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Cholesterol feedback: from Schoenheimer's bottle to Scap's MELADL

Brown, Michael S., Goldstein, Joseph L.·2009·Journal of Lipid Research
DOI 10.1194/jlr.r800054-jlr200
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Abstract

Cholesterol biosynthesis is among the most intensely regulated processes in biology. Synthetic rates vary over hundreds of fold depending on the availability of an external source of cholesterol. Studies of this feedback regulatory process have a rich history. The field began 75 years ago when Rudolf Schoenheimer measured cholesterol balance in mice in a bottle. He found that cholesterol feeding led to decreased cholesterol synthesis, thereby introducing the general phenomenon by which end products of biosynthetic pathways inhibit their own synthesis. Recently, cholesterol feedback has been explained at a molecular level with the discovery of membrane-bound transcription factors called sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), and an appreciation of the sterol-sensing role of their partner, an escort protein called Scap. The key element in Scap is a hexapeptide sequence designated MELADL (rhymes with bottle). Thus, over 75 years, Schoenheimer's bottle led to Scap's MELADL. In addition to their basic importance in membrane biology, these studies have implications for the regulation of plasma cholesterol levels and consequently for the development of atherosclerotic plaques, myocardial infarctions, and strokes. In this article we review the major milestones in the cholesterol feedback story.

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  • 25-Hydroxycholesterol is a potent oxysterol regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis.

    “25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is a potent oxysterol regulator of cholesterol biosynthesis [44–46].”

    From 25-Hydroxycholesterol amplifies microglial IL-1β production in an apoE isoform-dependent manner (2020) · cites this paper as [46]

  • Upstream regulators SREBF2 and SCAP are activated, but POR is inhibited in both APOE4 microglia and astrocytes.

    “Upstream regulators, transcription factors regulating cholesterol synthesis, SREBF2 and SCAP, are activated, but POR (Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase) is inhibited in both APOE4 microglia and astrocytes (Figure 2H)(Brown and Goldstein, 2009; Schmidt et al., 2009).”

    From Cholesterol and matrisome pathways dysregulated in astrocytes and microglia (2022) · cites this paper as Brown and Goldstein, 2009

  • Elevated gene sets and enzymes of cholesterol synthesis in APOE4 human astrocytes contradict the mechanism by which increased free cholesterol levels suppress gene expression via SREBP2.

    “Elevated gene sets and enzymes of cholesterol synthesis in APOE4 human astrocytes contradict the mechanism by which increased free cholesterol levels suppress gene expression via SREBP2 (Brown and Goldstein, 2009).”

    From Cholesterol and matrisome pathways dysregulated in astrocytes and microglia (2022) · cites this paper as Brown and Goldstein, 2009

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Metadata

Authors
Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L.
Venue
Journal of Lipid Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-04
Volume
50
Pages
S15-S27
ISSN
0022-2275
DOI
10.1194/jlr.r800054-jlr200
Cited by
441
References
4
Language
en
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