Obesity: pathophysiology and therapeutic interventions

Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue

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The metabolic phenotype in obesity: Fat mass, body fat distribution, and adipose tissue function

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Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030

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Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance

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Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention

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Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity

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Paradoxical Decrease of an Adipose-Specific Protein, Adiponectin, in Obesity

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Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions

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Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease

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Cross-talk between <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity

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A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement

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<i>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii</i> is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients

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2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults

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Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents

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Gut Microbiota from Twins Discordant for Obesity Modulate Metabolism in Mice

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Biology of Incretins: GLP-1 and GIP

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European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults

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Anorexigenic and Orexigenic Hormone Modulation of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Activity and the Regulation of Hypothalamic Agouti-Related Protein mRNA Expression

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Beige Adipocytes Are a Distinct Type of Thermogenic Fat Cell in Mouse and Human

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Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity

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Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects

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Plasma Concentrations of a Novel, Adipose-Specific Protein, Adiponectin, in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

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Differential Significance of Plasma Visfatin Concentrations according to Adiposity in Children and Adolescents

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Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome

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2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults

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A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management

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Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders

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Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight

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What we talk about when we talk about fat

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Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus

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Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease

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Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease

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Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1

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The Diagnosis and Management of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Practice Guideline by the American Gastroenterological Association, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and American College of Gastroenterology

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Obesity: a chronic relapsing progressive disease process. A position statement of the World Obesity Federation

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Thermogenic mechanisms in brown fat.

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Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population

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Adipose tissue dysfunction as determinant of obesity-associated metabolic complications

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Obesity and cancer risk: Emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives

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Transkingdom Control of Microbiota Diurnal Oscillations Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis

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Gout

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Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics

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Body Mass Index and Risk for End-Stage Renal Disease

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Normalization of obesity-associated insulin resistance through immunotherapy

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Eosinophils Sustain Adipose Alternatively Activated Macrophages Associated with Glucose Homeostasis

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Hypothalamic IKKβ/NF-κB and ER Stress Link Overnutrition to Energy Imbalance and Obesity

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Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors With Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis

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Adipose Tissue Remodeling: Its Role in Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Disorders

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Adipose tissue browning and metabolic health

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Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial

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Consumption of a Fat-Rich Diet Activates a Proinflammatory Response and Induces Insulin Resistance in the Hypothalamus

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Leptin and Obesity: Role and clinical implication.

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Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management

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Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight

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B cells promote insulin resistance through modulation of T cells and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies

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Improvement of insulin sensitivity after lean donor feces in metabolic syndrome is driven by baseline intestinal microbiota composition

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Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial

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Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges

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Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: Relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans

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Global burden of cancer attributable to high body-mass index in 2012: a population-based study

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Recruited brown adipose tissue as an antiobesity agent in humans

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Stable angina pectoris with no obstructive coronary artery disease is associated with increased risks of major adverse cardiovascular events

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Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome

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Effects of Diurnal Variation of Gut Microbes and High-Fat Feeding on Host Circadian Clock Function and Metabolism

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Monitoring Bacterial Community of Human Gut Microbiota Reveals an Increase in Lactobacillus in Obese Patients and Methanogens in Anorexic Patients

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Glucagon-like peptide I stimulates insulin gene expression and increases cyclic AMP levels in a rat islet cell line.

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The effect of obesity on lung function

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Long-term Drug Treatment for Obesity: A Systematic and Clinical Review

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Plays a Central Role in Development of Leptin Resistance

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Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women

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Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women

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Obesity and female infertility: potential mediators of obesity's impact

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Type I and II Endometrial Cancers: Have They Different Risk Factors?

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Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: connections in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatments

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Genetic deficiency and pharmacological stabilization of mast cells reduce diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: pathogenesis, prevention and therapy

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The emergence of cold-induced brown adipocytes in mouse white fat depots is determined predominantly by white to brown adipocyte transdifferentiation

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PPARγ agonists Induce a White-to-Brown Fat Conversion through Stabilization of PRDM16 Protein

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Obesity-related glomerulopathy: clinical and pathologic characteristics and pathogenesis

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Biomaterial‐Driven Therapeutic Strategies for the Integrated Management of Obesity

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COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETES IN PATIENTS WITH OBESITY: THE ROLE OF PATIENT EDUCATION, WEIGHT REDUCTION, PHARMACOTHERAPY AND LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION - A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Fąfara, M., Jeczkało, M., Kosiorowska, M., Kowalczyk, A., Lasoń, J., Makulska, M., Płachta, W., Sęk, W., Sieradzka, A., & Wegenko, C. M. (2026) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.2(50).2026.5796

Low‐frequency electroacupuncture attenuates insulin resistance in a rat model of diet‐induced maternal obesity

Carr, D. J., Kelley, E., Sekhon, M., Kawasaki, M., McElroy-Yaggy, K., Skinner, R. C., Taylor, P. D., David, A. L., Stener‐Victorin, E., & Jetton, T. L. (2026) · Pregnancy · doi:10.1002/pmf2.70312

Western Diet-Induced Obesity Modulates the Mammary Fat Pad Microenvironment

Manirujjaman, M., Sanchez‐Pino, M. D., Singh, J., Nafees, F., Biswas, M., Puttalingaiah, R. T., Heidari, S., Wyczechowska, D. D., Garai, J., Polanía-Villanueva, D., et al. (2026) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells15121050

Colonic nutritional and physicochemical parameters drive gut microbiota dysbiosis in obesity: what we learned from the Ob-M-ARCOL model development

Uriot, O., Deschamps, C., Etienne‐Mesmin, L., Brun, M., Pouget, M., Chalançon, S., Durif, C., Chaudemanche, C., Alric, M., Boirie‌, Y., et al. (2026) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2026.2685908

Effects of nutritional supplementation combined with exercise on BMI and lipid profiles in individuals with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cheng, H., Zhou, C., Song, S., Wang, B., Lang, D., & Sun, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1818949

2-Pentadecyl-2-oxazoline alleviates anxiety-like behaviour and modulates the microbiota-gut-brain axis in obese mice

Opallo, N., Lama, A., Melini, S., Coretti, L., Comella, F., Piano, F. D., Navatti, N. P., D’Andrea, A., Caro, C. D., Lembo, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1878488

Intermittent hypoxic conditioning as a novel strategy for obesity treatment: current evidence and future perspectives

Kang, Y., Wen, J., Xi, L., Qi, Y., Chen, X., & Na, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2026.1842034

Boron symbiotaxis: A trace element perspective on host–microbiome signaling and lipidomic coherence in obesity

Mogoşanu, G. D., Biţă, A., Scorei, I. R., Gheonea, D. I., & Geormăneanu, C. (2026) · Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2026.127921

Dietary Supplementation with Deinococcus radiodurans Extract Alleviates Obesity and Systemic Inflammation via Gut Microbiota Modulation in Murine and Feline Models

Hu, W., Wang, Y., Hua, C., Shi, C., Tu, Y., Ye, S., Hu, M., Huang, Q., Lin, L., & Hua, Y. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16132072

Intermittent inulin supplementation alleviates obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and cognitive impairment by maintaining intestinal homeostasis

Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Ji, M., Li, X., Yang, Y., Sun, L., Liu, X., Wang, D., Zhang, M., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Food Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.fnutr.2026.100078

Secretion Patterns of Leptin: A Key Component in the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis and Its Therapeutic Applications

Wang, C., & Rong, X. (2026) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom16071031

Hypercaloric Diet Induces Cardiovascular Dysfunction Through Altered Purinergic Signaling on Atrial and Vascular Contractility

Musial, D. C., Jurkiewicz, A., Jurkiewicz, N. H., & Bomfim, G. H. S. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15141166

Targeting the leptin–ghrelin axis for obesity management: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic approaches

Rajendiran, M., Palani, S., & Subramaniyan, V. (2026) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2026.107093

Altered eating experience during GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy: a sensory–liking–wanting framework for food preference and nutritional behaviour

Du, J., Yang, Z., & Chen, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1870484 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Comparison of the concomitant use of anti-obesity medications with endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty versus endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty alone: a systematic review and meta-analysis

de Quadros, L. G., Neto, M. G., Coimbra, C. C., Teixieira, A., Filho, A. C., Júnior, R. L. K., Neto, M. F. D. S., Pacca, C. C., & Grecco, E. (2026) · Surgical Endoscopy · doi:10.1007/s00464-026-12936-w

Real-world semaglutide in obesity cohort: effectiveness, safety and persistence across sex, BMI, and prior GLP-1RA treatment

Milani, I., Parrotta, M. E., Chinucci, M., Franzò, E., Gintoli, E., Franco, F., Sbraccia, P., Guglielmi, V., & Capoccia, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1819337

Is obesity a reversible disorder of hippocampal neuroplasticity? A hypothesis linking caloric restriction to restoration of memory function

Fernandes, C. M., Rieger, D. K., & Brocardo, P. S. (2026) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2026.112095

Brazilian green propolis in obesity and diabetes: A comprehensive review from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions

Soares, J. G., de Araújo, C. A., Ramundo, G. D., dos Santos, B. T., Silva, D. L. B., de Bem, G. F., Ognibene, D. T., Resende, Â. C., & da Costa, C. A. (2026) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-026-00511-1

Mechanisms Linking Body Weight to Early Puberty in Children

Nicolaides, N. C., Toumba, M., Tsishkavets, A., Sakhi, N., & Skordis, N. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13101341

Pharmacogenetic hypersensitivity to somatropin in a child with severe growth hormone deficiency and MC4R p.V166I variant

Sancak, E., Büyükinan, M., Yılmaz, A. F., Karslı, B., Çömlek, F. Ö., & Buğrul, F. (2026) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2026-0165

Waist‐to‐Body Mass Index Ratio and Risk of Musculoskeletal Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Cohort and PhIP‐Seq Analysis

Zhang, Y., Lin, L., Zheng, L., Lin, X., Xu, Z., Shen, X., Huang, L., Zhao, F., & Yan, S. (2026) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70336

Long-Term Weight Variability Is Associated with Higher Triglyceride Concentrations After Accounting for Long-Term Weight Slope

Xu, M., Wang, H., Zhu, L., & Liu, X. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18162605

Beyond One-Size-Fits-All: Individually Tailored Dietary Interventions in Modern Obesity Care

Cozma-Petruț, A. P., Gherghel, M., Banc, R., Tișa, I. B., Stanciu, O., Coldea, T. E., Mudura, E., Miere, D., & Filip, L. A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18162691 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Dual-transporter-targeted oral semaglutide nanomicelles enable enhanced intestinal absorption and metabolic reprogramming in obesity and diabetes

Subedi, L., Bamjan, A. D., Kim, E., Phuyal, S., Sapkota, B., Kim, K.-T., Cho, S., Shim, J., Seo, J. B., & Park, J. W. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115297

Innate Lymphoid Cells and diet: the multitask cells in metabolic syndrome progression

Aoki, L. Y., Zicman, G. C., Menezes-Silva, L., Cipelli, M., & Câmara, N. O. S. (2026) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2026.107237

Global Research Landscape on Leptin Resistance and Obesity‐Related Metabolic Dysfunction: Trends, Networks and Visualisation Analysis (1995–2025)

Zyoud, S. H. (2026) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.70330

Effects of switching from a high-fat diet to a ketogenic diet on oxidative stress, nitrosative damage, and protein glycation in rat skin

Chylińska, N., Pawlukianiec, C., Malinowska, D., Żendzian‐Piotrowska, M., & Maciejczyk, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1920156

The mediating role of cardiac autonomic imbalance in the association between hypoxic burden and dyslipidemia in obstructive sleep apnea

Li, C., Li, B., Zhou, E., Guan, J., Xu, H., Liu, Y., Zou, J., Yi, H., & Yin, S. (2026) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2026.2721712

Intranasal delivery of Semaglutide using a thermoresponsive PNPHO nanocarrier: formulation development, characterization and biological evaluation.

Khan, T. T. S., Wong, C. Y. J., Sheikh, Z., Fathi, A., Maleknia, S., Oveissi, F., Abrams, T., van der Hoven, J., Altena, A., Johnson, E., et al. (2026) · International journal of pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2026.127363

A Desulfovibrio – Roseburia antagonism axis dictates interindividual variability in the metabolic response to inulin

Zhang, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, X., Qin, Z., Ren, X., Zhang, T. X., He, C., Gu, J., & Jin, J. (2026) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d6fo03036j

Targeting the HIF-1α/IL-1β Axis in Macrophages With the Novel Inhibitor LJ-6 Mitigates Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Cellular and Ex Vivo Models

Gao, M., Liu, M., Chu, A., Deng, S., Gao, J., Li, S., Jiang, D., Shen, Y., Wang, X., Lei, S., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/fbl53391

EN PRENSA. Obesidad: Una Discusión de los Determinantes Multifactoriales, Desórdenes Metabólicos y Avances en el Diagnóstico Molecular en Población Mexicana. EN PRENSA

la Torre-Espinosa, Z. Y. D., Valenzuela, M. J. C., Leyva-Morales, J. B., Douriet, L. U. B., Delcid, P. A. R., & Espinosa, R. R. (2026) · Revista Bio Ciencias · doi:10.15741/revbio.13.e2157

Вклад мышечной дисфункции в развитие и прогрессирование кардио-рено-гепато-метаболического синдрома: обзор литературы

Avdeeva, K. S., Gorbachevskii, A. V., Petelina, T. I., Enina, T. N., Невмержицкий, В. С., Antyukh, K. Y., Григоренко, Е. А., & Митьковская, Н. П. (2026) · Кардиология в Беларуси · doi:10.34883/pi.2026.18.3.008

Dual Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Saponins Involving PPARα/γ Signaling and Gut Microbiota Remodeling in Obesogenic Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Guo, Q., Luo, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, H., Chen, M., Liu, M., Yin, Z., Zhang, J., Yang, B., Wang, L., et al. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15183276

Obesity and Weight Loss Medications

Mirrakhimov, A. E. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-29397-8_115

Daphnetin attenuates the early stage of adipogenesis via suppressing mitotic clonal expansion through Nrf2-mediated redox regulation

Shi, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Jin, A. (2026) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d6fo03104h

Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila AH39 alleviates high-fat diet-induced obesity by modulating the gut microbiota-bile acid metabolism-FXR pathway

Kuang, S., Wang, J., Jiang, T., Sun, L., Wang, L., Tian, P., Zhai, Q., Zhao, J., Wang, G., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.110085

Adipose Tissue Adaptations to Chronic Kumquat Consumption in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice

Terzo, S., Calvi, P., Giardina, M., Timeo, S., Lombardi, A., Amato, A., & Mulè, F. (2026) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb48101048

Obesity and fertility: the role of nutrition and pharmacotherapy options

Maksimov, M. L., Dudareva, V. A., Dyadikova, I. G., Vovk, V. O., Shikaleva, А. А., & Sidorova, A. D. (2026) · Terapevt (General Physician) · doi:10.33920/med-12-2609-02

The Biased Scale

Mpofu, L., Mpofu, J., & Mbandlwa, Z. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-2600-1548-3.ch005

Obesity and Its Comorbidities: Current Treatment Options, Emerging Biological Mechanisms, Future Perspectives and Challenges

Wang, L., Wang, Q., Xiong, Y., Shi, W. F., & Xiao, Q. (2025) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s540103 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Navigating obesity: A comprehensive review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, complications and management strategies

Xiao, N., Ding, Y., Cui, B., Li, R., Qu, X.-R., Zhou, H., Au, K.-H., Fan, X.-D., Xie, J.-C., Huang, Y., et al. (2024) · The Innovation Medicine · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-med.2024.100090 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Overview: Obesity

*, J. T., Goyal, V. K., Kunwar, P., Balki, S., Soni, K., Singh, A. P., Deswal, S., Pandey, S., Kaur, H., Kajla, S., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews · doi:10.31579/2690-4861/1066

Pathophysiology and Management of Obesity

Yang, P., Lee, P., Chen, C., & Lin, M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-1297-0_42

360-Degree Perspectives on Obesity

Cuciureanu, M. D., Caratașu, C.-C., Gabrielian, L., Frăsinariu, O. E., Checheriță, L. E., Trandafir, L. M., Stanciu, G. D., Szilagyi, A., Pogonea, I., Bordeianu, G., et al. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59061119 · Cited by 31 · see citing works