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Calculation of substrate oxidation rates in vivo from gaseous exchange.
Abstract
This paper reviews the assumptions involved in calculating rates of carbohydrate and fat oxidation from measurements of O2 consumption, CO2 production, and urinary nitrogen excretion. It is shown that erroneous results are obtained in the presence of metabolic processes such as lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. The apparent rates calculated under these conditions can, however, be interpreted as net rates of "utilization." Thus the apparent rate of carbohydrate oxidation is the sum of the rates of utilization for oxidation and for lipogenesis minus the rate at which carbohydrate is formed from amino acids. The apparent rate of fat oxidation is the difference between the rates of oxidation and synthesis from carbohydrate, so that the apparently negative rates encountered in patients infused with glucose do quantitatively represent net rates of synthesis. Other processes such as synthesis of ketone bodies or lactate at rates greater than their utilization can also disturb the calculations, but the magnitude of the effect can be estimated from appropriate measurements. Methods of correcting the observed gaseous exchange in these circumstances are given.
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“The coupling between oxygen uptake (VO2) and CO2 production (VCO2) has known stoichiometry, which allows the calculation of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure from VO2 and VCO2 measurements obtained via indirect calorimetry.”
From Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution (2021) · cites this paper as Frayn, 1983
In the citing paper
“The oxidation of 1 g of glucose requires 0.747 L of O2 and provides 17 kJ (4 kcal), that of 1 g of fat requires 2.03 L of O2 and provides 37 kJ (9 kcal), and that of 1 g of protein 0.966 L of O2 and provides 17 kJ (4 kcal).”
From Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution (2021) · cites this paper as Frayn, 1983
In the citing paper
“Theoretically, the energy content in 1 kg of fat allows a person weighing 70 kg to run approximately 125 km (Frayn, 1983; Litleskare et al., 2020).”
From Effect of Exercise Training on Fat Loss—Energetic Perspectives and the Role of Improved Adipose Tissue Function and Body Fat Distribution (2021) · cites this paper as Frayn, 1983
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“Fat oxidation (gram/min) was assessed with the formula 1.67 ∗VO2 (L/min) –1.67∗VCO2 (L/min) and carbohydrate oxidation (gram/min) Frontiers in Physiology | www.frontiersin.org 4 January 2022 | Volume 12 | Article 771944 with VCO2∗4.55 – VO2∗3.21 (L/min) (Frayn, 1983).”
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PARTEN, A. L., SMITH-RYAN, A. E., SANCHEZ, K. M., HEARD, S. A., O’NEAL, E. K., MCALLISTER, M. J., LYONS, T. S., & WALDMAN, H. S. (2026) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000004022
Metadata
- Authors
- Frayn, K. N.
- Corresponding author
- Frayn, K. N.
- ORCID
- Frayn, K. N.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1983-08-01
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 628-634
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2131501155
- Cited by
- 2,365
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 94 · 2020: 130 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 90 · 2015: 82 · 2014: 72 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- carbohydrate oxidation, fat oxidation, oxygen consumption, CO2 production, urinary nitrogen excretion, lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, ketone body synthesis, lactic acid production, glucose infusion, in vivo metabolism
- MeSH terms
- Gluconeogenesis, Glucose, Humans, Lipids, Mathematics, Oxidation-Reduction, Pulmonary Gas Exchange
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