Peripheral biomarkers of endometriosis: a systematic review

May, K. E.; Conduit-Hulbert, S. A.; Villar, J.; Kirtley, S.; Kennedy, S. H.; Becker, C. M.

doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq009

Cited by 418Endometriosis Research and TreatmentEctopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and ManagementGynecological conditions and treatments

Peripheral biomarkers of endometriosis: a systematic review

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May, K. E., Conduit-Hulbert, S. A., Villar, J., Kirtley, S., Kennedy, S. H., Becker, C. M.·2010·Human Reproduction Update

DOI 10.1093/humupd/dmq009PMC PMC2953938

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis is estimated to affect 1 in 10 women during the reproductive years. There is often delay in making the diagnosis, mainly due to the non-specific nature of the associated symptoms and the need to verify the disease surgically. A biomarker that is simple to measure could help clinicians to diagnose (or at least exclude) endometriosis; it might also allow the effects of treatment to be monitored. If effective, such a marker or panel of markers could prevent unnecessary diagnostic procedures and/or recognize treatment failure at an early stage. METHODS: We used QUADAS (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) criteria to perform a systematic review of the literature over the last 25 years to assess critically the clinical value of all proposed biomarkers for endometriosis in serum, plasma and urine. RESULTS: We identified over 100 putative biomarkers in publications that met the selection criteria. We were unable to identify a single biomarker or panel of biomarkers that have unequivocally been shown to be clinically useful. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral biomarkers show promise as diagnostic aids, but further research is necessary before they can be recommended in routine clinical care. Panels of markers may allow increased sensitivity and specificity of any diagnostic test.

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According to QUADAS guidelines, samples should be collected at a consistent phase of the cycle and results should be corrected for the cycle phases.
“Firstly, according to QUADAS (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) guidelines [15,16], samples should be collected at a consistent phase of the cycle and results should be corrected for the cycle phases.”
From A high sensitivity assay is more accurate than a classical assay for the measurement of plasma CRP levels in endometriosis (2011) · cites this paper as [15]
According to a recently published systematic review, lack of correction for the phase of the menstrual cycle can explain the considerable variability between studies with respect to blood levels of biomarkers in women with endometriosis and controls.
“Secondly, according to a recently published systematic review, lack of correction for the phase of the menstrual cycle can explain the considerable variability between studies with respect to blood levels of biomarkers in women with endometriosis and controls [15].”
From A high sensitivity assay is more accurate than a classical assay for the measurement of plasma CRP levels in endometriosis (2011) · cites this paper as [15]
Studies performed in various body compartments such as serum, peritoneal, and follicular fluids are not sufficient for precise evaluation of androgen levels.
“Studies performed in various compartments in the body as serum, peritoneal, and follicular fluids are not sufficient for precise evaluation [17].”
From Serum levels of androgens and prostate-specific antigen in endometriosis (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
Samples were collected at a well defined phase of the cycle and results were corrected for cycle phase, as recommended by the QUADAS guidelines.
“In our study, samples were collected at a well defined phase of the cycle and results were corrected for cycle phase, as recommended by the QUADAS (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies) guidelines [15,16].”
From A high sensitivity assay is more accurate than a classical assay for the measurement of plasma CRP levels in endometriosis (2011) · cites this paper as [15]
Despite ongoing research on biomarkers of endometriosis, there are still no satisfactory results, making it impossible to carry out effective laboratory diagnostics for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment of the disease.
“Despite the fact that research on biomarkers of endometriosis are still ongoing, there are still no satisfactory results, which makes it impossible to carry out effective laboratory diagnostics used in the diagnosis and monitoring of the treatment of the disease [157].”
From Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Genetics (Review of Literature) (2021) · cites this paper as [157]

A panel of cytokines, rather than a single biomarker, improves sensitivity and specificity values, with some panels showing the ability to discriminate between different stages of disease.
“The studies showed that a panel of cytokines, rather than a single biomarker, improve sensitivity and specificity values, with some panels showing the ability to discriminate between different stages of disease.”
From Biomarkers in endometriosis: Challenges and opportunities (2017) · cites this paper as [69]
CA-19-9 has been shown to be elevated in endometriosis and has comparable or lower sensitivity than CA-125 for detection of endometriosis.
“Another ovarian tumor marker, CA-19-9, has been shown to be elevated in endometriosis and has a comparable or lower sensitivity than CA-125 for the detection of endometriosis [23].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Despite extensive research, no single biomarker nor a panel of biomarkers in peripheral blood has been validated as a diagnostic test for endometriosis.
“Despite extensive research, no single biomarker nor a panel of biomarkers in peripheral blood has been validated as a diagnostic test for endometriosis [17, 20].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Most endometriosis biomarker studies have remained at Phase I and only a few have made it to Phase II.
“Overall, most endometriosis biomarker studies have remained at the level of Phase I [23] and only a few have made it to Phase II studies.”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
At present, no noninvasive test with high sensitivity for endometriosis exists.
“At present, such a test does not exist [17, 20].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [20]
Putative endometriosis biomarkers are mostly glycoproteins, growth or adhesion factors, hormones, or proteins related to immunology or angiogenesis.
“Putative endometriosis biomarkers are mostly glycoproteins, growth or adhesion factors, hormones, or proteins related to immunology or angiogenesis [17, 23, 30].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
sICAM-I levels have been suggested to rise during early stages of endometriosis (I-II) and decrease at stage III-IV.
“Levels of the sICAM-I have been suggested to rise during early stages of endometriosis (I-II) and decrease at stage III-IV [23].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
VEGF usefulness as a biomarker for endometriosis is unclear, as some studies show elevated blood levels in endometriosis patients while other studies do not record a significant difference.
“Its usefulness as biomarker for endometriosis is unclear, as some studies show elevated blood levels in endometriosis patients while other studies do not record a significant difference [23, 67].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Follistatin has been shown to be increased in endometriosis patients, especially in a subgroup with ovarian endometrioma, and showed good sensitivity and specificity.
“Follistatin, an inhibitor of activin, has been shown to be increased in endometriosis patients [23], especially in a subgroup of patients with ovarian endometrioma, and showed good sensitivity and specificity [43].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
C-reactive protein has been shown to be upregulated, especially when examined with a high sensitivity assay making it possible to detect subclinical inflammation in women with endometriosis.
“The inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) has been shown to be upregulated [23], especially when examined with a high sensitivity assay making it possible to detect subclinical inflammation in women with endometriosis [50].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Other studies could not find CRP upregulation.
“However, other studies could not find an upregulation [23, 51].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Soluble EGF and PDGF showed no difference between endometriosis patients and control women.
“Other growth factors, such as soluble epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) have been investigated, but no difference was found between endometriosis patients and control women [23].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Antiendometrial antibodies showed the most promising results, being more commonly present in endometriosis patients than in controls.
“Both total immunoglobulin levels and antiendometrial antibodies have been investigated as potential biomarkers for endometriosis of which the latter showed the most promising results, being more commonly present in endometriosis patients than in controls [23].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
HGF was suggested to be elevated in women with endometriosis, although this was not confirmed in an additional study.
“Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was suggested to be elevated in women with endometriosis [72], although this was not confirmed in an additional study [23, 73].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Proteomics technologies are costly and time-consuming, and there is a need for better standardization and reproducibility before they can be used reliably in clinical research projects.
“These studies have shown promising results; however, proteomics technologies are costly and time-consuming [23], and there is a need for better standardization and reproducibility of proteomic technologies before they can be used reliably in clinical research projects [17].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Elevations of FGF-2, angiogenin, and soluble Flt-I (VEGFR-1) in serum of women with endometriosis have all been recorded.
“Elevations of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), angiogenin, and soluble Flt-I (VEGFR-1) in serum of women with endometriosis have all been recorded [23].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
For none of the cell populations including T cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages/monocytes, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils has utility as an endometriosis biomarker been proven.
“A range of cell populations, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages/monocytes, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, has been compared between endometriosis patients and healthy controls [23]. However, for none of these populations the utility as an endometriosis biomarker has been proven [23, 96].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
No consensus exists on changes in steroid hormone levels.
“No consensus exists on changes in steroid hormone levels [23].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Contrasting evidence exists on prolactin, leptin, LH, and adiponectin levels in endometriosis patients versus controls, showing either no difference, an increase (prolactin, leptin, LH) or a decrease (adiponectin).
“Contrasting evidence exists on prolactin, leptin, luteinizing hormone (LH), and adiponectin levels in endometriosis patients versus controls, showing either no difference, an increase (prolactin, leptin LH) or a decrease (adiponectin) [23, 75, 76].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]
Specific antibodies against carbonic anhydrase, transferrin, α2-HS glycoprotein, lipid peroxide modified rabbit serum albumin, copper oxidized LDL, malondialdehyde-modified LDL, laminin-I, and cardiolipin have shown promise as potential endometriosis biomarkers.
“Likewise, specific antibodies against carbonic anhydrase, transferrin, α2-HS glycoprotein, lipid peroxide modified rabbit serum albumin, copper oxidized low-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein, laminin-I, and cardiolipin have shown promise as potential endometriosis biomarkers [23].”
From Update on biomarkers for the detection of endometriosis (2015) · cites this paper as [23]

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Background
Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the serum and peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis
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Elevated soluble Fas ligand levels may suggest a role for apoptosis in women with endometriosis
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Non-invasive methods of diagnosis of endometriosis
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Evaluation of Serum and Urinary Angiogenic Factors in Patients with Endometriosis
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An association of IgG anti-laminin-1 autoantibodies with endometriosis in infertile patients
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The expression of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in endometriosis
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Autoimmunity in infertile patients with endometriosis
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Concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1 soluble receptor type II (IL-1 sRII) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra) in the peritoneal fluid and serum of infertile women with endometriosis
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Interleukin-12 but not interleukin-18 is associated with severe endometriosis
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Aberrant expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and killer inhibitory receptors induces immune tolerance in women with pelvic endometriosis
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Endometriotic Lesions Synthesize and Secrete a Haptoglobin-Like Protein1
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Flow Cytometry Analysis of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Peritoneal Fluid of Women With Endometriosis
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Serum adiponectin concentrations are decreased in women with endometriosis
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Circulating cell-free DNA as a potential biomarker for minimal and mild endometriosis
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Proteomic analysis of serum yields six candidate proteins that are differentially regulated in a subset of women with endometriosis
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Interleukin-16
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Tumor markers in endometriosis
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Differentially expressed genes in human endometrial endothelial cells derived from eutopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis compared with those from patients without endometriosis
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Endometrial autoantigens eliciting immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM responses in endometriosis
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Peritoneal fluid and serum autoantibody levels in patients with endometriosis
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Evaluation of Serum CA 125 Levels in Patients with Pelvic Pain Related to Endometriosis
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New monoclonal antibodies identify the glycoprotein carrying the CA 125 epitope
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Elevated levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the peripheral blood of women with endometriosis
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Apoptosis pattern in human endometrium in women with pelvic endometriosis
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Positive correlation between serum and peritoneal fluid CA-125 levels in women with pelvic endometriosis
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Endometrial Osteopontin mRNA Expression and Plasma Osteopontin Levels are Increased in Patients with Endometriosis
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High serum follistatin levels in women with ovarian endometriosis
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Plasma Urocortin Levels in the Diagnosis of Ovarian Endometriosis
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Hyperprolactinemia and Luteal Insufficiency in Infertile Patients with Mild and Minimal Endometriosis1
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Multiple endometrial antigens are targeted in autoimmune endometriosis
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Interleukin-10 Suppresses Proliferation and Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix of Cultured Human Skin Fibroblasts
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment reduced serum interleukin-6 concentrations in patients with ovarian endometriomas
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Elevated serum levels of endometrial secretory protein PP14 in patients with advanced endometriosis
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THE GALACTORRHŒA-ENDOMETRIOSIS SYNDROME
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Serum Concentrations of Insulin‐like Growth Factor‐1, Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor‐1 and Angiogenin in Endometriosis Patients
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Increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 level and activity in the peripheral blood of women with endometriosis
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Altered expression of interleukin-18 in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis
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Serum interleukin-8 levels are elevated in patients with ovarian endometrioma
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Identification of urocortin mRNA and peptide in the human endometrium
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Serum and peritoneal evaluation of vitamin D-binding protein in women with endometriosis.
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Serum Antiendometrial Antibodies and Diagnosis of Endometriosis
Randall, G. W., Gantt, P. A., Poe‐Zeigler, R. L., Bergmann, C. A., Noel, M. E., Strawbridge, W. R., Richardson‐Cox, B., Hereford, J. R., & Reiff, R. H. (2007) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2007.00523.x · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Killer Immunoglobulin‐like Receptor and Human Leukocyte Antigen Expression as Immunodiagnostic Parameters for Pelvic Endometriosis
Zhang, C., Maeda, N., Izumiya, C., Yamamoto, Y., Kusume, T., Oguri, H., Yamashita, C., Nishimori, Y., Hayashi, K., Luo, J., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00332.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Blood leukocyte subsets are modulated in patients with endometriosis
Gagné, D., Rivard, M., Pagé, M., Shazand, K., Hugo, P., & Gosselin, D. R. (2003) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(03)00552-1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Detection of endometriosis with the use of plasma protein profiling by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Liu, H., Lang, J., Zhou, Q., Shan, D., & Li, Q. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.08.095 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Plasma Urocortin 1 in Human Heart Failure
Wright, S. P., Doughty, R. N., Frampton, C. M., Gamble, G. D., Yandle, T. G., & Richards, M. (2009) · Circulation Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.108.840207 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Evaluation of serum CA 125 levels in patients with pelvic pain related to endometriosis
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IgG Anti‐laminin‐1 Autoantibody and Recurrent Miscarriages
Inagaki, J., Matsuura, E., Kaihara, K., Kobayashi, K., Yasuda, T., Nomizu, M., SUGIURA‐OGASAWARA, M., Katano, K., & Aoki, K. (2001) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.8755-8920.2001.450406.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Levels of complement components iC3b, C3c, C4, and SC5b-9 in peritoneal fluid and serum of infertile women with endometriosis
Kabut, J., Kondera‐Anasz, Z., Sikora, J., & Mielczarek‐Palacz, A. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.061 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Endometriosis: The prevalence of endometrial immunoglobulin G antibodies in patients with endometriosis
Odukoya, O. A., Wheatcroft, N. J., Weetman, A. P., & Cooke, I. D. (1995) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136121 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Carbonic Anhydrase Antibody in Sera from Patients with Endometriosis
Kiechle, F. L., Quattrociocchi-Longe, T. M., & Brinton, D. A. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/101.5.611 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Antibodies to Endometrial Transferrin and Alpha 2‐Heremans Schmidt (HS) Glycoprotein in Patients With Endometriosis
MATHUR, S. P., ZHOU, G. X., Jiang, H., Butler, W. J., ZHANG, H., & ARNAUD, P. (1996) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1996.tb00129.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Do Soluble Cell Adhesion Molecules Play a Role in Endometriosis?
Daniel, Y., BARAM, A., Fait, G., Lessing, J. B., Geva, E., Amit, A., & Englender, T. (2000) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.8755-8920.2000.430305.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Levels of Transferrin and Alpha 2-HS Glycoprotein in Women with and without Endometriosis
MATHUR, S. P., Lee, J. H., Jiang, H., Arnaud, P., & Rust, P. F. (1999) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.3109/08916939908995381 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Serum Leptin Concentrations in Endometriosis
Viganò, P., Somigliana, E., Matrone, R., Dubini, A., Barron, C., Vignali, M., & Blasio, A. M. D. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.3.8286 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Are we employing the most effective CA 125 and CA 19-9 cut-off values to detect endometriosis?
Xavier, P. A. F., Beires, J., Belo, L., Rebelo, I., Martinez‐de‐Oliveira, J., Lunet, N., & Barros, H. (2005) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.04.003 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Serum endometrial IgG antibodies and soluble CD23 concentrations in patients with endometriosis
Odukoya, O. A., Bansal, A. S., & Cooke, I. D. (1996) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.3109/00016349609055030 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Peritoneal fluid and serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor may predict the activity of endometriosis
KHAN, K. N., MASUZAKI, H., FUJISHITA, A., KITAJIMA, M., HIRAKI, K., MIURA, S., SEKINE, I., & ISHIMARU, T. (2006) · Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016340500432556 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Elevated levels of fibroblast growth factor-2 in serum from women with endometriosis
Бурлев, В. А., Larsson, A. O., & Olovsson, M. (2006) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.08.064 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Antibodies to carbonic anhydrase in endometriosis: prevalence, specificity, and relationship to clinical and laboratory parameters
D’Cruz, O. J., Wild, R. A., Haas, G. G., & Reichlin, M. (1996) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)58566-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mass spectrometry and serum pattern profiling for analyzing the individual risk for endometriosis: promising insights?
Wölfler, M. M., Schwamborn, K., Otten, D., Hornung, D., Liu, H., & Rath, W. H. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.03.064 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Endometrial antibodies versus CA-125 for the detection of endometriosis
Wild, R. A., Hirisave, V., Bianco, A., Podczaski, E. S., & Demers, L. M. (1991) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54065-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Endometriosis Markers: Immunologic Alterations as Diagnostic Indicators for Endometriosis
BOHLER, H. C. L., Gerçel-Taylor, Ç., Lessey, B. A., & Taylor, D. D. (2007) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1177/1933719107307910 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Tumor Necrosis Factor in Plasma and Peritoneal Fluid of Women with and without Endometriosis
Vercellini, P., Benedetti, F. D., Rossi, E., Colombo, A., Trespìdi, L., & Crosignani, P. G. (2010) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000292591 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Soluble ICAM-1 levels in the serum of endometriotic patients appear to be independent of medical treatment
Matalliotakis, I., Vassiliadis, S., Goumenou, A. G., Athanassakis, I., Koumantakis, G. E., Neonaki, M., & Koumantakis, E. E. (2001) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-0378(01)00064-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Two novel serum biomarkers for endometriosis screened by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and their change after laparoscopic removal of endometriosis
Jing, J., Qiao, Y., Suginami, H., Taniguchi, F., Shi, H., & Wang, X. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.078 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Peritoneal and Peripheral B‐1‐Cell Populations in Patients with Endometriosis
Chishima, F., Hayakawa, S., Hirata, Y., Nagai, N., Kanaeda, T., Tsubata, K., & Satoh, K. (2000) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2000.tb01298.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Autoantibodies associated with endometriosis: Can their detection predict presence of the disease?
Ra, W., Hirisave, V., Podczaski, E. S., Coulam, C. B., Shivers, C. A., & SATYASWAROOP, P. G. (1992) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(92)90768-e · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Levels of Antibodies to Transferrin and Alpha 2‐HS Glycoprotein in Women With and Without Endometriosis
MATHUR, S. P., Rust, P. F., Holt, V. L., Jiang, H., & Lee, J. H. (1998) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.1998.tb00393.x · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Expression of Soluble Adhesion Molecules in Sera of Women With Stage III and IV Endometriosis
Barrier, B. F., & Sharpe-Timms, K. L. (2002) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1177/107155760200900209 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Killer Inhibitory Receptor CD158a Overexpression Among Natural Killer Cells in Women With Endometriosis is Undiminished by Laparoscopic Surgery and Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment*
Maeda, N., Izumiya, C., Kusum, T., Masumoto, T., Yamashita, C., Yamamoto, Y., Oguri, H., & Fukaya, T. (2004) · American Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2004.00170.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
CD23: novel disease marker with a split personality
Gordon, J. (1991) · Clinical & Experimental Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb02937.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Leukocyte subpopulations and natural killer activity in endometriosis.
Iwasaki, K., Makino, T., Maruyama, T., Matsubayashi, H., Nozawa, S., & Yokokura, T. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Serum Soluble CD163 and Interleukin-6 Levels in Women with Ovarian Endometriomas
Jee, B. C., Suh, C. S., Kim, S. H., & Moon, S. Y. (2008) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000119091 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Low serum and peritoneal fluid concentration of interferon-γ–induced protein-10 (CXCL10) in women with endometriosis
Galleri, L., Luisi, S. V., Rotondi, M., Romagnani, P., Cobellis, L., Serio, M., & Petraglia, F. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.11.075 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Antigenic differences between the endometrium of women with and without endometriosis.
Garza, D., MATHUR, S. P., Dowd, M., Smith, L. F., & Williamson, H. O. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Endometriosis: Serum-soluble CD23 in patients with endometriosis and the effect of treatment with danazol and leuprolide acetate depot injection*
Odukoya, O. A., Bansal, A. S., Wilson, A. P., Weetman, A. P., & Cooke, I. D. (1995) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136067 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Serum and peritoneal fluid levels of IGF I and II and insulinlike growth binding protein-3 in endometriosis.
Gürgan, T., Bükülmez, O., Yaralı́, H., Tanir, M., & Akyildiz, S. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1992) · PubMed · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Elevated levels of gremlin-1 in eutopic endometrium and peripheral serum in patients with endometriosis
Sha, G., Zhang, Y., Zhang, C., Wan, Y., Zhao, Z., Li, C., & Lang, J. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.007 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
A Randomized Comparison of Danazol and Leuprolide Acetate Suppression of Serum-Soluble CD23 Levels in Endometriosis
Matalliotakis, I., NEONAKI, M. A., KOUMANTAKI, Y. G., GOUMENOU, A. G., KYRIAKOU, D. S., & KOUMANTAKIS, E. E. (2000) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00635-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cognate chemokine receptor 1 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in peripheral blood as a diagnostic test for endometriosis
Agic, A., Xu, H., Rehbein, M., Wölfler, M. M., Ebert, A. D., & Hornung, D. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.09.012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Intracellular Cytokine Synthesis in Peripheral Mononuclear Cells of Women with Endometriosis
Gmyrek, G. B., Sieradzka, U., Goluda, M., Gabryś, M. S., Sozański, R., Jerzak, M. M., Zbyryt, I., Chrobak, A., & Chełmońska‐Soyta, A. (2008) · Immunological Investigations · doi:10.1080/08820130701554962 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Vascular endothelial growth factor, lipoporotein-associated phospholipase A2, sP-selectin and antiphospholipid antibodies, biological markers with prognostic value in pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic lupus erithematosus.
Tănăseanu, C., Tudor, S., Tamşulea, I., Marta, D., Manea, G., & Moldoveanu, E. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Haptoglobin β chain isoforms in the plasma and peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis
Ferrero, S., Gillott, D. J., Remorgida, V., Anserini, P., Price, K. M., Ragni, N., & Grudzinskas, J. G. (2005) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.11.064 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Effect of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry on identifing biomarkers of endometriosis
Zhang, H., Feng, J., Chang, X., Li, Z., Wu, X., & Cui, H. (2009) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2009.04.003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Changes in immunologic variables (TNF-a, sCD8 and sCD4) during danazol treatment in patients with endometriosis.
Matalliotakis, I., Neonaki, M., Zolindaki, A., Hassan, E., Georgoulias, V., & Koumantakis, E. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Urine vascular endothelial growth factor-A is not a useful marker for endometriosis
Potlog‐Nahari, C., Stratton, P., Winkel, C. A., Widra, E. A., Sinaii, N., Connors, S. L., & Nieman, L. K. (2004) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.040 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Serum levels of the oncofetal antigens CA-125, CA 19-9 and CA 15-3 in patients with endometriosis
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Increase in serum leptin concentrations among women with endometriosis during danazol and leuprolide depot treatments
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Peritoneal fluid and serum leptin concentrations in women with primary infertility
Gungor, T., Pektas, M. K., Karayalçın, R., & Mollamahmutoğlu, L. (2008) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-008-0744-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Urine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in children with urinary tract infection: a possible predictor of acute pyelonephritis
Otukesh, H., Fereshtehnejad, S., Hoseini, R., Hekmat, S., Chalian, H., Chalian, M., Bedayat, A., Yazdi, R. S., Sabaghi, S., & Mahdavi, S. (2008) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-008-0969-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Protein, progesterone, and protease inhibitors in uterine and peritoneal fluids of women with endometriosis
Fazleabas, A. T., Khan‐Dawood, F. S., & Dawood, M. Y. (1987) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)49994-2 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Artificial neural networks combined with surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectra distinguish endometriosis from healthy population
Wang, L., Zheng, W., Yu, J., Jiang, W., Mu, L., & Zhang, S. (2007) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.055 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Expression of Serum Human Leukocyte Antigen and Growth Factor Levels in a Greek Family With Familial Endometriosis
Matalliotakis, I., Goumenou, A. G., Koumantakis, G. E., Athanassakis, I., Dionyssopoulou, E., Neonaki, M. A., & Vassiliadis, S. (2003) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1016/s1071-5576(02)00261-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Identifying the presence of antibodies against endometrial antigens. A preliminary study.
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N-terminal truncated forms of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in the peritoneal fluid of women without laparoscopic evidence of endometriosis
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Decrease in Peripheral Blood Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Chemotactic Index in Endometriosis: Role of Prostaglandin E2 Release
Garzetti, G. G. (1998) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00592-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Are cardiolipin antibody levels elevated in endometriosis?
Kilpatrick, D. C., Haining, R. E. B., & Smith, S. S. K. (1991) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54144-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
PRL, TSH and Their Response to the TRH Test in Patients with Endometriosis before, during, and after Treatment with Danazol
Matalliotakis, I., Panidis, D., Vlassis, G., Vavilis, D., Neonaki, M., & Koumantakis, E. (2010) · Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation · doi:10.1159/000291947 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

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ESHRE guideline: management of women with endometriosis
Dunselman, G. A. J., Vermeulen, N., Becker, C., Calhaz-Jorge, C., D'Hooghe, T., De Bie, B., Heikinheimo, O., Horne, A. W., Kiesel, L., Nap, A., et al. (2014) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/det457 · Cited by 2,211 · see citing works
Self-citation
ESHRE guideline: endometriosis
Becker, C. M., Bokor, A., Heikinheimo, O., Horne, A., Jansen, F., Kiesel, L., King, K., Kvaskoff, M., Nap, A., Petersen, K., et al. (2022) · Human Reproduction Open · doi:10.1093/hropen/hoac009 · Cited by 1,712 · see citing works
“…should not use measurement of biomarkers in endometrial tissue, blood, menstrual or uterine ﬂuids to diagnose endometriosis (Mol et al. , 1998; May et al. , 2010; May et al. , 2011; Liu et al. , 2015; Cosar et al. , 2016; Gupta et al. , 2016; Hirsch et al. , 2016; Nisenblat et al. , 2016a;…”
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Endometriosis is a chronic systemic disease: Clinical challenges and novel innovations
Taylor, H. S., Kotlyar, A. M., & Flores, V. A. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00389-5 · Cited by 1,425 · see citing works
Endometriosis
Zondervan, K. T., Becker, C. M., Koga, K., Missmer, S. A., Taylor, R. N., & Viganò, P. (2018) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0008-5 · Cited by 1,257 · see citing works
Self-citation
Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Genetics (Review of Literature)
Smolarz, B., Szyłło, K., & Romanowicz, H. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221910554 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Consensus on current management of endometriosis
Johnson, N. P., Hummelshoj, L., for the World Endometriosis Society Montpellier Consortium, Abrao, M. S., Adamson, G. D., Allaire, C., Amelung, V., Andersson, E., Becker, C., Birna Árdal, K. B., et al. (2013) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/det050 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Self-citation
The association between endometriosis and autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Shigesi, N., Kvaskoff, M., Kirtley, S., Feng, Q., Fang, H., Knight, J. C., Missmer, S. A., Rahmioglu, N., Zondervan, K. T., & Becker, C. M. (2019) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmz014 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Self-citation
Blood biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis
Nisenblat, V., Bossuyt, P. M., Shaikh, R., Farquhar, C. M., Jordan, V., Scheffers, C. S., Mol, B. W., JOHNSON, N. P., & Hull, M. L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012179 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Incidence of endometriosis by study population and diagnostic method: the ENDO study
Buck Louis, G. M., Hediger, M. L., Peterson, C. M., Croughan, M., Sundaram, R., Stanford, J., Chen, Z., Fujimoto, V. Y., Varner, M. W., Trumble, A., et al. (2011) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.087 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Impacts of endocrine disrupting chemicals on reproduction in wildlife and humans
Marlatt, V. L., Bayen, S., Castañeda-Cortés, D. C., Delbès, G., Grigorova, P., Langlois, V. S., Martyniuk, C. J., Metcalfe, C. D., Parent, L., Rwigemera, A., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112584 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Pain in Endometriosis
Maddern, J., Grundy, L., Castro, J., & Brierley, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.590823 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Biomarkers in endometriosis: Challenges and opportunities
Ahn, S. H., Singh, V., & Tayade, C. (2017) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.009 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Endometrial alterations in endometriosis: a systematic review of putative biomarkers
May, K. E., Villar, J., Kirtley, S., Kennedy, S. H., & Becker, C. M. (2011) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr013 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
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Combination of the non-invasive tests for the diagnosis of endometriosis
Nisenblat, V., Prentice, L., Bossuyt, P. M., Farquhar, C. M., Hull, M. L., & JOHNSON, N. P. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012281 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis predicts an epigenetic switch for GATA factor expression in endometriosis
Dyson, M. T., Roqueiro, D., Monsivais, D., Ercan, C. M., Pavone, M. E., Brooks, D. C., Kakinuma, T., Ono, M., Jafari, N., Dai, Y., et al. (2014) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004158 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Accurate diagnosis of endometriosis using serum microRNAs
Moustafa, S. M., Burn, M. S., Mamillapalli, R., Nematian, S., Flores, V. A., & Taylor, H. S. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.050 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
World Endometriosis Research Foundation Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project: I. Surgical phenotype data collection in endometriosis research
Becker, C. M., Laufer, M. R., Stratton, P., Hummelshoj, L., Missmer, S. A., Zondervan, K. T., Adamson, G. D., Adamson, G. D., Allaire, C., Anchan, R., et al. (2014) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.709 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
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Biomarkers for the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Endometriosis: State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Anastasiu, C. V., Moga, M., Neculau, A. E., Bălan, A., Scârneciu, I., Dragomir, R. M., Dull, A.-M., & Chicea, L.-M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051750 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Extrapelvic endometriosis: a rare entity or an under diagnosed condition?
Machairiotis, N., Stylianaki, A., Dryllis, G., Zarogoulidis, P., Kouroutou, P., Tsiamis, N., Katsikogiannis, N., Sarika, E., Courcoutsakis, N. A., Tsiouda, T., et al. (2013) · Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1186/1746-1596-8-194 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Serum microRNAs as diagnostic markers of endometriosis: a comprehensive array-based analysis
Çoşar, E., Mamillapalli, R., Ersoy, G. Ş., Cho, S., Seifer, B. J., & Taylor, H. S. (2016) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.04.013 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Peripheral changes in endometriosis-associated pain
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Self-citation
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Gut Microbiota Exceeds Cervical Microbiota for Early Diagnosis of Endometriosis
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Biomarkers for the Noninvasive Diagnosis of Endometriosis: State of the Art and Future Perspectives
Anastasiu, C. V., Moga, M., Neculau, A. E., Bălan, A., Scârneciu, I., Dragomir, R. M., Dull, A.-M., & Chicea, L.-M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051750 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Endometrial alterations in endometriosis: a systematic review of putative biomarkers
May, K. E., Villar, J., Kirtley, S., Kennedy, S. H., & Becker, C. M. (2011) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr013 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: May, K. E., Conduit-Hulbert, S. A., Villar, J., Kirtley, S., Kennedy, S. H., & Becker, C. M.
Affiliations: John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author: Becker, C. M.
ORCID: Villar, J.
Kirtley, S.
Kennedy, S. H.
Becker, C. M.
Venue: Human Reproduction Update
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2010-05-12
Volume: 16
Issue: 6
Pages: 651-674
ISSN: 1355-4786 (ISSN-L)
1460-2369
DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq009
PMC: PMC2953938
OpenAlex: W2160282642
Cited by: 418
References: 226
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 2.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Human Reproduction Update (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnosis and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gynecological conditions and treatments
Keywords: endometriosis, peripheral biomarkers, diagnostic biomarkers, serum biomarkers, plasma biomarkers, urinary biomarkers, biomarker panel, diagnostic accuracy, treatment monitoring, delayed diagnosis
MeSH terms: Antibodies, Cell Adhesion, Endometriosis, Female, Glycoproteins, Hormones, Humans, Leukocytes, Biomarkers, Cytokines, Apoptosis, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Proteomics, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

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Peripheral biomarkers of endometriosis: a systematic review

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