The DOI matches its Crossref record; 302 of the 302 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 172 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring
Open accessAbstract
Smart wearables provide an opportunity to monitor health in daily life and are emerging as potential tools for detecting cardiovascular disease (CVD). Wearables such as fitness bands and smartwatches routinely monitor the photoplethysmogram signal, an optical measure of the arterial pulse wave that is strongly influenced by the heart and blood vessels. In this survey, we summarize the fundamentals of wearable photoplethysmography and its analysis, identify its potential clinical applications, and outline pressing directions for future research in order to realize its full potential for tackling CVD.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) is widely used for heart-rate monitoring and is being developed for broader cardiovascular monitoring, including blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, atrial fibrillation, and vascular risk. This narrative review summarizes PPG fundamentals, signal processing, clinical applications, and research directions, concluding that accuracy, validation, and clinical integration remain key challenges.
Key findings
- Wearable PPG can already estimate HR, but accuracy falls during exercise: summary MAE 2.15 bpm at rest vs 7.70 bpm during treadmill exercise and 10.64 bpm during cycling.
- In a community smartwatch study, possible AF notifications from 1-min PPG recordings had a PPV of 0.84; sensitivity and specificity were not assessed.
- Computational modeling of PPG in healthy subjects aged 25–75 found stiffness index increased with age and d/a decreased with age; both indices were predominantly influenced by arterial properties (large artery diameter, PWV, peripheral vascular resistance), with SI also strongly influenced by stroke volume and d/a by HR.
- The review identifies AF detection as perhaps nearest to clinical use, while BP, RR, SpO2, arterial stiffness, sleep, stress, sepsis, HF, and preeclampsia applications need further validation.
Methods
- Narrative review summarizing key literature on wearable PPG fundamentals, signal processing, physiological parameter estimation, clinical applications, future research, and resources; includes tables of further reading, PPG datasets, and wearable devices.
- No systematic search, meta-analysis, or formal risk-of-bias assessment is described.
- A computational model simulated PPG for healthy subjects aged 25–75 under varied cardiovascular conditions using the PWDB; SI and d/a were extracted and assessed via relative sensitivity to cardiovascular properties.
Limitations
- The paper states it is a narrative review; it notes that mechanisms underlying PPG pulse wave shape are not fully understood, it is not clear which pulse-wave detection approaches perform best, and many clinical applications require further validation.
- The paper notes that most wearable BP devices are not validated, and SpO2 measurements from conventional pulse oximeters have been found less accurate and less reliable in black patients than white patients.
- Evident from the text: the modeling findings use synthetic/simulated data from healthy adults aged 25–75, not daily-life wearable recordings, and the review does not provide a systematic synthesis of evidence quality.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 172 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many datasets contain finger PPG signals, whereas only a few contain wrist PPG signals: pulse wave morphology may differ between these sites [58].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Research Resources > PPG Datasets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, very few datasets have been acquired in daily life conditions (the PPG-DaLiA Dataset is a notable exception [295]), making it difficult to compare wearable PPG analysis techniques [28], [72].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Research Resources > PPG Datasets
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both indices were predominantly influenced by arterial properties: large artery diameter, PWV, and peripheral vascular resistance.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Research Directions > Understanding the Determinants of the PPG Pulse Wave
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The shape is influenced not only by the incident wave transmitted through the arteries from the heart but also by reflected waves from a range of arterial sites [6].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The shape of a PPG pulse wave is determined primarily by the heart and blood vessels.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear? Based: unclearIn the paper
“The configuration of a PPG sensor has a large impact on the PPG signal quality.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Breathing also influences the PPG signal at subcardiac frequencies in three ways (see the Supplementary Material): amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and baseline wander [24].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Key considerations include [55] the geometry of LED and photodiode positioning, since configurations in which LEDs surround the photodiode result in higher PPG signal amplitudes, the spacing between an LED and the photodiode, since a shorter spacing results in higher amplitudes, and the use of an optical barrier between the LED(s) and photodiode, which can increase the signal amplitude.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Key considerations include [55] the geometry of LED and photodiode positioning, since configurations in which LEDs surround the photodiode result in higher PPG signal amplitudes, the spacing between an LED and the photodiode, since a shorter spacing results in higher amplitudes, and the use of an optical barrier between the LED(s) and photodiode, which can increase the signal amplitude.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Finally, the PPG can be affected by changes in the height of measurement relative to the heart [53].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 62
- Probably not a substantial claim. 44
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“several CV properties were found to have similar effects on the pulse wave: changes in arterial stiffness, mean BP, and peripheral compliance all impacted the portion of the pulse wave between systolic and diastolic peaks; HR and arterial diameter impacted the height of the diastolic peak.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Research Directions > Understanding the Determinants of the PPG Pulse Wave
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PPG signal is susceptible to motion artifact, as shown in Fig. 1(e), and good skin contact is required to obtain high-quality signals [7].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pulsatile portion of the PPG is primarily determined by the volume of arterial blood in the tissue bed, which increases and decreases with each heartbeat.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The mechanisms underlying the PPG pulse wave shape are not yet fully understood [6].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this case, the pulsatile component of the PPG can be of the order of 1 mV in amplitude [55] although lower amplitudes can be caused by technical factors, such as inappropriate gain control, or physiological factors, such as vasoconstriction [9].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, signal processing techniques have been developed to extract additional physiological parameters from the PPG.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If these techniques could be refined and validated for use in daily life, then potentially wearables could be used for CV monitoring and to inform clinical decisions.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As shown in Fig. 1(d), it consists of a baseline component and a pulsatile portion.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The choice of PPG measurement site influences both user acceptability and the usefulness of PPG signals.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Photoplethysmography has already had a profound impact on clinical care through its use in pulse oximeters, which are routinely used to assess blood oxygen saturation in a wide range of clinical settings.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PPG also contains information on the cardiac, vascular, respiratory, and autonomic nervous systems.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While there are similarities between PPG and arterial blood pressure (BP) pulse waves, their shapes differ [54] because the signals are produced by different physiological mechanisms.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be because the upper wrist PPG is dominated by microvascular blood, whereas the finger PPG is more strongly influenced by blood flow in the digital arteries [see Fig. 1(a) and (c)].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other factors that influence the PPG include the temperature [48], [49], the use of reflected or transmitted light, and the anatomical measurement site [50].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fluctuations in venous blood volume also affect the signal.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no widely accepted measurement unit for the PPG signal.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > PPG Signal
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Approaches to identify individuals at risk of CVD could prompt these interventions and help reduce CVD-associated mortality and morbidity.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal is a measure of arterial blood volume, which fluctuates with each heartbeat and is used by many wearables to monitor heart rate (HR).”
- Also stated in: § PPG Signal · plain
“The shape of a PPG pulse wave is determined primarily by the heart and blood vessels.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § PPG Signal · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These alternative sites can have advantages over the wrist, such as being less prone to motion artifact [63] or vasoconstriction [62], and providing more accurate HR measurements [64].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The attractor’s shape is determined by the shape of the pulse waves, and its density is determined by variability in pulse wave shape [117], [118].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Extracting Pulse Wave Features
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Approaches to identify individual pulse waves in the PPG seek to overcome two key challenges: 1) pulse waves can exhibit two peaks, particularly in young subjects [see Fig. 1(g)] and 2) artifacts can create spurious peaks [see Fig. 1(e)].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Identifying Individual Pulse Waves
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A low-pass cutoff frequency as low as 2.25 Hz may be suitable for HR estimation [75], whereas higher cutoff frequencies are required for analyses of pulse wave timing (such as 5 Hz for interbeat interval (IBI) calculation [76]) and pulse wave shape (such as 20 Hz for feature extraction [77]) [11].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Preprocessing
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, novel techniques have been developed to determine whether derived RRs are accurate [89].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Preprocessing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Derivatives are typically derived from the PPG after eliminating high-frequency noise, which can otherwise greatly obscure the derivatives.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Extracting Pulse Wave Features
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reference motion signals that can be used include accelerometry [81], [82], the gyroscope signal [83], or a PPG signal of a different wavelength (such as using an infrared PPG to remove motion artifact from a green PPG) [84].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Preprocessing
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Second, the contact pressure resulting from the attachment can influence pulse wave shape and timing, meaning that it should ideally be kept constant or calibrated when performing analyses using these signal characteristics [70].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some approaches, such as analyzing the local maxima scalogram, use minimal heuristic information, which may make them more suitable for use across settings, although heuristics may be useful for ensuring high performance in particular settings.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Identifying Individual Pulse Waves
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to only use high-quality signals for pulse wave analysis, as pulse wave features can be distorted in the presence of noise.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Extracting Pulse Wave Features
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is not yet clear which approaches perform the best nor whether a single approach can be used for all patient groups and recording settings.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Identifying Individual Pulse Waves
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to select a threshold suitable for the intended application, as a very high-quality signal might be required for analysis of pulse wave shape, whereas a lower quality signal could be acceptable for HR monitoring.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Preprocessing
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For HR estimation, the high-pass cutoff should be less than the HR (e.g., 0.4 Hz [75], ensuring that even the lowest plausible HR of 30 bpm is preserved).”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Preprocessing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In contrast, green is often used in reflectance mode, resulting in higher quality PPG signals [67], greater robustness to temperature changes [48], and more accurate HR monitoring [68].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Longer wavelengths penetrate to deeper depths [47] and are, thus, influenced by different levels of the vasculature.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Typically, signal segments are deemed to be either high or low quality through the use of empirical thresholds.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Preprocessing
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several approaches have been proposed, including statistical analysis of pulse wave shape [56], assessing the level of perfusion through the perfusion index (the ratio of the amplitude of the pulsatile component of the PPG to its baseline) [56], assessing the similarity of successive pulse wave shapes using template matching [86] or dynamic time warping [87], and deep learning [88].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Preprocessing
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individual pulse waves must be identified in order to obtain IBIs (the time between consecutive pulse waves) and extract pulse wave features from individual waves.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Identifying Individual Pulse Waves
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Motion artifact removal is particularly helpful for facilitating HR monitoring during exercise [13] although, in many situations, it is preferable to only estimate parameters from high-quality signals to increase accuracy.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Preprocessing
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are also benefits to acquiring other signals simultaneously with the PPG, such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) (for pulse arrival time (PAT) measurement), and an accelerometry, gyroscope, or second PPG signal (for motion artifact removal—see Section III-A2).”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Photoplethysmography > Wearable PPG Device Design
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SpO2 can be measured from two PPG signals acquired using different wavelengths of light”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a fundamental difference between HRV and PRV: HRV is obtained from the timings of electrical impulses causing ventricular contraction, whereas PRV is obtained from the timings of pulse waves arriving at the periphery.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“HRs have been found to be acceptably accurate during rest [e.g., summary mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.15 beats per minute (bpm)] although they are less accurate during exercise (e.g., MAE of 7.70 bpm during treadmill exercise and 10.64 bpm during cycling) [14].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Often machine learning is used to create a model relating pulse wave features to BP”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HR is already widely measured by wearable PPG devices.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several models relating BP to PTT or PAT have been proposed [156], including models that incorporate additional variables, such as HR [157].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SpO2 measurement is now being incorporated into smart wearables [139], requiring two PPG signals at different wavelengths.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [139] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“BP has been estimated from the PPG using the following inputs [26]: a single PPG [19]; a proximal and a distal PPG to measure PPT [21], [22]; or a distal PPG signal and a signal indicating the time of ventricular contraction (e.g., ECG, phonocardiogram) to measure PAT [20], [21], [150].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An alternative approach proposed in [138] has been found to provide greater accuracy when using low-quality PPG signals, although at greater computational cost”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Potential explanations for this include [17]: 1) motion artifact in the PPG rendering PPG-derived IBIs less accurate; 2) a lack of motion artifact removal in PRV studies; and 3) variability in preejection period and PPT causing additional variability in PPG-derived IBIs.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The time difference between the electrical impulses and pulse wave arrival consists of the preejection period (the time between the impulses and ejection of blood into the aorta) and the pulse transit time (PPT) (the time taken for the pulse wave to propagate from the heart to the measurement site).”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both of these components are variable, potentially causing differences between HRV and PRV.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“they have been found to be less accurate and less reliable in black patients than white patients”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144]–[147]
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they usually cannot be considered as a replacement for clinical tests often due to their inferior performance.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The volume-clamp method is an alternative PPG-based approach for measuring BP”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deep learning approaches have the following advantages over traditional feature extraction approaches: 1) they are hypothesis-free, i.e., there is no need to hypothesize the pulse wave features of interest and 2) they do not require pulse wave analysis algorithms”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Developing Models to Analyze PPG Signals
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The PPG has also been used to assess perfusion [179], [180], hemoglobin concentration [181], and haemorheology [182].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it may be possible to identify changes in BP from a single PPG without calibration [159], which could have utility in detecting clinical deteriorations, such as sepsis.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since it is related to BP, it can be assessed using similar techniques to those used to estimate BP.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, the potential role of PPG-based approaches is likely to be in the early detection of CVD and ubiquitous measurement of risk factors, which could trigger a further clinical assessment.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, it can be difficult to identify AF as it may not produce symptoms and may occur only intermittently”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Detecting Atrial Fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [190] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The performance of techniques for detecting AF from the PPG has been assessed in several studies [76], [193]–[196] although further work is required to determine which approach is most suitable for clinical use”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Detecting Atrial Fibrillation
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Standards have been developed for the validation of wearable, cuffless BP devices [168], [169] although further work is required to refine validation standards to account for the issues presented by PPG-based devices [170].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While frequent calibration may be necessary to accurately estimate absolute BP values from a single PPG, less frequent calibration may be required when estimating BP from certain PAT measurements”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Statistical modeling and machine learning can be used to develop models to analyze PPG signals”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Developing Models to Analyze PPG Signals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Consequently, it is often not recognized in clinical practice [191], where gold-standard ECG assessments may not be indicated due to a lack of symptoms, and intermittent episodes of AF may be missed as 12-lead ECG assessments are usually conducted at a single time point in a clinic, rather than over several days during daily life.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Detecting Atrial Fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] 2015
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most devices are not validated [163] although some have recently been certified for medical use [164]–[166].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > PPG Signal Processing > Estimating Physiological Parameters
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [163] source
- Not checked yetcites [164]–[166]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The potential utility of wearable PPG in these applications lies in its convenience: existing clinical tests can be invasive and more time-consuming, are conducted at a specific time rather than continuously in daily life, and often require a clinical operator and more expensive equipment.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The rate of HR recovery (HRR) after exercise has been associated with CV events and mortality [244], and postoperative morbidity [245].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Assessing Response to Exercise
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While it has been observed that stress tends to increase HR and increase PRV”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Assessing Mental Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“HR, RR, and SpO2 have previously been derived from the PPG to identify deteriorations in health [239], including changes prior to cardiac arrests [46].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Identifying Clinical Deteriorations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [239] source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Charlton, 2017
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a desaturation of 4% is often used as an (imperfect) indicator of apnea”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Identifying Obstructive Sleep Apnea
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [207] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The positive predictive value (PPV) of notifications was found to be 0.84, indicating that wearables may have utility for identifying possible AF.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Detecting Atrial Fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, it is difficult to measure stress frequently in everyday life: salivary cortisol swab tests are often used as a reference marker of stress”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Assessing Mental Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [229] source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The utility of PRV for assessing stress has been investigated in several studies [230]–[232], including a study of PRV metrics derived from short recordings [233].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Assessing Mental Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230]–[232]
- Not checked yetcites [233] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been proposed that the PPG could be used to assess vascular age”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Assessing Vascular Age
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Three broad approaches have been proposed to identify apnea events from the PPG.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Identifying Obstructive Sleep Apnea
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206]–[211]
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies have demonstrated the potential utility of smartwatch data for improving detection of COVID-19 beyond that provided by symptom data alone [215] and for presymptomatic detection of COVID-19 [216].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Monitoring the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some of these indices have been found to be independent predictors of CV risk and mortality [33], [238], demonstrating their potential utility for risk prediction.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Assessing Vascular Age
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vascular age may have particular utility for CV risk prediction since aortic PWV has been found to be predictive of CV events and all-cause mortality”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Assessing Vascular Age
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [171] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This provides an incentive for using wearables to monitor stress and assist with stress management.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Assessing Mental Stress
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“PPG-based wearables can also facilitate remote physiological monitoring in the acute care setting, reducing the staff contact required to monitor patients with infectious diseases, such as COVID-19”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Identifying Clinical Deteriorations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [240] Wehrly, 2019
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are several approaches to integrate wearable PPG-based devices into clinical pathways, each of which has different performance requirements.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Conclusion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“pulse wave morphology may differ between these sites [58].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Research Resources > PPG Datasets
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In [29], an irregular pulse notification was generated if an irregular pulse was identified in at least five out of six PPG recordings in a 48-h period [29].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Research Directions > Acquiring PPG Data During Daily Living
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though photoplethysmography has been used clinically for 40 years in pulse oximeters, there is still much opportunity to exploit the technology for further benefit, aided by the widespread use of photoplethysmography in wearable devices.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Key signal processing challenges include the estimation of BP, RR, and arterial blood oxygen saturation (using reflectance photoplethysmography), each of which could be of great value clinically.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The performance of these devices varies and can have a considerable impact on the success of a study, influencing the proportion of time for which data are captured, whether data capture is biased toward particular subjects, and the quality of data in different activities [72].”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Research Resources > Wearable Devices for Acquiring PPG Signals
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further development of the technology will be aided by freely available datasets, particularly those acquired in daily living with reference labels, and open-source algorithms against which to compare new signal processing techniques.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Conclusion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it has been proposed that the PPG could be used to identify possible preeclampsia, particularly in resource-constrained settings”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Identifying Preeclampsia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [264] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The PPG signal contains a wealth of information on the CV system although there are several confounders that can either obscure this information (such as motion artifact) or alter it (such as contact pressure).”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, in [46], algorithms to detect clinical deteriorations in hospital patients generated an alert if at least 50% of the data acquired within a 30-min period were outside of normal ranges.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Research Directions > Acquiring PPG Data During Daily Living
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Charlton, 2017
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the speed of HRR in response to standing is reduced in HF and is predictive of mortality”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Clinical Applications > Identifying Heart Failure
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The detection of an irregular pulse to prompt further assessment for AF is, perhaps, nearest to being ready for clinical use.”
§ Wearable Photoplethysmography for Cardiovascular Monitoring > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
A diagnosis of atrial fibrillation requires ECG verification.
“Currently, a diagnosis of AF requires ECG verification, so the potential role of PPG-based devices is limited to initial assessment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subsequent anticoagulant treatment for atrial fibrillation has the side effect of increased bleeding risk.
“This is particularly important in the case of AF because subsequent anticoagulant treatment has the side effect of increased bleeding risk.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A wide range of consumer devices is available with varying performance levels and no universal standards.
“Second, a wide range of consumer devices is available with varying performance levels and no universal standards.”
The paper relies on this without support.
At present, there is little evidence for the long-term health benefits of self-directed cardiovascular health monitoring.
“At present, there is little evidence for the long-term health benefits of this approach.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Even the best consumer devices may not perform sufficiently well to avoid excessive resource utilization.
“First, even the best devices may not perform sufficiently well to avoid excessive resource utilization.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Naturally, the signal quality of PPG data in general is often discussed in other work as it is highly susceptible to motion artifacts57, however, there is also a high variance in PPG signal quality across different devices67, such that a device-specific consideration seems appropriate.”
From Data quality evaluation in wearable monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“BVP data is dependent on measuring reflected light from a light-emitting diode (LED), and this signal can be heavily skewed by contamination from external light sources and motion artifacts, sometimes to the point of being irrecoverable through retrospective data processing40,57,58.”
From Data quality evaluation in wearable monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“underlining its high susceptibility to measurement artifacts57.”
From Data quality evaluation in wearable monitoring (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
In the citing paper
“For reflectance measurements used, for example, for heart rate monitoring, green light is usually used as this provides high quality PPG signals and is less affected by temperature changes and accuracy.132”
From Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [132]
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Uçar, M. K., Bozkurt, M. R., Bilgin, C., & Polat, K. (2018) · Neural Computing and Applications · doi:10.1007/s00521-016-2365-x · Cited by 106
RetractedQawqzeh, Y. K., Bajahzar, A. S., Jemmali, M., Otoom, M. M., & Thaljaoui, A. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/3764653 · Cited by 71
RetractedMIMIC-III, a freely accessible critical care database
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Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study
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An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms
Shaffer, F., & Ginsberg, J. P. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258 · Cited by 7,185
DEAP: A Database for Emotion Analysis ;Using Physiological Signals
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Prediction of Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality With Arterial Stiffness
Vlachopoulos, C., Aznaouridis, K., & Stefanadis, C. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.10.061 · Cited by 4,165
Photoplethysmography and its application in clinical physiological measurement
Allen, J. (2007) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/28/3/r01 · Cited by 3,967
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Flagged first, then by citations
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A Template-Based and Learning-Driven Method for Reliable Heartbeat Detection in Wearable PPG
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Smart Connect & Critical Care Using IoB
Nirmaladevi, G., Nikhil, S., Praveenkumar, S., & Daniel, A. P. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics, Cognition and Machine Learning Applications (ICCCMLA) · doi:10.1109/icccmla66092.2025.11580660
Bhattacharyya, K. (2026) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/ae85b5
Awais, M., Wu, J., Bibi, S., We, Z., Tlili, I., Raghavan, V., Ping, J. F., & Hu, J. (2026) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2026.119002
Wu, C.-H., Chen, J. F., & Wu, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1867056
Infrared-Based Detection of Muscle Contraction for Control Signal Generation
Feneșan, A. C., Ianoși-Andreeva-Dimitrova, A., & Mândru, S.-D. (2026) · doi:10.3390/engproc2026148011
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A Study on Optimal Sensor Placement for Wearable mmWave Radar-Based Vital Sign Monitoring
Liang, H., Yang, Z., Chu, P., & Zhou, J. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Radio Frequency and Antenna Technologies (RFAT) · doi:10.1109/rfat69041.2026.11634005
Stankovic, S., Cvetković, S., & Nikolić, S. V. (2026) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.1177/09287329261473368
Madhalingam, H., Ramesh, N. M., Jaffarullah, A. A., Shanmugavel, B., Mathi, S., & Abdullahi, A. M. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3721366
Zhao, X., Zeng, X., Zhang, Y., Sun, Z., Deng, J., Wang, C., & Zhao, L. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.111189
Xu, W., Chen, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, J., Li, S., Wang, N., Gao, S., & Kang, M. (2026) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1007/s44402-026-00148-7
Sun, A., Liu, H., Yang, X., Guo, H., Zeng, R., Deng, Y., & Liu, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1917833
Myrzakhmetov, A., Gulyaev, I., & Yemelyanov, D. (2026) · International Siberian workshops and tutorials on electron devices and materials · doi:10.1109/edm69524.2026.11631960
Li, Y.-H. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1783731
Antonazzo, B., Sirignano, A., Salvini, M., Rossi, F. F., RONZONI, S., Dorizzi, A., Ellenbogen, K. A., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., & Calcagno, S. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15166303
Krumnikl, M., Němec, M., Vilímková, A., Huser, F., & Jaremová, V. (2026) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2026.1916925
Bose, S., Mehta, D., Atigadda, R. R., & Chakrabartty, S. (2026) · npj Unconventional Computing · doi:10.1038/s44335-026-00083-3
Heart Rate Sensing Using Adaptive Motion-Compensated Contactless rPPG From Facial Imaging
Yi, Y., Yang, X., Zou, Y., Cai, F., Sun, J. C., & Yao, K. (2026) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2026.3724615
Aleksanyan, K., Xu, X., Liu, Z., Lin, H., Nathan, G., & Mamishev, A. V. (2026) · IEEE Sensors Letters · doi:10.1109/lsens.2026.3726883
Temple PPG Morphology Demonstrates a Stronger Cardiovascular Age Signal Than Wrist SitesPreprint
Liu, D., Dutta, A., & Nadig, S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.19.745616
Wearable Monitoring for Early Cardiotoxicity Detection in Cancer Patients: The COMPASS Vision
Barbuto, V., Savaglio, C., Curren, I. S., Liuzzo, G., Natale, L., Gravina, S., Archibald, S. J., & Gravina, R. (2026) · IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Living Environment (MetroLivEnv) · doi:10.1109/metrolivenv70468.2026.11659865
How Few Sensors Are Enough? Minimum Vital Sign Requirements for ML-Based Deterioration Prediction
Myroshnyk, Y., & Лещенко, О. Б. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3728262
When PPG Meets ECG: Uncovering the Risks of Cross-Modal Biometric Matching
Zhu, L., Shen, K., Xu, C., & Li, H. (2026) · IEEE/ACM Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies · doi:10.1109/chase69719.2026.00030
Duque, E. M., Santacoloma, G. D., & Peña, D. A. C. (2026) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers15090566
Interpretable Reliability Control for Wearable PPG Heart Rate Estimation
Liang, Y., Zhang, S., & Yang, Z. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3730539
Smith, D. B., & Baker, J. R. (2026) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2026.103478
Lee, W., 신재연, Song, M., Song, M.-K., Kim, K. M., Noh, G., & Cho, S. P. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26175676
Vascular waveform analysis using Bayesian pulse deconvolution
Ruth, P. S., DeBenedetti, T., O'Brien, L., Landay, J. A., Coleman, T. P., & Fox, E. B. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-03213-0
Lightweight Heart Rate Estimation from Wrist PPG During Daily Activities
Minh, H. N., Hieu, N. T., Phong, N. D., & Kien, N. T. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-23396-7_11
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Ali, S. A., Demeter, D. V., Baim, A. R., Ahern, J., Ahn, J. H. B., Chang, S. E., Koithan, E. M., Park, S., Smarr, B. L., & Greene, D. J. (2026) · Frontiers in Network Physiology · doi:10.3389/fnetp.2026.1881914
Digital Twin of the Lung from Wearable Biosignals for Real-Time Respiratory Monitoring
Acharya, P., Sulake, N. R., Chakraborty, S., Mandal, S., & Chakraborty, S. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-38186-6_48
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Development of an efficient deep learning model for arrhythmia detection from consumer smartwatches
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Self-citationMultilayer Vascular Wrist Phantom for In Vitro Optical Evaluation of Wearable Sensors
Awad-Pérez, K., Osorio-Sanchez, L., May, J. M., & Kyriacou, P. A. (2026) · World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, September 7 - 12, 2009, Munich, Germany · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-39674-7_18
Self-citationContinuous Electrocardiogram Monitoring with a Loose T-Shirt
Leung, H. M. C., Tong, K., Gong, M., Bui, N., & Zhou, X. (2026) · doi:10.1145/3842657.3842785
Shang, Y., Huang, Y., & Li, Z. (2026) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies14100620
Shandong, Z. L., Ma, S., 慕进升, Zhai, Y., & Zhang, T. (2026) · International Conference on Mechanical, Electronics and Electrical and Automation Control (METMS) · doi:10.1109/metms70800.2026.11706524
Design and Analysis of Floating Inverter Amplifiers for Biomedical $\Sigma \Delta$ Modulators
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Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost IoT-Enabled Smartwatch for Monitoring Patient Health
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Demographic subgroup-aware analysis of blood pressure predictive models
Kolawole, B., Fan, S., Lao, Y., & Koomson, V. J. (2026) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0001687
Cardiac signal monitoring using femtosecond laser inscribed FBGs in CYTOP optical fiber
Hu, Y. Y., Ioannou, A., Yu, C., & Kalli, K. (2026) · Sensors and Actuators A Physical · doi:10.1016/j.sna.2026.118622
Neurological Disorder Detection Using Wearable Sensors
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Srikanth, R., & Alfred Daniel, J. (2026) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.1177/09287329261500576
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Feasibility of Accelerometer-Based Arterial Pulse Measurement: Part I—Theoretical Analysis
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Metadata
- Authors
- Charlton, P. H., Kyriacou, P. A., Mant, J., Marozas, V., Chowienczyk, P., & Alastruey, J.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Kaunas University of Technology (LT)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Charlton, Peter H.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the IEEE
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 355-381
- ISSN
- 0018-9219 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-2256
- PMC
- PMC7612541
- OpenAlex
- W4220840763
- Semantic Scholar
- e2397a66794ee73ff264acb1b40c4a1ceffd871b
- Cited by
- 250
- References
- 296
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 10
- FWCI
- 10.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the IEEE (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (203148/Z/16/Z)
- British Heart Foundation (WT203148/Z/16/Z, PG/15/104/31913, FS/20/20/34626, SP/14/8/31352)
- University of Cambridge
- King's College London (WT203148/Z/16/Z)
- European Cooperation in Science and Technology (CA18216)
- Lietuvos Mokslo Taryba (01.2.2-LMT-K-718, 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-01-0030)
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council ([WT203148/Z/16/Z], WT 203148/Z/16/, 203148/ Z/16/Z)
- European Regional Development Fund (01.2.2-LMT-K-718, 01.2.2-LMT-K-718-01-0030)
- Centre For Medical Engineering, King’s College London (203148/Z/16/Z, WT 203148/Z/16/Z)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Keywords
- cardiovascular monitoring, cardiovascular disease detection, smartwatches, fitness bands, arterial pulse wave, optical pulse measurement
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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