Weight loss and lipolysis promote a dynamic immune response in murine adipose tissue
Open accessAbstract
Obesity elicits an immune response characterized by myeloid cell recruitment to key metabolic organs, including adipose tissue. However, the response of immune cells to nonpathologic metabolic stimuli has been less well studied, and the factors that regulate the metabolic-dependent accumulation of immune cells are incompletely understood. Here we characterized the response of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) to weight loss and fasting in mice and identified a role for lipolysis in ATM recruitment and accumulation. We found that the immune response to weight loss was dynamic; caloric restriction of high-fat diet-fed mice led to an initial increase in ATM recruitment, whereas ATM content decreased following an extended period of weight loss. The peak in ATM number coincided with the peak in the circulating concentrations of FFA and adipose tissue lipolysis, suggesting that lipolysis drives ATM accumulation. Indeed, fasting or pharmacologically induced lipolysis rapidly increased ATM accumulation, adipose tissue chemoattractant activity, and lipid uptake by ATMs. Conversely, dietary and genetic manipulations that reduced lipolysis decreased ATM accumulation. Depletion of macrophages in adipose tissue cultures increased expression of adipose triglyceride lipase and genes regulated by FFA, and increased lipolysis. These data suggest that local lipid fluxes are central regulators of ATM recruitment and that once recruited, ATMs form lipid-laden macrophages that can buffer local increases in lipid concentration.
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Acute weight loss is unexpectedly associated with a rapid, albeit transient, lipolytic-driven recruitment of macrophages into adipose tissue.
“Recently, Kosteli and colleagues demonstrated that acute weight loss is unexpectedly associated with a rapid -albeit transient -lipolytic-driven recruitment of macrophages into AT (39), thereby confirming similar reports by Granneman and colleagues (44).”
From Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
During chronic weight loss, a progressive decrease in lipolysis and adipose tissue macrophage content followed 21 days of caloric restriction.
“This was indeed observed by Kosteli et al. during chronic weight loss, during which they report that a progressive decrease in lipolysis and ATMΦ content followed 21 days of caloric restriction (39);”
From Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
Acute weight loss (days 0-7), a 24-hour fast, or pharmacological induction of adipocyte lipolysis using a β3-adrenergic agonist all result in a transient accumulation of lipid-laden adipose tissue macrophages, with an increase of up to 65% of macrophage infiltration.
“Ironically, acute weight loss (days 0-7), a 24-hour fast, or pharmacological induction of adipocyte lipolysis using a β3-adrenergic agonist all resulted in a transient accumulation of lipid-laden ATMΦs (an increase of up to 65% of macrophage infiltration was observed).”
From Adipose tissue remodeling and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
ADRB3 agonist CL316,243, but not ADRB1/2 agonist isoproterenol, was sufficient to induce IL6.
“We thus challenged animals with ADRB agonists and found that the ADRB3 agonist CL316,243, but not the ADRB1/2 agonist isoproterenol, was sufficient to induce IL6 (Figure 3E and F), consistent with previous reports (Kosteli et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014).”
From Origin and function of stress-induced IL-6 in murine models (2020) · cites this paper as Kosteli et al., 2010
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“Weight loss is associated with lower ATM number (Kosteli et al., 2010) however initial rapid weight loss is also accompanied by transient infiltration of macrophages (Granneman et al.”
BackgroundLipid and glucose metabolism in white adipocytes: pathways, dysfunction and therapeutics
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Macrophages and the maintenance of homeostasis
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Foundations of Immunometabolism and Implications for Metabolic Health and Disease
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“Changes in metabolic state, including obesity, fasting, thermogenic challenges, weight loss, and caloric restriction, broadly activate the immune system (Feuerer et al., 2009; Kosteli et al., 2010; Nguyen et al., 2011; Obstfeld et al., 2010; Talukdar et al., 2012; Weisberg et al., 2003; Winer et al., 2011; Wu et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationInsulin Resistance, Obesity and Lipotoxicity
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“The cellular composition of adipose tissue is plastic and regulated by both acute and chronic stimuli including diet (13,14,18), body weight status (13,14), cold exposure (22), and feeding and fasting (23).”
BackgroundCD36, a signaling receptor and fatty acid transporter that regulates immune cell metabolism and fate
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The role of infiltrating immune cells in dysfunctional adipose tissue
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“Local lipid fluxes are also regulators of ATM recruitment.(111) High levels”
BackgroundAdipose tissue macrophages: going off track during obesity
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“ther fasting or pharmacologic adrenergic activation, macrophages rapidly infiltrate the adipose tissue and adopt an antiinflammatory phenotype [35].”
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“The accumulation of visceral fat that occurs in obesity is a risk factor for the development of T2D as its lipolytic activity and greater recruitment of macrophages with a pro-inflammatory phenotype favor insulin resistance (67, 68).”
BackgroundMacrophage polarization and plasticity in health and disease
Biswas, S. K., Chittezhath, M., Shalova, I. N., & Lim, J.-Y. (2012) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-012-8291-9 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
“Similarly, a number of miR like miR98 and miR 21 were shown to control IL-10 expression in monocytes and macrophages and in turn contributed to inhibition of inflammatory genes [116, 117] (Fig.”
InfluentialMechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance
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“with weight loss (eg, nonesterified fatty acids and glycerol) might stimulate the recruitment of monocyte/macrophages into the fat depots.(51)”
The ERK and JNK pathways in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming
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A lipase-independent pathway of lipid release and immune modulation by adipocytes
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Self-citationContribution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
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Adipose tissue-resident immune cells: key players in immunometabolism
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The gut microbiome as therapeutic target
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“highlighted an important contribution of ATMs to the response to fasting and lipolysis, which are critical adipocyte functions required to preserve metabolic homeostasis (62).”
BackgroundSexual dimorphism in cardiometabolic health: the role of adipose tissue, muscle and liver
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“into VAT is protective.(16) Finally, not only the monocyte/ macrophage, but virtually every type of immune cell, has been implicated in the orchestration of a broad inflammatory response in VAT in response to high-fat feeding.”
BackgroundMacrophage functions in lean and obese adipose tissue
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Macrophage Metabolism As Therapeutic Target for Cancer, Atherosclerosis, and Obesity
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“Macrophages in lean adipose tissue are considered as anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, playing a role in maintaining adipose tissue homeostasis by cleaning cellular debris and lipid buffering (uptake and storage of lipids released by adipocytes) (102).”
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The immune cells in adipose tissue
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“Genetic deletion of the key neutral lipase (ATGL/PNPLA2), which regulates triglyceride hydrolysis in adipocytes, prevents acute recruitment of macrophages to adipose tissue and argues that lipolysis or byproduct of lipolysis is being monitored by the immune system [12].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationOrigin and function of stress-induced IL-6 in murine models
Qing, H., Desrouleaux, R., Israni-Winger, K., Mineur, Y. S., Fogelman, N., Zhang, C., Rashed, S., Palm, N. W., Sinha, R., Picciotto, M. R., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.054 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“We thus challenged animals with ADRB agonists and found that the ADRB3 agonist CL316,243, but not the ADRB1/2 agonist isoproterenol, was sufficient to induce IL6 (Figure 3E and F), consistent with previous reports (Kosteli et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2014).”
Leptin resistance: underlying mechanisms and diagnosis
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“14 Because mice harboring a defective ob gene were associated with the development of severe obesity, subsequent research attempted to determine whether mutations in the human form of the gene were associated with obesity in humans.”
SirT1 Regulates Adipose Tissue Inflammation
Gillum, M. P., Kotas, M. E., Erion, D. M., Kursawe, R., Chatterjee, P., Nead, K. T., Muise, E. S., Hsiao, J. J., Frederick, D. W., Yonemitsu, S., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0616 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
“Recent data have also suggested that free fatty acids associated with lipolysis and weight loss can also recruit macrophages to WAT (39).”
BackgroundDermal adipocyte lipolysis and myofibroblast conversion are required for efficient skin repair
Shook, B. A., Wasko, R. R., Mano, O., Rutenberg-Schoenberg, M. L., Rudolph, M. C., Zirak, B., Rivera-Gonzalez, G. C., López-Giráldez, F., Zarini, S., Rezza, A., et al. (2020) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2020.03.013 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
“Interestingly, activation of lipolysis through starvation or pharmacological adrenergic activation of adipose tissue is correlated with infiltration of macrophages into visceral adipose depots (Kosteli et al., 2010).”
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Macrophage recruitment in obese adipose tissue
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“report that the peak in ATM numbers coincide with the peak in the circulating concentration of free FAs and AT lipolysis, while dietary and genetic manipulations that reduce lipolysis decrease ATM recruitment (62).”
BackgroundIdentification of an Adipogenic Niche for Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Restoration
Lee, Y., Petkova, A. P., & Granneman, J. G. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.08.003 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“…OPN appears to be a critical chemokine for macrophage recruitment in both CL and HFD models, polarization to M1 or M2 status within the CLS clearly differs and is likely influenced by additional factors such as levels of lipid mediators and endotoxin (Cani et al., 2007; Kosteli et al., 2010).”
Insulin signalling mechanisms for triacylglycerol storage
Czech, M., Tencerová, M., Pedersen, D. J., & Aouadi, M. (2013) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2869-1 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“Macrophages may be attracted into adipose tissue by increased fatty acid release from either viable or dying adipocytes in obesity [126, 127], which may shift their phenotype from M2 towards the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype [128].”
Role of immune cells in obesity induced low grade inflammation and insulin resistance
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Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue
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Pathophysiological roles of chronic low‐grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome
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“A recent study showed knock out of the PPARγ gene is positively correlated with insulin resistance (Kosteli et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAdipocyte-Macrophage Cross-Talk in Obesity
Engin, A. B. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_14 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
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Chronic Inflammation Links Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Renal Diseases
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Adipose tissue macrophages: phenotypic plasticity and diversity in lean and obese states
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Netrin-1 promotes adipose tissue macrophage retention and insulin resistance in obesity
Ramkhelawon, B., Hennessy, E. J., Ménager, M. M., Ray, T. D., Sheedy, F. J., Hutchison, S. B., Wanschel, A. C. B. A., Oldebeken, S. R., Geoffrion, M., Spiro, W., et al. (2014) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3467 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Macrophage function in adipose tissue homeostasis and metabolic inflammation
Chavakis, T., Alexaki, V. I., & Ferrante, A. W. (2023) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-023-01479-0 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-023-01479-0 induced lipolysis is associated with ATM accumulation and lipid uptake by these cells 53 , whereas interference with the lysosomal function of macrophages abrogates whole-AT lipolysis 37 .”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron improves glucose homeostasis in obese humans
Finlin, B. S., Memetimin, H., Zhu, B., Confides, A. L., Vekaria, H. J., Khouli, R. H. E., Johnson, Z., Westgate, P. M., Chen, J., Morris, A. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci134892 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
“As part of our experimental protocol, we added BSA after the addition of FFAs to sequester the FFAs, which demonstrated the effects of FFAs on uncoupling.”
BackgroundInfluentialGlutamine Metabolism in Macrophages: A Novel Target for Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes
Ren, W., Xia, Y., Chen, S., Wu, G., Bazer, F. W., Zhou, B., Tan, B., Zhu, G., Deng, J., & Yin, Y. (2018) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy084 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
“In the white adipose tissue of lean animals, macrophages have an M2 phenotype and have critical roles in adipose tissue homeostasis by clearing cellular debris and lipid buffering, whereas macrophages in the white adipose tissue of obese animals are M1 macrophages, producing proinflammatory cytokines to amplify inflam…”
BackgroundMacrophage functional diversity in NAFLD — more than inflammation
Barreby, E., Chen, P., & Aouadi, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00675-6 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Defining macrophage phenotype and function in adipose tissue
Dalmas, É., Clément, K., & Guerre-Millo, M. (2011) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2011.04.008 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Ontogeny and Polarization of Macrophages in Inflammation: Blood Monocytes Versus Tissue Macrophages
Dey, A., Allen, J. N., & Hankey, G. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00683 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“However, despite transcriptional increases in both M1 and M2 genes, further studies by the authors demonstrated an overall decrease in the M2 populations in the DIO model as exhibited by flow cytometry analysis of eWAT cells expressing macrophage galactose type-C lectin-1 (MGL1, also known as CD301).”
BackgroundInfluentialVerboven, K., Wouters, K., Gaens, K. H. J., Hansen, D., Bijnen, M., Wetzels, S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Goossens, G. H., Schalkwijk, C., Blaak, E. E., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22962-x · Cited by 241 · see citing works
White adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity and aging
Reyes-Farias, M., Fos-Domenech, J., Serra, D., Herrero, L., & Sánchez-Infantes, D. (2021) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114723 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Intermittent Fasting: Is the Wait Worth the Weight?
Stockman, M.-C., Thomas, D. D., Burke, J., & Apovian, C. M. (2018) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0308-9 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
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A decade of progress in adipose tissue macrophage biology
Hill, A. A., Bolus, W. R., & Hasty, A. H. (2014) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.12216 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“(78) have shown that lipolysis induced by caloric restriction or overnight fast results in a transient increase in ATMs.”
BackgroundInfluentialLipid signaling in adipose tissue: Connecting inflammation & metabolism
Masoodi, M., Kuda, O., Rossmeisl, M., Flachs, P., & Kopecký, J. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.023 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
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“Since FA released from adipocytes may modulate WAT inflammation [8,17], we investigated WAT macrophages and inflammatory molecules.”
BackgroundCurrent understanding of immunity to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and pathogenesis of Chagas disease
Machado, F. S., Dutra, W. O., Esper, L., Gollob, K. J., Teixeira, M. M., Factor, S. M., Weiss, L. M., Nagajyothi, F., Tanowitz, H. B., & Garg, N. J. (2012) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-012-0351-7 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“The reduction in adiponectin expression and local lipolysis has been linked to upregulation of inflammatory mediators, insulin resistance [46], and increase in the influx of macrophages into adipose tissue [47], as was demonstrated in experimental of Chagas disease.”
Adipose tissue plasticity from WAT to BAT and in between
Lee, Y., Mottillo, E. P., & Granneman, J. G. (2013) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.011 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
“15 activated macrophages may also prevent the adverse effects of excessive free fatty acid efflux during weight loss by suppressing lipolysis [98].”
BackgroundLoss of autophagy in hypothalamic POMC neurons impairs lipolysis
Kaushik, S., Arias, E., Kwon, H., Lopez, N. M., Athonvarangkul, D., Sahu, S., Schwartz, G. J., Pessin, J. E., & Singh, R. (2012) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2011.260 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“…of PGC-1 a Although these results agree with a recent study showing a role for lipolysis in adipose tissue infiltrated macrophage recruitment, [16] our data showing an approximately threefold increase in the proportion of M1 macrophages in the lipolysis-deficient KO mice, suggest that…”
Macrophage function in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Lauterbach, M., & Wunderlich, F. T. (2017) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-017-1955-5 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Under conditions of excessive lipolysis, they control release of fatty acids into the circulation by serving as buffer [55].”
BackgroundRecent advances in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Tateya, S., Kim, F., & Tamori, Y. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00093 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
“showed that, although chronic weight loss reduced the macrophage content in adipose tissue, fasting or acute weight loss in turn elicited their accumulation (26).”
BackgroundHypothalamic Inflammation: Marker or Mechanism of Obesity Pathogenesis?
Thaler, J. P., Guyenet, S. J., Dorfman, M. D., Wisse, B. E., & Schwartz, M. W. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-1605 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
In Vivo Study of Spherical Gold Nanoparticles: Inflammatory Effects and Distribution in Mice
Chen, H., Dorrigan, A., Saad, S., Hare, D., Cortie, M., & Valenzuela, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058208 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“The inhibition of ATM activity has been shown to increase lipolysis of the fat cells, thus reducing fat mass in obese mice [14,48].”
BackgroundInfluentialAdipose tissue and adipocyte dysregulation
Lafontan, M. (2013) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2013.08.002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“[101] Kosteli A, Sugaru E, Haemmerle G, Martin JF, Lei J, Zechner R, et al.”
BackgroundSchweiger, M., Romauch, M., Schreiber, R., Grabner, G. F., Hütter, S., Kotzbeck, P., Benedikt, P., Eichmann, T. O., Yamada, S., Knittelfelder, O. L., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14859 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with previous observations that reduced lipolysis causes decreased macrophage infiltration in WAT 23 and reduced Il-6 production 24 .”
Self-citationAdipose tissue at single-cell resolution
Maniyadath, B., Zhang, Q., Gupta, R. K., & Mandrup, S. (2023) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.002 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Mottillo, E. P., Bloch, A. E., Leff, T., & Granneman, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.374041 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
“This acute inflammatory response recruits macrophages that have anti-lipolytic properties, providing an additional mechanism to reduce lipolysis (13).”
BackgroundThe influence of perivascular adipose tissue on vascular homeostasis
Szasz, T., Bomfim, G. F., & Webb (2013) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s33760 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“84 Besides oxidative stress and macrophage infiltration, another crucial element of PVAT dysfunction in obesity is the alteration in secretion of adipocytokines.”
The initiation of metabolic inflammation in childhood obesity
Singer, K., & Lumeng, C. N. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88882 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
“Subsequent production of chemoattractants such as CCL2 and lipolytic signals triggers the recruitment of monocytes from the circulation to form the CLS that engulfs the dying adipocytes and potentiates new adipocyte formation (132, 133).”
BackgroundThe Role of the Immune System in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Patel, P., Buras, E. D., & Balasubramanyam, A. (2013) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2013/616193 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“Consistent with this hypothesis, visceral adipose tissue depots contain more ATMs than abdominal subcutaneous depots [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialInflammation links excess fat to insulin resistance: the role of the interleukin‐1 family
Tack, C. J., Stienstra, R., Joosten, L. A. B., & Netea, M. G. (2012) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01145.x · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“A highly dynamic influx of macrophages in adipose tissue during weight loss appears to facilitate adipocyte lipolysis without activating a proinflammatory state, suggesting that macrophages may also be crucial in the resolution of obesity (58).”
BackgroundAdipose Type One Innate Lymphoid Cells Regulate Macrophage Homeostasis through Targeted Cytotoxicity
Boulenouar, S., Michelet, X., Duquette, D., Álvarez, D., Hogan, A. E., Dold, C., O’Connor, D. B., Stutte, S., Tavakkoli, A., Winters, D., et al. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.01.008 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Lipid-filled ATMs also accumulate during fasting, caloric restriction, and pharmacologically induced lipolysis, suggesting that ATMs are an important physiological response to perturbations in adipose tissue (Kosteli et al., 2010; Sun et al., 2011).”
Vitamin D Insufficiency in Overweight and Obese Children and Adolescents
Zakharova, I. N., Klimov, L., Kuryaninova, V. A., Nikitina, I. L., Malyavskaya, S. I., Dolbnya, S. V., Каsyanova, A. N., Atanesyan, R. A., Stoyan, M., Михайловна, Т. А., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00103 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“Macrophage migration occurs as a result of impaired functioning of adipose tissue and elevated free fatty acid concentrations (32), production by adipocytes of the proteins chemoattractant-1 and alpha-4 integrin promoting adhesion of macrophages to the endothelial wall, and their subsequent passage through the endothe…”
Background
- Authors
- Kosteli, A., Sugaru, E., Haemmerle, G., Martin, J. F., Lei, J., Zechner, R., & Ferrante, A. W.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- University of Graz (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Ferrante, Anthony W.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2010-10-01
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3466-3479
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2947229
- OpenAlex
- W2129973062
- Cited by
- 726
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 51 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 41.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Russell Berrie Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (DK026687, DK066525)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-063608, R56DK066525, DK026687, (DK066525, P30DK026687, P30DK063608, R01DK066525)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- adipose tissue macrophages, lipolysis, weight loss, fasting, caloric restriction, obesity, fatty acid uptake, adipose triglyceride lipase, myeloid cell recruitment, lipid metabolism, high-fat diet, macrophage lipid accumulation, chemoattraction
- MeSH terms
- Acyltransferases, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases, Cell Movement, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Lipase, Lipolysis, Macrophages, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Weight Loss, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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