, J. M., & Fuchs, E. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.02.014 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Vollmann-Honsdorf, G. K., Flügge, G., & Fuchs, E. (1997) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00647-2 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The use of mifepristone in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders
DeBattista, C., & Belanoff, J. K. (2006) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2006.02.006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Boku, S., Nakagawa, S., Masuda, T., Nishikawa, H., Kato, A., Kitaichi, Y., Inoue, T., & Koyama, T. (2008) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2008.198 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Activity-stress induces atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal neurons in male rats
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Implication of corticosteroid receptors in the regulation of hippocampal structural plasticity
Montaron, M., Piazza, P. V., Aurousseau, C., Urani, A., Moal, M. L., & Abrous, D. N. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2003.03048.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Corticosterone reduces dendritic complexity in developing hippocampal CA1 neurons
Alfarez, D. N., Simoni, A. D., Velzing, E. H., Bracey, E. F., Joëls, M., Edwards, F. A., & Krugers, H. J. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20566 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Jayatissa, M. N., Henningsen, K., West, M. J., & Wiborg, O. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.001 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Untreated Depression and Hippocampal Volume Loss
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Blasey, C. M., DeBattista, C., Roe, R., Block, T., & Belanoff, J. K. (2009) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2009.03.001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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Impaired Declarative Memory in Depressed Patients Is Slow To Recover: Clinical Experience
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Effects of NADH on dopamine release in rat striatum
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Cai, X., Kallarackal, A. J., Kvarta, M. D., Goluskin, S., Gaylor, K., Bailey, A. M., Lee, H.-K., Huganir, R. L., & Thompson, S. M. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3355 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine Regulation of Brain Cytokines After Psychological Stress
Johnson, J. D., Barnard, D. F., Kulp, A. C., & Mehta, D. M. (2019) · Journal of the Endocrine Society · doi:10.1210/js.2019-00053 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Maras, P. M., Molet, J., Chen, Y., Rice, C., Ji, S. G., Solodkin, A., & Baram, T. Z. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.12 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Sheaves, B., Cropley, V. L., Moseley, P., Woodruff, P. W. R., Punton, G., Speth, C., Speth, J., Meerlo, P., & Brederoo, S. G. (2025) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaf107 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Krugers
- Venue
- Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 2
- Pages
- 24-24
- ISSN
- 1663-3563 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3059694
- OpenAlex
- W2150598665
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- chronic stress, hippocampus, depression, dendritic morphology, synaptic plasticity, calcium signaling, limbic system, glucocorticoids, genetic susceptibility, psychopathology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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