The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 43 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Shift work, which imposes a habitual disruption in the circadian system, has been linked to increased incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, and acute circadian misalignment alters various metabolic processes. However, it remains unclear whether day-to-day circadian dysregulation contributes to these risks beyond poor sleep and other behavioral characteristics. OBJECTIVE: Individuals differ in circadian phase preference, known as chronotype, but may be constrained by modern work obligations to specific sleep schedules. Individuals experience social jetlag (SJL) due to a habitual discrepancy between their endogenous circadian rhythm and actual sleep times imposed by social obligations. Here, we examined whether chronotype and/or SJL associate with components of cardiovascular disease risk beyond the known effects of sleep disturbances, poor health behaviors, and depressive symptomatology. DESIGN: Participants were healthy, midlife adults who worked part- or full-time day shifts (n = 447; mean age, 42.7 [range, 30-54] y; 53% female; 83% white). Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Scale of Morningness. SJL was quantified as the difference (in minutes) between the midpoints of actigraphy-derived sleep intervals before work vs non-workdays. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed that SJL related to a lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, higher triglycerides, higher fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance, and adiposity (P < .05), even after adjustment for subjective sleep quality, actigraphy-derived sleep characteristics, depressive symptomatology, and health behaviors. Evening chronotype associated with lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a misalignment of sleep timing is associated with metabolic risk factors that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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TL;DR
In 447 midlife day-shift workers, greater actigraphy-derived social jetlag was associated with adverse metabolic markers—lower HDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI—after adjustment for sleep, health behaviors, and depression. Evening chronotype was more weakly associated with lower HDL cholesterol, while neither chronotype nor social jetlag related to blood pressure or resting heart rate.
Key findings
- In fully adjusted models, social jetlag remained associated with lower HDL cholesterol (β = −0.09, P = .036), higher triglycerides (β = .11, P = .026), fasting insulin (β = .11, P = .033), HOMA-IR (β = .11, P = .031), waist circumference (β = .15, P = .002), and BMI (β = .17, P = .001).
- Participants with >60 min social jetlag vs ≤60 min had higher geometric mean triglycerides (107.15 vs 91.20 mg/dL), fasting insulin (13.49 vs 12.02 U/mL), HOMA-IR (4.07 vs 3.72), waist circumference (94.04 vs 88.86 cm), and BMI (28.28 vs 26.33 kg/m²), and lower HDL cholesterol (54.14 vs 56.59 mg/dL).
- Evening chronotype was associated with lower HDL cholesterol after full adjustment (β = −0.083, P = .047); its association with triglycerides became nonsignificant (P = .127). Neither social jetlag nor chronotype was significantly related to resting heart rate or blood pressure (P > .05).
- Mean social jetlag was 44 min (SD 32); 84.8% had a later midsleep on free days vs workdays, and only 6% had social jetlag of 1 hour or more.
Methods
- AHAB-II sample: 490 midlife adults recruited, final 447 after exclusions; mean age 42.7 years (range 30–54), 53% female, 83% white, working part- or full-time day shifts; shift workers were excluded.
- Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Morningness Scale (CSM), inverted so higher scores indicate greater eveningness. Social jetlag was quantified with Actiwatch-16 worn 24 hours/day for 7 days as the absolute difference between actigraphy-derived midsleep on free days vs workdays.
- Hierarchical linear regressions predicted cardiometabolic variables; model 1 adjusted for demographics and sleep characteristics, and model 2 added health behaviors and depressive symptomatology. Skewed variables were transformed.
Limitations
- Stated: objective circadian phase was unavailable; collecting samples in the same morning time frame irrespective of chronotype may have underestimated variability and chronotype effects; meal timing was not examined; and the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference.
- Stated/evident: the sample had few evening types (4.9%, n = 22) and a limited social jetlag range (mean 44 min; only 6% ≥1 hour), possibly underestimating associations and contributing to null chronotype results. The sample was also mostly white, midlife, employed day-shift adults, limiting generalizability.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“only 4.9% (n ϭ 22) of the participants met a conventional threshold for evening chronotype (CSM score Յ 26) (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater eveningness correlated moderately with SJL in the current sample (r ϭ 0.13; P ϭ .007).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“68 participants (15.2%) had an earlier midsleep on free days relative to workdays”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 68Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither chronotype nor SJL was related significantly to resting heart rate or BP (P Ͼ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“healthy adults asked to eat and sleep 12 hours out of phase from their regular schedules exhibited vascular and endocrine abnormalities, such as increased arterial pressure, a reversed daily cortisol rhythm, and postprandial glucose levels in the range of a prediabetic state (8).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scheer, 2009, Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chronotype quantified by the CSM has been validated with respect to variation in the diurnal rhythms of body temperature and subjective alertness (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A global PSQI score Ͼ 5 indicates poor sleep quality.This threshold has a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5%, distinguishing between healthy controls (good sleepers) and patients reporting sleep complaints (poor sleepers) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evening types are also more likely to be depressed (10), overweight (11), diabetic, and hypertensive (12), in comparison to morning types.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Levandovski, 2011, Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CSM has both high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ Ͼ 0.80) and test-retest reliability (r Ͼ 0.88) (25).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Di Milia, 2013, Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures, Chronobiol Int source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument has high reliability (33) and convergent validity with several objective measures of physical activity and fitness, including maximal oxygen uptake (34) and body mass index (BMI) (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Ainsworth, 1993, Accuracy of the College Alumnus Physical Activity Questionnaire, J Clin Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Nowak, 2010, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire as an additional tool in clinical assessment of patients with coronary artery disease treated with angioplasty, Kardiol Pol
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SJL has been linked to measures of adiposity (11,15,16), heart rate (16,17), and higher cortisol levels in healthy individuals (16) and to higher glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (18).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Parsons, 2015, Social jetlag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Rutters, 2014, Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile?, J Biol Rhythms source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Kantermann, 2013, Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: First evidence from a pilot study, Work source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Reutrakul, 2013, Chronotype is independently associated with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Paffenbarger questionnaire is predictive of health conditions that are related to physical activity, including myocardial infarction (36), and total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Chomistek, 2011, Vigorous physical activity, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument estimates customary intake of diverse nutrients and food groups, with item content developed from the NHANES 1999 -2002 dietary recall data (37,38).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PSQI has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ϭ 0.83) and test-retest reliability (r ϭ 0.85) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CESD has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ؍ 0.87) (40).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Depressive symptomatology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Radloff, 1977, The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population, Appl Psychol Meas source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, a disruption in the circadian system triggered by SJL could dysregulate the temporal organization of both central and peripheral rhythms and, in turn, promote metabolic abnormalities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the molecular level, the central clock (in the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and peripheral oscillators throughout the body comprise a self-sustaining network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops that drive 24-hour expression patterns of core clock genes (47).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Lowrey, 2004, Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, our findings suggest that SJL heightens metabolic risk through a misalignment in circadian rhythms rather than by sleep disturbances per se.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HOMA-IR index is a steadystate measure of baseline insulin and glucose function”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Objective measures of circadian phase were unavailable in this sample, and it is unclear whether the individuals with SJL and/or self-reported evening chronotypes differ in their biological circadian phase.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms, it is possible that our method of collecting samples within the same morning time frame across all participants (ie, irrespective of chronotype) may have led to an underestimation of variability in cardiometabolic risk factors and thus the effects of chronotype.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, the cross-sectional design of the current study precludes causal inferences and warrants future prospective studies to extend the present findings.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“postprandial, dynamic measures such as the oral glucose tolerance test quantify the dynamic interplay of insulin sensitivity and -cell insulin secretion (42).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results, along with other recent reports, suggest that a misalignment of the biological and socially influenced sleep timing is an additional factor contributing to risk for developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and highlight the potential for sleep and circadian-focused interventions in preventative health care.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of actigraphy to quantify SJL is a strength of the current study.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the current study quantified average caloric intake and energy expenditure but did not examine the timing of these activities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The timing of meals serves as a behavioral zeitgeber that can entrain peripheral clocks (51).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Buhr, 2013, Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence from both rodent and human studies suggests that food consumption during habitual sleep or rest times (ie, evenings in humans) is associated with greater risk for obesity (49,50)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is evidence that both fasting and postprandial glucose measures are predictive of type 2 diabetes, and these may represent two distinct risk factors that may contribute to diabetes via different physiological mechanisms (43).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Meyer, 2006, Different mechanisms for impaired fasting glucose and impaired postprandial glucose tolerance in humans, Diabetes Care source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regions throughout the brain have autonomous circadian oscillators that re-entrain at different rates when they are isolated and then re-exposed to light cues (48).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Abe, 2002, Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions, J Neurosci source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous reports have also linked other sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, with poor health outcomes (46).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Troxel, 2010, Sleep symptoms predict the development of the metabolic syndrome, Sleep source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
“Participants were asked to wear the Actiwatch-16 (Philips Electronics), a wrist accelerometer that samples movement several times per second.Participants wore the Actiwatch 24 hours a day for 7 days and were instructed to keep the watch on even when showering.”
“Sleep onset was defined as a period lasting at least 10 consecutive minutes with Ͻ 40 counts of activity (ie, movement) per epoch.Wake onset was defined as 10 consecutive minutes of Ն 40 activity counts per epoch.Midsleep, defined as the midpoint between sleep onset and wake onset, was calculated separately for each workday and free day and averaged within each day type.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
“Actigraphy provides a behavioral measure of sleep patterns that, unlike self-reported questionnaires, is not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Evening chronotype has also been related to lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (118).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported prevalence of hour-long social jetlag conflicts with Table 4
MajorThe discussion says only 28 participants had social jetlag of one hour or more, but Table 4 lists 111 participants with more than 60 minutes. The latter group alone exceeds the reported count.
“only 6% (n ϭ 28) of the current sample experienced SJL of 1 hour or more.”
“| | <60 min | >60 min | F (1420) | P Value | 2 | | n | 326 | 111 | | | |”
Model 1 HDL association is described as significant
MinorThe results describe the SJL association with lower HDL cholesterol as significant at P < .05 after the Model 1 adjustments, but Table 2 gives its Model 1 P value as .069.
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
“| HDL, mg/dL | Ϫ0.08 | .069 | ؊0.09 | .036 | ؊0.09 | .043 | ؊0.083 | .047 |”
Alcohol-HDL association has opposite directions
MinorThe discussion says greater alcohol consumption was associated with lower HDL cholesterol, whereas Table 3 reports a positive HDL coefficient for alcohol (.24**).
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol;”
“| Alcohol | Ϫ0.03 | .24** | Ϫ0.03 | Ϫ0.01 | Ϫ0.02 | Ϫ0.02 |”
Citations
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Items 101–200 of 445
Irregular sleep and cardiometabolic risk: Clinical evidence and mechanisms
Zhang, C., & Qin, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1059257 · Cited by 43
“The findings are consistent with several subsequent studies (38, 40).”
BackgroundResultRusu, A., Ciobanu, D. M., Bala, C. G., Cerghizan, A., & Román, G. (2018) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12867 · Cited by 40
“Research on the association between SJL and glucose metabolism is limited and results are conflicting, with some studies showing either no association when controlling for other lifestyle factors(6) and others reporting an association with increased insulin resistance, independent of other lifestyle factors.(7) Data o…”
ResultDavidson, S. M., Villarroel, M., Harford, M., Finnegan, E., Jorge, J., Young, D., Watkinson, P., & Tarassenko, L. (2020) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02861-2 · Cited by 40
“Chronically disrupted circadian rhythms are associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer [6–9].”
Type 1 Diabetes, Sleep, and Hypoglycemia
Zhu, B., Irsheed, G. A., Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., & Reutrakul, S. (2021) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-021-01424-1 · Cited by 38
Is exposure to chemical pollutants associated with sleep outcomes? A systematic review
Wallace, D. A., Gallagher, J. P., Peterson, S. R., Gueye‐Ndiaye, S., Fox, K. A., Redline, S. S., & Johnson, D. A. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101805 · Cited by 39
Basnet, S., Merikanto, I., Lahti, T. A., Männistö, S., Laatikainen, T. K., Vartiainen, E. A., & Partonen, T. (2016) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1016/j.slsci.2016.11.003 · Cited by 38
“For sleep debt duration, Lohr and Gingery reported that even a 30-min difference in sleep duration on weekdays could adversely impact health and cause diseases as compared to weekends [49].”
BackgroundChronotype, nursing activity, and gender: A systematic review
López‐Soto, P. J., Fabbian, F., Cappadona, R., Zucchi, B., Manfredini, F., García‐Arcos, A., Carmona‐Torres, J. M., Manfredini, R., & Rodríguez‐Borrego, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13876 · Cited by 39
A Model of Adolescent Sleep Health and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Simon, S. L., HIGGINS, J. A., Melanson, E. L., Wright, K. P., & Nadeau, K. J. (2021) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-020-01373-1 · Cited by 44
Evening chronotype is associated with severe NAFLD in obesity
Vetrani, C., Barrea, L., Verde, L., Sarno, G., Docimo, A., de Alteriis, G., Savastano, S., Colao, A., & Muscogiuri, G. (2022) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01159-3 · Cited by 37
Nechifor, R. E., Ciobanu, D. M., Vonica, C. L., Popiţa, C., Román, G., Bala, C. G., Mocan, A., Inceu, G., Craciun, A. E., & Rusu, A. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.03.018 · Cited by 39
Chronotype and cardio metabolic health in obesity: does nutrition matter?
Muscogiuri, G., Barrea, L., Aprano, S., Framondi, L., Matteo, R. D., Altieri, B., Laudisio, D., Pugliese, G., Savastano, S., & Colao, A. (2021) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/09637486.2021.1885017 · Cited by 39
“Evening chronotype has also been associated with lower High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundPioneering new frontiers in circadian medicine chronotherapies for cardiovascular health
Festus, I. D., Spilberg, J., Young, M. E., Cain, S. W., Khoshnevis, S., Smolensky, M. H., Zaheer, F., Descalzi, G., & Martino, T. A. (2024) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.011 · Cited by 38
Circadian misalignment and weekend alcohol use in late adolescent drinkers: preliminary evidence
Hasler, B. P., Bruce, S. A., Scharf, D. M., Ngari, W., & Clark, D. B. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1586720 · Cited by 35
“…sleep characteristics and/ or sleep loss generally show that insomnia symptoms, shorter sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness are associated with both concurrent and later alcohol use and alcohol problems (e.g. Hasler et al. 2016, 2014; Miller et al. 2017; Pieters et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015a).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSleep duration rather than sleep timing is associated with obesity in adolescents
Sunwoo, J., Yang, K. I., Kim, J. H., Koo, D. L., Kim, D., & Hong, S. B. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.12.014 · Cited by 37
Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on sleep of undergraduate students: A systematic literature review
Valenzuela, R. L. G., Velasco, R. I. B., & Jorge, M. P. P. C. (2022) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3171 · Cited by 35
Malone, S. K., Patterson, F., Lozano, A. J., & Hanlon, A. L. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1317639 · Cited by 34
“…of sleep, such as restricted sleep (Buxton et al., 2010; Spiegel et al., 1999), short sleep (Cappuccio et al., 2010; Malone et al., 2016), late chronotype (Merikanto et al., 2013) and irregular sleep times (Taylor et al., 2016; Wong et al., 2015) have been associated with cardio-metabolic diseases.”
BackgroundPotter, G. D., Cade, J. E., & Hardie, L. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182195 · Cited by 35
Frisk, M. K., Hedner, J. A., Grote, L., Ekblom, Ö. B., Arvidsson, D., Bergström, G. M. L., Börjesson, M., & Zou, D. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12267-5 · Cited by 37
“…associated with increased SCORE2 risk, supporting previous studies which suggest that evening chronotypes have poorer cardiovascular health than other chronotypes, with higher odds of arterial hypertension 33 , lower levels of HDL cholesterol 34 , and higher rates of CVD mortality 20 .”
ResultTiming and quality of sleep in a rural Brazilian family-based cohort, the Baependi Heart Study
Beijamini, F., Knutson, K. L., Lorenzi‐Filho, G., Egan, K. J., Taporoski, T. P., de Paula, L. K. G., Negrão, A. B., Horimoto, A. R. V. R., Duarte, N. E., Vallada, H., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39283 · Cited by 34
Rishi, M. A., Cheng, J. Y., Strang, A. R., Sexton–Radek, K., Ganguly, G., Licis, A., Flynn‐Evans, E. E., Berneking, M., Bhui, R., Creamer, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10898 · Cited by 33
“” 49 Studies have shown that social jet lag is associated with an increased risk of obesity, 50 metabolic syndrome, 51 cardiovascular disease, 52 depression, 53 and poorer academic performance.”
Food literacy and food choice – a survey-based psychometric profiling of consumer behaviour
Trieste, L., Bazzani, A., Amato, A., Faraguna, U., & Turchetti, G. (2021) · British Food Journal · doi:10.1108/bfj-09-2020-0845 · Cited by 34
“Overall, evening chronotype is generally associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders (Wong et al. , 2015; Knutson and von Schantz, 2018).”
BackgroundSocial-Jetlagged Consumers and Decreased Conspicuous Consumption
Yin, Y., & Huang, Z. (2022) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucac002 · Cited by 33
Xu, Y., Wang, X., Belsky, D. W., McCall, W. V., Liu, Y., & Su, S. (2022) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glac199 · Cited by 34
BEHAVIORAL STRATEGIES, INCLUDING EXERCISE, FOR ADDRESSING INSOMNIA
Markwald, R. R., Iftikhar, I., & Youngstedt, S. D. (2018) · ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000375 · Cited by 31
“This desynchrony between biological and social time is like switching back and forth between time zones and is often referred to as “social jet lag” (20) which is itself associated with a higher risk for cancer, obesity, impaired glucose regulation, and depressed mood (21–25).”
BackgroundWallace, D. A., Reid, K. J., Grobman, W. A., Facco, F., Silver, R. M., Pien, G. W., Louis, J. M., Zee, P. C., Redline, S. S., & Sofer, T. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac297 · Cited by 36
Rizza, S., Luzi, A., Mavilio, M., Ballanti, M., Massimi, A., Porzio, O., Magrini, A., Hannemann, J., Menghini, R., Lehrke, M., et al. (2021) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-021-01676-z · Cited by 31
Romero‐Cabrera, J. L., Garaulet, M., Jiménez-Torres, J., Alcala-Diaz, J. F., Quintana‐Navarro, G. M., Martín‐Piedra, L., Torres-Peña, J. D., Rodríguez-Cantalejo, F., Rangel-Zúñiga, O. A., Yubero‐Serrano, E. M., et al. (2021) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.001 · Cited by 32
Bermingham, K. M., Stensrud, S., Asnicar, F., Valdes, A. M., Franks, P. W., Wolf, J., Hadjigeorgiou, G. M., Davies, R., Spector, T. D., Segata, N., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-023-03204-x · Cited by 35
Lee, K.-M., Jung, D., Hwang, H., Kim, W., Lee, J.-Y., Kim, T. Y., Im, S., Lee, K.-H., Spiegel, D., & Hahm, B. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1295978 · Cited by 30
“Since social jetlag reflects the misalignment of the internal (biological) clock and external (social) environment, it is possible that social jetlag could impinge on the sleep– wake cycle, weaken circadian rhythm and trigger circadian disruption (Foster et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBradford, D. R. R., Biello, S. M., & Russell, K. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1931274 · Cited by 32
“This includes allcause mortality, as well as specific conditions such as arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes (Au and Reece 2017; Coleman and Cain 2019; Knutson and von Schantz 2018; Partonen 2015; Selvi et al. 2012; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundTime restricted feeding modifies leukocyte responsiveness and improves inflammation outcome
Ella, K., Sűdy, Á. R., Búr, Z., Koós, B., Kisiczki, Á. S., Mócsai, A., & Káldi, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.924541 · Cited by 31
Shift Work as a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor: A Narrative Review
Wong, R., Crane, A., Sheth, J., & MAYROVITZ, H. N. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.41186 · Cited by 36
“Additionally, shift work performed by airline pilots and nurses has been linked to disrupted sleep patterns and decreased physical activity, both of which are known risk factors for atherosclerosis and CHD [6,11,12].”
BackgroundAguilar-Galarza, A., García-Gasca, T., Mejía, C., Díaz‐Muñoz, M., Pérez-Mendoza, M., Anaya‐Loyola, M. A., & Garaulet, M. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.030 · Cited by 30
Yoshizaki, T., & Togo, F. (2021) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2021.04.003 · Cited by 29
Sládek, M., Klusáček, J., Hamplová, D., & Sumová, A. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad037 · Cited by 29
“Previous studies also reported that social jetlag affects a number of endocrines [36] metabolic [31, 37], and immune markers [26, 38].”
BackgroundArora, N., Richmond, R. C., Brumpton, B. M., Åsvold, B. O., Dalen, H., Skarpsno, E. S., & Strand, L. B. (2023) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-023-00981-x · Cited by 28
“Sleep disorders have been associated with several adverse health conditions, including those related to cardiovascular health such as hypertension [5–7], obesity [8, 9], and dyslipidemia [10].”
BackgroundBrito, L. C., Marin, T. C., Azevêdo, L. M., Rosa‐Silva, J. M., Shea, S. A., & Thosar, S. S. (2022) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c210036 · Cited by 45
“This resultant sluggishness of entrainment of the internal central pacemaker to the external clock (i.e., timing of environmental or behavioral changes) is best illustrated by the “jet lag” that can last many days following trans-meridian jet travel (54, 137).”
InfluentialFreyberg, Z., & McCarthy, M. J. (2017) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-017-0018-4 · Cited by 28
Sleep Phase Delay in Cystic Fibrosis
Jensen, J. L., Jones, C. R., Kartsonaki, C., Packer, K. A., Adler, F. R., & Liou, T. G. (2017) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.057 · Cited by 27
Lecour, S., du Pré, B. C., Bøtker, H. E., Brundel, B. J. J. M., Daiber, A., Davidson, S. M., Ferdinandy, P., Girão, H., Gollmann‐Tepeköylü, C., Gyöngyösi, M., et al. (2021) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvab293 · Cited by 29
Sleep behavior and chronotype before and throughout pregnancy
Zhao, P., Bedrick, B. S., Brown, K. E., McCarthy, R., Chubiz, J. E. C., Ju, Y. S., Raghuraman, N., Fay, J. C., Jungheim, E. S., Herzog, E. D., et al. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.04.002 · Cited by 27
Ritonja, J. A., Tranmer, J. E., & Aronson, K. J. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1570247 · Cited by 28
“Conversely, evidence outside of shift workers does also suggest that evening-oriented chronotypes may be at a higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases (Knutson and von Schantz 2018; Merikanto et al. 2013; Roeser et al. 2012; Wong et al. 2015; Yu et al. 2015).”
BackgroundChronotype and risk of post-menopausal endometrial cancer in the California Teachers Study
Behren, J. V., Hurley, S. E., Goldberg, D. E., DeHart, J. C., Wang, S., & Reynolds, P. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1912073 · Cited by 23
“…physical and mental health conditions, such as depression and metabolic disorders, have been associated with evening chronotype (Fabbian et al. 2016; Gariepy et al. 2019; Kanerva et al. 2012; Kantermann et al. 2012; Kitamura et al. 2010; Taylor and Hasler 2018; Wong et al. 2015; Yu et al. 2015).”
BackgroundGordon-Dseagu, V., Derkach, A., Xiao, Q., Williams, I., Sampson, J. N., & Stolzenberg‐Solomon, R. Z. (2019) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-019-1472-y · Cited by 24
“The results for sleep timing appear to be inconsistent with some studies finding late sleep time to be associated with triglyceride/lower high-density lipoprotein levels (Berentzen et al. 2014; Rey-López et al. 2014; Wong et al. 2015).”
Circadian de(regulation) in physiology: implications for disease and treatmentPreprint
de Assis, L. V. M., & Kramer, A. (2024) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.352180.124 · Cited by 31
Morales‐Ghinaglia, N., He, F., Calhoun, S. L., Vgontzas, A. N., Liao, J., Liao, D., Bixler, E. O., & Fernández‐Mendoza, J. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad262 · Cited by 25
The metabolic significance of peripheral tissue clocks
Hunter, L., & Bechtold, D. A. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-07932-0 · Cited by 33
Teixeira, G. P., Barreto, A. D. C. F., Mota, M. C., & Crispim, C. A. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1652830 · Cited by 27
“Social jetlag was also categorized dichotomously as >1 h (with social jetlag) or ≤1 h (without social jetlag) (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundNurse Health: The Influence of Chronotype and Shift Timing
Hittle, B. M., Caruso, C. C., Jones, H. J., Bhattacharya, A., Lambert, J., & Gillespie, G. L. (2020) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945920916802 · Cited by 26
“Examining how chronotype interacts with obesity, late chronotypes have been reported to have higher incidences of obesity (Lucassen et al., 2013), a trend also found in shift worker populations (Wong et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBowman, M. A., Brindle, R. C., Joffe, H., Kline, C. E., Buysse, D. J., Appelhans, B. M., Kravitz, H. M., Matthews, K. A., Neal-Perry, G. S., Krafty, R. T., et al. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2020.04.014 · Cited by 24
The Role of Race, Sex, and Age in Circadian Disruption and Metabolic Disorders
Zhang, C., Tait, C., Minacapelli, C. D., Bhurwal, A., Gupta, K., Amin, R. N., & Rustgi, V. K. (2022) · Gastro Hep Advances · doi:10.1016/j.gastha.2022.02.015 · Cited by 27
Hu, M. X., Penninx, B. W. J. H., de Geus, E. J. C., Lamers, F., Kuan, D. C.-H., Wright, A. G. C., Marsland, A. L., Muldoon, M. F., Manuck, S. B., & Gianaros, P. J. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.013 · Cited by 22
Self-citationSoeters, M. R. (2020) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2324-1_4 · Cited by 24
The impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on sleep health.
Kutana, S., & Lau, P. H. (2020) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000256 · Cited by 26
Social Jetlag Is Associated With Impaired Metabolic Control During a 1-Year Follow-Up
Mota, M. C., Silva, C. M., Balieiro, L. C. T., Fahmy, W. M., Marqueze, E. C., Moreno, C. R. D. C., & Crispim, C. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.702769 · Cited by 25
Day-to-day deviations in sleep parameters and biological aging: Findings from the NHANES 2011-2014
Wang, X., Xu, Y., Li, X., Mansuri, A., McCall, W. V., Liu, Y., & Su, S. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.018 · Cited by 25
Relationship Between Sleep Quality, Depression Symptoms, and Blood Glucose in Pregnant Women
Ahmed, A. H., Hui, S., Crodian, J. S., Plaut, K. I., Haas, D. M., Zhang, L., & Casey, T. (2018) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945918809714 · Cited by 24
Mirghani, H. O., Albalawi, K. S., Alali, O. Y., Albalawi, W. M., Albalawi, K. M., Aljohani, T. A., & Albalawi, W. S. (2019) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2019.34.178.16250 · Cited by 24
“issues like eating habits, sleeping behavior among University students, smoking, and drug use [3].”
BackgroundChronotype, Social Jetlag, and Nicotine Use
Ghotbi, N., Rabenstein, A., Pilz, L. K., Rüther, T., & Roenneberg, T. (2023) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304231177197 · Cited by 24
“…to be associated with various aspects of human health, for example, depressive symptoms (Levandovski et al., 2011), lower academic/work performance (McGowan et al., 2020; Yong et al., 2016) and higher cardiovascular or metabolic risks (Koopman et al., 2017; Parsons et al., 2015; Wong et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGoodman, M. O., Dashti, H. S., Lane, J. M., Windred, D. P., Burns, A. C., Jones, S. E., Sofer, T., Purcell, S., Zhu, X., Ollila, H. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.030568 · Cited by 21
Time for Novel Strategies to Mitigate Cardiometabolic Risk in Shift Workers
Schilperoort, M., Rensen, P. C. N., & Kooijman, S. (2020) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2020.10.005 · Cited by 22
The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on lifestyle behaviors in U.S. college students
Kowalsky, R. J., Farney, T. M., Kline, C. E., Hinojosa, J. N., & Creasy, S. A. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1923505 · Cited by 24
Wong, P. M., Barker, D., Roane, B. M., Reen, E. V., & Carskadon, M. A. (2022) · SLEEP Advances · doi:10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac004 · Cited by 23
“Social jetlag, or the frequent shifts in sleep timing due to the discrepancy between sleep schedules on workdays and non-workdays, has been linked to greater BMI and obesity [15, 16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSocial jet lag and eating styles in young adults
Vrabec, A., Yuhas, M., Deyo, A. G., & Kidwell, K. M. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2097090 · Cited by 27
“Social jet lag is also associated with increased rates of metabolic syndromes (Koopman et al. 2017; Parsons et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundLi, T., Xie, Y., Tao, S., Zou, L., Yang, Y., Tao, F., & Wu, X. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16902-2 · Cited by 25
“One important individual difference associated with circadian rhythms is the natural variation in preferred bedtime and subjective time of peak alertness, also called the chronotype of an individual [2].”
BackgroundSleep duration on workdays or nonworkdays and cardiac–cerebral vascular diseases in Southern China
Hu, L., Zhang, B., Zhou, W., Huang, X. B., You, C., Li, J., Hong, K., Li, P., Wu, Y., Wu, Q., et al. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1147 · Cited by 22
Gao, L., Li, P., Hu, C., To, T., Patxot, M., Falvey, B., Wong, P. M., Scheer, F., Lin, C., Lo, M., et al. (2019) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz034 · Cited by 22
“A popular marker of sleep schedule fluctuation has been the concept of social jetlag (SJL), the difference in relative sleep–wake times between weekday and weekend nights [6, 12].”
Self-citationGombert, M., Alzueta, E., Perez-Amparan, E., Yüksel, D., Kiss, O., de Zambotti, M., Simon, K. C. N. S., Zhang, J., Shuster, A. E., Morehouse, A. B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304241247893 · Cited by 25
“In addition, the circadian period of an individual, which is longer in individuals with evening chronotypes and shorter in morning chronotypes, is known to evolve across the life span and to be predictive of certain behaviors and metabolic disorders (Reutrakul et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2015).”
Garrido, A. L. F., Duarte, A. D. S., de Santana, P. T., Rodrigues, G. H., Pellegrino, P., Nogueira, L. F. R., Cipolla‐Neto, J., Moreno, C. R. D. C., & Marqueze, E. C. (2020) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111084 · Cited by 25
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“05), after adjustment for covariates [95].”
Pressure Building Against the Clock: The Impact of Circadian Misalignment on Blood Pressure
Shafer, B. M., Kogan, S. A., & McHill, A. W. (2023) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-023-01274-0 · Cited by 24
“Finally, in healthy but overweight midlife adults (average age 43 years; body mass index 27 kg/m 2 ), neither chronotype nor social jetlag was shown to be correlated with resting heart rate or blood pressure [79].”
The effects of COVID-19 quarantine on eating and sleeping behaviors
da Silva, F. R., Lancha, A. H., Brant, V. M., Lôbo, I. L. B., Pereira-Lancha, L. O., Silva, A., & de Mello, M. T. (2020) · Nutrire · doi:10.1186/s41110-020-00128-y · Cited by 24
Arora, A., Pell, D., van Sluijs, E. M. F., & Winpenny, E. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0242852 · Cited by 21
“However, conflicts in the literature are apparent with another study finding that such difference was associated with an array of metabolic risk factors, including adiposity, in adults aged 30–54 years [53].”
BackgroundKim, Y., Ramos, A. R., Carver, C. S., Ting, A., Hahn, K., Mossavar‐Rahmani, Y., Gallo, L. C., Savin, K. L., Li, X., Penedo, F. J., et al. (2021) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2021.1953499 · Cited by 22
“Uninterrupted quality sleep has been associated with long-term well-being, including lower risk of various morbidities (Finan et al., 2015; Loredo et al., 2010; Medic et al., 2017; Wong et al., 2015) and mortality (Liu et al., 2017).”
BackgroundMenek, M. Y., & Budak, M. (2022) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2022.04.017 · Cited by 20
Impact of circadian clock dysfunction on human health
Samanta, S., & Ali, S. A. (2022) · Exploration of neuroscience · doi:10.37349/en.2022.00002 · Cited by 21
Hashemzadeh, I., Marquez-Arrico, J. E., Hashemzadeh, K., Navarro, J. F., & Adán, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.750500 · Cited by 21
“Evening-type patients were found to be more vulnerable to SJL (1, 19, 22).”
BackgroundMaghsoudipour, M., Allison, M., Patel, S. R., Talavera, G. A., Daviglus, M. L., Zee, P. C., Reid, K. J., Makarem, N., & Malhotra, A. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2069030 · Cited by 19
“Social Jet lag was calculated as the difference in minutes between the midpoints of actigraphy-derived sleep intervals on workdays vs weekends (Parsons et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015).”
MethodBorisenkov, M. F., Popov, S. V., Смирнов, В. В., Dorogina, O. I., Pecherkina, A. A., & Symaniuk, E. E. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2117050 · Cited by 19
“…2017) and academic performance (Haraszti et al. 2014), increased risk of obesity (Malone et al. 2016; Roenneberg et al. 2012), metabolic disorders (Wong et al. 2015), depression (Levandovski et al. 2011), suicidal tendencies (Kang et al. 2014; Selvi et al. 2011), and the consumption of nicotine…”
BackgroundLater School Start Times as a Public Health Intervention to Promote Sleep Health in Adolescents
Mousavi, Z., & Troxel, W. M. (2023) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-023-00263-8 · Cited by 18
Yan, R., Hu, Y., Yang, J., Wang, H., Wang, Y., & Song, G. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.154 · Cited by 18
Girtman, K. L., Baylín, A., O'Brien, L. M., & Jansen, E. C. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10078 · Cited by 20
Chronotype, social jetlag, and time perspective
Borisenkov, M. F., Vetosheva, V. I., Kuznetsova, Y. S., Khodyrev, G. N., Shikhova, A. V., Popov, S. V., Pecherkina, A. A., Dorogina, O. I., & Symaniuk, E. E. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1683858 · Cited by 18
“Long-term negative consequences of SJL include an increased risk of obesity (Roenneberg et al. 2012) and obe-sity-associated chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (Koopman et al. 2017) and cardiovascular pathologies (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundBorisenkov, M. F., Polugrudov, A. S., Михайлович, П. Н., & Bakutova, L. A. (2018) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2018.1455867 · Cited by 18
“2014), triglycerides (Wong et al. 2015), and insulin (Wong et al.”
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Resetting the Aging Clock: Implications for Managing Age-Related Diseases
Nobrega, A. K. D., Luz, K. V., & Lyons, L. C. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_9 · Cited by 20
Understanding the determinants of circadian health disparities and cardiovascular disease
Johnson, D. A., Cheng, P., FarrHenderson, M., & Knutson, K. L. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1966026 · Cited by 18
“…of circadian disruptions on CVD can be seen among shift workers (Gu et al. 2015), during shifts of circadian phase (e.g. daylight saving) (Janszky and Ljung 2008), periods of social jetlag (Wong et al. 2015), and among later sleep timing or evening chronotypes (Wong et al. 2015; Yu et al. 2015).”
BackgroundArora, N., Bhatta, L., Skarpsno, E. S., Dalen, H., Åsvold, B. O., Brumpton, B. M., Richmond, R. C., & Strand, L. B. (2023) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-023-03078-0 · Cited by 18
“Introduction Poor sleep is a major public health problem that has emerged as being associated with several health conditions [1,2], including those related to cardiovascular health such as hypertension [2,3], obesity [2,4], and dyslipidaemia [5].”
BackgroundRusu, A., Bala, C. G., Ciobanu, D. M., Cerghizan, A., & Román, G. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2019.1615501 · Cited by 20
“As opposed to these observations, for general population data from an epidemiological study that enrolled 447 healthy, midlife adults showed a positive association between SJL and insulin resistance, as assessed by HOMA-IR (β = 0.11, p = .031) (Wong et al. 2015).”
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“Social jetlag resembles a mild yet chronic form of night shift work [13] and has been associated with obesity [10], depression [14], metabolic disorder [15,16], and adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profiles [17].”
BackgroundMoreno, J. P., Hannay, K. M., Walch, O., Dadabhoy, H., Christian, J., Puyau, M. R., El‐Mubasher, A., Bacha, F. F., Grant, S. R., Park, R. J., et al. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac061 · Cited by 17
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How Much Day-To-Day Variability in Sleep Timing Is Unhealthy?
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Nuclear Receptors and Clock Components in Cardiovascular Diseases
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Sleep Timing in Patients with Precocious and Delayed Pubertal Development
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Delayed Sleep Time in African Americans and Depression in a Community-Based Population
Bailey, O., Combs, D., Sans-Fuentes, M. A., Havens, C. M., Grandner, M. A., Poongkunran, C., Patel, S., Berryhill, S. M., Provencio‐Dean, N., Quan, S. F., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7836 · Cited by 16
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Heart rate variability at bedtime predicts subsequent sleep features
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“These absence of association in the Evening group is probably related to the social jetlag (SJL) [31].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Department of Psychiatry (B.P.H.), Pennsylvania 15213
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Patricia M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2015-12-01
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4612-4620
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC4667156
- OpenAlex
- W2180967840
- Semantic Scholar
- 0c3ad84136306916091daa5d40ba62f6fe963544
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 13.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (PO1 HL040962, HL040962)
- Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL040962)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA032557)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- social jetlag, chronotype, cardiometabolic risk, circadian misalignment, sleep timing, evening chronotype, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, adiposity, diabetes risk, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, middle-aged adults, shift work
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Social Environment, Triglycerides, Work Schedule Tolerance, Health Behavior, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Jet Lag Syndrome, Adiposity
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