Our Current Understanding of Fungal Biofilms
Abstract
Gordon Ramage*a, Eilidh Mowata, Brian Jonesb, Craig Williamsc & Jose Lopez-Ribotda Section of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, UKb Microbiology Department, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USAc Microbiology Department, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill Division, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USAd Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USAAddress for Correspondence: Gordon Ramage, Section of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Dental School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow, G2 3JZ, UK. Phone: +44(0)141 211 9752. Fax: +44(0) 141. e-mail: 0141 353 1593. e-mail: g.ramage@dental.gla.ac.ukFungal biofilms are an escalating clinical problem associated with significant rates of mortality. Candida albicans is the most notorious of all fungal biofilm formers. However, non-Candida species, yeasts such as Cryptococcus neoformans, and filamentous moulds such as Aspergillus fumigatus, have been shown to be implicated in biofilm-associated infections. Fungal biofilms have distinct developmental phases, including adhesion, colonisation, maturation and dispersal, which are governed by complex molecular events. Recalcitrance to antifungal therapy remains the greatest threat to patients with fungal biofilms. This review discusses our current understanding of the basic biology and clinical implications associated with fungal biofilms.
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Biofilm growth leads to inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents, connected with increased expression of efflux pumps, extracellular matrix formation, and persister cells.
“Biofilm growth leads to inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents, a phenomenon connected with the increased expression of efflux pumps, the formation of the extracellular matrix, and the presence of persister cells [84,85].”
From Antimicrobial Properties of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics—Possibilities and Implications (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
C. albicans produces highly structured biofilms composed of multiple cell types encased in an extracellular matrix.
“C. albicans produces highly structured biofilms composed of multiple cell types (i.e., round, budding yeast-form cells; oval pseudohyphal cells; and elongated, cylindrical hyphal cells) encased in an extracellular matrix (23, 61, 158, 161).”
From <i>Candida albicans</i> Biofilms and Human Disease (2015) · cites this paper as [158]
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Sardi, J. C. O., Scorzoni, L., Bernardi, T., Fusco-Almeida, A. M., & Mendes Giannini, M. J. S. (2013) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.045054-0 · Cited by 1,184 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Ramage, G., Mowat, E., Jones, B., Williams, C., & Lopez-Ribot, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ramage, Gordon
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-10-28
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 340-355
- ISSN
- 1040-841X (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7828
- OpenAlex
- W2073130572
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 201
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 3.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Keywords
- fungal biofilms, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, biofilm growth, biofilm dispersal, antifungal resistance, biofilm-associated infections
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fungal Proteins, Fungi, Humans, Mycoses, Biofilms
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