The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 43 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Shift work, which imposes a habitual disruption in the circadian system, has been linked to increased incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, and acute circadian misalignment alters various metabolic processes. However, it remains unclear whether day-to-day circadian dysregulation contributes to these risks beyond poor sleep and other behavioral characteristics. OBJECTIVE: Individuals differ in circadian phase preference, known as chronotype, but may be constrained by modern work obligations to specific sleep schedules. Individuals experience social jetlag (SJL) due to a habitual discrepancy between their endogenous circadian rhythm and actual sleep times imposed by social obligations. Here, we examined whether chronotype and/or SJL associate with components of cardiovascular disease risk beyond the known effects of sleep disturbances, poor health behaviors, and depressive symptomatology. DESIGN: Participants were healthy, midlife adults who worked part- or full-time day shifts (n = 447; mean age, 42.7 [range, 30-54] y; 53% female; 83% white). Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Scale of Morningness. SJL was quantified as the difference (in minutes) between the midpoints of actigraphy-derived sleep intervals before work vs non-workdays. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed that SJL related to a lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, higher triglycerides, higher fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance, and adiposity (P < .05), even after adjustment for subjective sleep quality, actigraphy-derived sleep characteristics, depressive symptomatology, and health behaviors. Evening chronotype associated with lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a misalignment of sleep timing is associated with metabolic risk factors that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In 447 midlife day-shift workers, greater actigraphy-derived social jetlag was associated with adverse metabolic markers—lower HDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI—after adjustment for sleep, health behaviors, and depression. Evening chronotype was more weakly associated with lower HDL cholesterol, while neither chronotype nor social jetlag related to blood pressure or resting heart rate.
Key findings
- In fully adjusted models, social jetlag remained associated with lower HDL cholesterol (β = −0.09, P = .036), higher triglycerides (β = .11, P = .026), fasting insulin (β = .11, P = .033), HOMA-IR (β = .11, P = .031), waist circumference (β = .15, P = .002), and BMI (β = .17, P = .001).
- Participants with >60 min social jetlag vs ≤60 min had higher geometric mean triglycerides (107.15 vs 91.20 mg/dL), fasting insulin (13.49 vs 12.02 U/mL), HOMA-IR (4.07 vs 3.72), waist circumference (94.04 vs 88.86 cm), and BMI (28.28 vs 26.33 kg/m²), and lower HDL cholesterol (54.14 vs 56.59 mg/dL).
- Evening chronotype was associated with lower HDL cholesterol after full adjustment (β = −0.083, P = .047); its association with triglycerides became nonsignificant (P = .127). Neither social jetlag nor chronotype was significantly related to resting heart rate or blood pressure (P > .05).
- Mean social jetlag was 44 min (SD 32); 84.8% had a later midsleep on free days vs workdays, and only 6% had social jetlag of 1 hour or more.
Methods
- AHAB-II sample: 490 midlife adults recruited, final 447 after exclusions; mean age 42.7 years (range 30–54), 53% female, 83% white, working part- or full-time day shifts; shift workers were excluded.
- Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Morningness Scale (CSM), inverted so higher scores indicate greater eveningness. Social jetlag was quantified with Actiwatch-16 worn 24 hours/day for 7 days as the absolute difference between actigraphy-derived midsleep on free days vs workdays.
- Hierarchical linear regressions predicted cardiometabolic variables; model 1 adjusted for demographics and sleep characteristics, and model 2 added health behaviors and depressive symptomatology. Skewed variables were transformed.
Limitations
- Stated: objective circadian phase was unavailable; collecting samples in the same morning time frame irrespective of chronotype may have underestimated variability and chronotype effects; meal timing was not examined; and the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference.
- Stated/evident: the sample had few evening types (4.9%, n = 22) and a limited social jetlag range (mean 44 min; only 6% ≥1 hour), possibly underestimating associations and contributing to null chronotype results. The sample was also mostly white, midlife, employed day-shift adults, limiting generalizability.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
0 of 43 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“only 4.9% (n ϭ 22) of the participants met a conventional threshold for evening chronotype (CSM score Յ 26) (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater eveningness correlated moderately with SJL in the current sample (r ϭ 0.13; P ϭ .007).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“68 participants (15.2%) had an earlier midsleep on free days relative to workdays”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 68Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither chronotype nor SJL was related significantly to resting heart rate or BP (P Ͼ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“healthy adults asked to eat and sleep 12 hours out of phase from their regular schedules exhibited vascular and endocrine abnormalities, such as increased arterial pressure, a reversed daily cortisol rhythm, and postprandial glucose levels in the range of a prediabetic state (8).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scheer, 2009, Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chronotype quantified by the CSM has been validated with respect to variation in the diurnal rhythms of body temperature and subjective alertness (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A global PSQI score Ͼ 5 indicates poor sleep quality.This threshold has a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5%, distinguishing between healthy controls (good sleepers) and patients reporting sleep complaints (poor sleepers) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evening types are also more likely to be depressed (10), overweight (11), diabetic, and hypertensive (12), in comparison to morning types.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Levandovski, 2011, Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CSM has both high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ Ͼ 0.80) and test-retest reliability (r Ͼ 0.88) (25).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Di Milia, 2013, Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures, Chronobiol Int source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument has high reliability (33) and convergent validity with several objective measures of physical activity and fitness, including maximal oxygen uptake (34) and body mass index (BMI) (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Ainsworth, 1993, Accuracy of the College Alumnus Physical Activity Questionnaire, J Clin Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Nowak, 2010, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire as an additional tool in clinical assessment of patients with coronary artery disease treated with angioplasty, Kardiol Pol
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SJL has been linked to measures of adiposity (11,15,16), heart rate (16,17), and higher cortisol levels in healthy individuals (16) and to higher glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (18).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Parsons, 2015, Social jetlag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Rutters, 2014, Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile?, J Biol Rhythms source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Kantermann, 2013, Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: First evidence from a pilot study, Work source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Reutrakul, 2013, Chronotype is independently associated with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Paffenbarger questionnaire is predictive of health conditions that are related to physical activity, including myocardial infarction (36), and total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Chomistek, 2011, Vigorous physical activity, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument estimates customary intake of diverse nutrients and food groups, with item content developed from the NHANES 1999 -2002 dietary recall data (37,38).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PSQI has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ϭ 0.83) and test-retest reliability (r ϭ 0.85) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CESD has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ؍ 0.87) (40).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Depressive symptomatology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Radloff, 1977, The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population, Appl Psychol Meas source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, a disruption in the circadian system triggered by SJL could dysregulate the temporal organization of both central and peripheral rhythms and, in turn, promote metabolic abnormalities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the molecular level, the central clock (in the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and peripheral oscillators throughout the body comprise a self-sustaining network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops that drive 24-hour expression patterns of core clock genes (47).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Lowrey, 2004, Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, our findings suggest that SJL heightens metabolic risk through a misalignment in circadian rhythms rather than by sleep disturbances per se.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HOMA-IR index is a steadystate measure of baseline insulin and glucose function”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Objective measures of circadian phase were unavailable in this sample, and it is unclear whether the individuals with SJL and/or self-reported evening chronotypes differ in their biological circadian phase.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms, it is possible that our method of collecting samples within the same morning time frame across all participants (ie, irrespective of chronotype) may have led to an underestimation of variability in cardiometabolic risk factors and thus the effects of chronotype.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, the cross-sectional design of the current study precludes causal inferences and warrants future prospective studies to extend the present findings.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“postprandial, dynamic measures such as the oral glucose tolerance test quantify the dynamic interplay of insulin sensitivity and -cell insulin secretion (42).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results, along with other recent reports, suggest that a misalignment of the biological and socially influenced sleep timing is an additional factor contributing to risk for developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and highlight the potential for sleep and circadian-focused interventions in preventative health care.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of actigraphy to quantify SJL is a strength of the current study.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the current study quantified average caloric intake and energy expenditure but did not examine the timing of these activities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The timing of meals serves as a behavioral zeitgeber that can entrain peripheral clocks (51).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Buhr, 2013, Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence from both rodent and human studies suggests that food consumption during habitual sleep or rest times (ie, evenings in humans) is associated with greater risk for obesity (49,50)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is evidence that both fasting and postprandial glucose measures are predictive of type 2 diabetes, and these may represent two distinct risk factors that may contribute to diabetes via different physiological mechanisms (43).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Meyer, 2006, Different mechanisms for impaired fasting glucose and impaired postprandial glucose tolerance in humans, Diabetes Care source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regions throughout the brain have autonomous circadian oscillators that re-entrain at different rates when they are isolated and then re-exposed to light cues (48).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Abe, 2002, Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions, J Neurosci source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous reports have also linked other sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, with poor health outcomes (46).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Troxel, 2010, Sleep symptoms predict the development of the metabolic syndrome, Sleep source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
“Participants were asked to wear the Actiwatch-16 (Philips Electronics), a wrist accelerometer that samples movement several times per second.Participants wore the Actiwatch 24 hours a day for 7 days and were instructed to keep the watch on even when showering.”
“Sleep onset was defined as a period lasting at least 10 consecutive minutes with Ͻ 40 counts of activity (ie, movement) per epoch.Wake onset was defined as 10 consecutive minutes of Ն 40 activity counts per epoch.Midsleep, defined as the midpoint between sleep onset and wake onset, was calculated separately for each workday and free day and averaged within each day type.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
“Actigraphy provides a behavioral measure of sleep patterns that, unlike self-reported questionnaires, is not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Evening chronotype has also been related to lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (118).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported prevalence of hour-long social jetlag conflicts with Table 4
MajorThe discussion says only 28 participants had social jetlag of one hour or more, but Table 4 lists 111 participants with more than 60 minutes. The latter group alone exceeds the reported count.
“only 6% (n ϭ 28) of the current sample experienced SJL of 1 hour or more.”
“| | <60 min | >60 min | F (1420) | P Value | 2 | | n | 326 | 111 | | | |”
Model 1 HDL association is described as significant
MinorThe results describe the SJL association with lower HDL cholesterol as significant at P < .05 after the Model 1 adjustments, but Table 2 gives its Model 1 P value as .069.
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
“| HDL, mg/dL | Ϫ0.08 | .069 | ؊0.09 | .036 | ؊0.09 | .043 | ؊0.083 | .047 |”
Alcohol-HDL association has opposite directions
MinorThe discussion says greater alcohol consumption was associated with lower HDL cholesterol, whereas Table 3 reports a positive HDL coefficient for alcohol (.24**).
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol;”
“| Alcohol | Ϫ0.03 | .24** | Ϫ0.03 | Ϫ0.01 | Ϫ0.02 | Ϫ0.02 |”
Citations
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502
Toprak, Ö., Kurt, H., Sarı, Y., Şarkış, C., Us, H., & Kırık, A. (2017) · Kidney & Blood Pressure Research · doi:10.1159/000468530 · Cited by 29,772
Use and Abuse of HOMA Modeling
Wallace, T. M., Levy, J. C., & Matthews, D. R. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487 · Cited by 5,114
Pickering, T. G., Hall, J. E., Appel, L. J., Falkner, B. E., Graves, J., Hill, M. N., Jones, D. W., Kurtz, T., Sheps, S. G., & Roccella, E. J. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000154900.76284.f6 · Cited by 3,985
Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation
Binder, M. D., Hirokawa, N., & Windhorst, U. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29678-2_6166 · Cited by 3,900
Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160 · Cited by 3,784
Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases
Yusuf, S., Reddy, S., Ôunpuu, S., & Anand, S. S. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc4601.099487 · Cited by 3,014
Life between Clocks: Daily Temporal Patterns of Human Chronotypes
Roenneberg, T., Wirz-Justice, A., & Merrow, M. (2003) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730402239679 · Cited by 2,662
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 445
Yoshizaki, A., Murata, E., Yamamoto, T., Fujisawa, T. X., Hanaie, R., Hirata, I., Matsumoto, S., Mohri, I., & Taniike, M. (2023) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/40836 · Cited by 18
“Although there are many indications of the adverse health effects of social jetlag in adolescents and adults [61,62], the results of this study suggest that close attention should be paid to social jetlag in young children from a developmental perspective.”
The Role of Circadian Rhythm in Neurological Diseases: A Translational Perspective
Huang, W., Zong, J., Zhang, Y. L., Zhou, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Shan, Z., Xie, Q., Li, M., Pan, S., et al. (2023) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2023.0921 · Cited by 16
Hu, J., Wang, X., Cheng, L., Dang, K., Zhu, M., Tao, X., Xu, X., Sarker, S. K., & Li, Y. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01261-8 · Cited by 15
“For example, long or short time of sleep [12–18], late chronotype [19, 20], insomnia [21–26], snoring [27, 28], and daytime sleepiness [29, 30] can increase the risk of CVD by 10–30%.”
BackgroundAssociation between longitudinal change of sleep patterns and the risk of cardiovascular diseases
He, L., Ma, T., Wang, X., Cheng, X., & Bai, Y. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae084 · Cited by 17
You, S., Zhang, H.-F., Zhang, S.-L., Gao, Q.-Y., Cai, Y.-W., Huang, Z.-G., Wu, Y.-B., Chen, Y.-X., Wang, J.-F., Gao, J.-W., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.033043 · Cited by 11
Shaffer, K. M., Hedeker, D., Morin, C. M., Ingersoll, K. S., Thorndike, F. P., & Ritterband, L. M. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa115 · Cited by 15
“Greater IIV in sleep timing has been found associated with greater cardiometabolic risk [12] and component risk factors such as obesity [13], higher body fat percentages and lower lean body mass [14], cortisol dysregulation [15], and insulin resistance [16, 17].”
BackgroundAcker, J. G., Golubnitschaja, O., Büttner‐Teleagă, A., & Richter, K. (2021) · The EPMA Journal · doi:10.1007/s13167-021-00250-5 · Cited by 15
Circadian system and aging: where both times interact
Cobarro, C., Soares, L. I., Kutsenko, Y., & Tomás‐Loba, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2025.1646794 · Cited by 15
“…exposed to circadian misalignment, such as night-shift workers, exhibit a signi fi cantly increased cardiovascular risk pro fi le, with a higher prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, central obesity, and acute ischemic events (Wong et al., 2015; Torquati et al., 2018; Hemmer et al., 2021).”
Shimura, A., Yokoi, K., Sugiura, K., Higashi, S., & Inoue, T. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.03.007 · Cited by 11
Kaur, S., Ng, C. M., Tang, S. Y., & Kok, E. Y. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2186120 · Cited by 14
“Not only that, but internal misalignment such as social jetlag and evening chronotypes were associated with unfavourable BMI status and higher cardiometabolic risks (Anothaisintawee et al. 2018; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundEffects of Irregular Mealtimes on Social and Eating Jet Lags among Japanese College Students
Nishimura, K., Tamari, Y., Nose, Y., Yamaguchi, H., Onodera, S., & Nagasaki, K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15092128 · Cited by 23
Acute social jetlag augments morning blood pressure surge: a randomized crossover trial
Nakamura, N., Akiyama, H., Nishimura, M., Zhu, K., Suzuki, K., Higuchi, M., & Tanisawa, K. (2023) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-023-01360-5 · Cited by 18
“SJL is prevalent in the general population [3–5] and has been suggested to lead to cardiovascular diseases [6, 7].”
BackgroundPupils with negative social jetlag in Japan are hypothesised to constitute a discrete population
Kohyama, J. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110249 · Cited by 14
Kim, J. H., Lyu, Y. S., & Kim, S. Y. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124383 · Cited by 17
Different levels of circadian (de)synchrony – where does it hurt?
Galinde, A. A., Al‐Μughales, F., Oster, H., & Heyde, I. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.127234.2 · Cited by 13
Kim, S., & Casement, M. D. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2341156 · Cited by 14
“This irregularity in sleep is not without consequence; social jetlag is associated with anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundChen, Q., Gong, L., Song, Y., Zhang, J., Han, X., Zhou, Y., Li, L., Jiang, X., Hao, Y., Zhou, H., et al. (2024) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-024-02689-z · Cited by 13
“In addition, SJL was associated with lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels (i.e., metabolism-related indicators) [56], and plasma cholesterol levels could be used as a biomarker associated with suicidal behavior [54].”
Clinical significance of social jetlag in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness
Kayaba, M., Sasai-Sakuma, T., & Inoue, Y. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1499666 · Cited by 11
“Social jetlag is recognized as a risk factor for obesity, diabetes/prediabetes and othermetabolic syndromes (Koopman et al. 2017; Parsons et al. 2015; Roenneberg et al. 2012; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMeyhöfer, S., Chamorro, R., Hallschmid, M., Spyra, D., Klinsmann, N., Schultes, B., Lehnert, H., Meyhöfer, S. M., & Wilms, B. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15092035 · Cited by 12
“It is defined as the misalignment between individual’s endogenous circadian clock and the actual sleep time [40].”
BackgroundSleep and Cardiovascular Health
Pinilla, L., Pumarega, I. C., & Sánchez‐de‐la‐Torre, M. (2025) · Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-2591-5462 · Cited by 13
“137 Conversely, no signi fi cant associations were found between chronotypes and resting BP in a sample of 447 healthy midlife adults 138 or in an ethnically diverse cohort of 506 women.”
Wang, B., Zhang, H., Sun, Y. B., Tan, X. W., Zhang, J., Wang, N., & Lu, Y. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3642 · Cited by 12
Circadian misalignment impacts cardiac autonomic modulation in adolescence
Morales‐Ghinaglia, N., He, F., Calhoun, S. L., Vgontzas, A. N., Liao, J., Liao, D., Bixler, E. O., & Fernández‐Mendoza, J. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf015 · Cited by 13
Verma, A. K., Garg, G., Singh, S., & Rizvi, S. I. (2020) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2020.1741265 · Cited by 12
“ments and increased incidence of cancers (Haus and Smolensky 2013; Chang et al. 2015; Kalmbach et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSleep duration and excess heart age among US adults
Yang, Q., Durmer, J. L., Wheaton, A. G., Jackson, S. L., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2018.07.001 · Cited by 11
“In 2008, the FraminghamHeart Study introduced the concept of heart age, defined as the predicted age of a person's vascular system based on their cardiovascular risk profile.12 Heart age and its comparison with chronological age (defined as excess heart age [EHA]), represent an alternative, simplified way of communica…”
Is social jetlag similar to travel-induced jetlag? Results of a validation study.
Tavares, P. D. S., Carpena, M. X., Carone, C. M. D. M., Del‐Ponte, B., Santos, I. S., & Tovo‐Rodrigues, L. (2020) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2020.1712413 · Cited by 12
“Some studies indicate that the weekly desynchronization of the circadian cycle would cause problems in the metabolic functioning of the individual and, therefore, would be associated with negative outcomes (such as obesity and cardiometabolic diseases) in a long-term exposure (Parsons et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialImam, A., Winnebeck, E. C., Buchholz, N., Froguel, P., Bonnefond, A., Solimena, M., Ivanova, A., Bouvier, M., Plouffe, B., Charpentier, G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.564140 · Cited by 12
Negative social jetlag – Special consideration of leisure activities and evidence from birdwatchers
Randler, C., Staller, N., & Tryjanowski, P. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13372 · Cited by 12
A mouse circadian proteome atlas
Otobe, Y., Deki-Arima, N., Shao, X., Itabashi, K., Kurabayashi, N., Nakamura, U., Uchida, A., Shimazaki, R., Yamamoto, K., Sakurai, T., et al. (2026) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2025.12.020 · Cited by 14
Adachi, H., Yamamoto, R., Fujino, R., Kanayama, D., Sakagami, Y., Akamine, S., Marutani, N., Yanagida, K., Mamiya, Y., Koyama, M., et al. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.04.006 · Cited by 11
Intermediate versus morning chronotype has lower vascular insulin sensitivity in adults with obesity
Malin, S. K., Remchak, M. E., Heiston, E. M., Battillo, D. J., Gow, A. J., Shah, A. M., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15456 · Cited by 12
“Evening chronotypes have a higher risk of CVD 10 and mortality 11 because of, in part, elevated CVD risk factors such as high triglyceride and C-reactive protein levels as well as low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and physical activity (suggesting low aerobic fitness).”
BackgroundMorssinkhof, M. W. L., Zwager, A., van der Tuuk, K., den Heijer, M., van der Werf, Y. D., Stenvers, D. J., & Broekman, B. F. P. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2339989 · Cited by 14
“These adverse effects include increased risk of obesity, diabetes and cardio-vascular disease (Koopman et al. 2017; Rutters et al. 2014; Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundChronotype and metabolic syndrome in midlife: findings from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966
Lappalainen, T., Jurvelin, H., Tulppo, M. P., Pesonen, P., AUVINEN, J. P., & Timonen, M. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00051.2024 · Cited by 11
Su-Keene, E., DeMatthews, D. E., & Keene, A. C. (2024) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2024.2373455 · Cited by 14
“Making up for sleep on the weekend is known as social jet lag (Tonetti et al., 2022) and can have significant implications for adverse health and performance outcomes (Lang et al., 2018; Wong et al., 2015).”
Actimetry-Derived 24 h Rest–Activity Rhythm Indices Applied to Predict MCTQ and PSQI
Borisenkov, M. F., Tserne, T. A., Bakutova, L. A., & Gubin, D. G. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12146888 · Cited by 11
Jung, E.-J., Cho, S., Lee, H., Min, J., Jang, T. W., & Kang, M. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.12.019 · Cited by 11
Akt1 Controls the Timing and Amplitude of Vascular Circadian Gene Expression
Luciano, A. K., Santana, J. M., Velázquez, H., & Sessa, W. C. (2017) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730417704534 · Cited by 10
“…a functional molecular clock and maintaining a consistent daily sleep schedule decrease the risk for adverse cardiovascular events as evidenced by studies on shift work and sleep dysfunction (Fujino et al., 2006; Wong et al., 2015; Morris et al., 2016; Vetter et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016).”
BackgroundClosing the Loop Between Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Raman, S., & Coogan, A. N. (2019) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00047-5 · Cited by 12
Craniopharyngioma, Chronotypes and Metabolic Risk Profile
Somma, C. D., Scarano, E., Barrea, L., Solari, D., Riccio, E., Arianna, R., Cavallo, L. M., Romano, F., Benedetto, E. D., Rodriguez, A., et al. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103444 · Cited by 11
“Other exclusion criteria were alcohol abuse assessed as previously reported [23] and/or drug abuse assessed performing a thorough evaluation.”
Giannoumis, M., Mok, É., Borkhoff, C. M., Birken, C. S., Maguire, J. L., Parkin, P. C., Li, P., & Constantin, E. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.10056 · Cited by 11
“10,23 Studies assessing SJL in young adolescents or adults used objective actigraphy monitoring for 5 – 7 days 17,24 – 26 or validated questionnaires.”
Sleep-wake circadian rhythm pattern in young adults by actigraphy during social isolation
Diaz, D. Z. R., & Gavião, M. B. D. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220017 · Cited by 10
“This is an important observation, since later sleep timing has been associated with poor health results 13,14 and it can be altered by social isolation, as found in previous studies in which participants showed significantly delayed in time to go to bed during quarantine compared to pre-quarantine…”
ResultAnalysis of wearable time series data in endocrine and metabolic research
Grant, A. D., Upton, T. J., Terry, J. R., Smarr, B. L., & Zavala, E. (2022) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100380 · Cited by 10
Duraccio, K. M., Xu, Y. Y., Beebe, D. W., Lanphear, B. P., Chen, A., Braun, J. M., Kalkwarf, H. J., Cecil, K. M., & Yolton, K. A. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad318 · Cited by 10
Sumová, A., & Sládek, M. (2024) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.935304 · Cited by 12
Islam, Z., Nanri, A., Akter, S., Kuwahara, K., Miki, T., Hoang, D. V., Yamamoto, S., Fukunaga, A., Kochi, T., Eguchi, M., et al. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2079519 · Cited by 10
“lower intake of fruit and vegetables), obesity, cardiometabolic risk, and metabolic syndrome (Islam et al. 2018; Roenneberg et al. 2012; Wong et al. 2015; Zerón-Rugerio et al. 2019).”
BackgroundVariable Eating Patterns: A Potential Novel Risk Factor for Systemic Inflammation in Women
Makarem, N., Zuraikat, F. M., Caceres, B. A., Sears, D. D., St‐Onge, M., Lai, Y., & Aggarwal, B. (2022) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac042 · Cited by 10
Cardiometabolic risk factors and social jetlag in university professors
Galeno, D. M. L., Peixoto, H. J. A., Carneiro, B. T. S., & Leocádio-Miguel, M. A. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/1414-431x2023e12539 · Cited by 11
“The presence of SJL contributes to the causal link between sleep deprivation, shift work, and cardiometabolic alterations (7,29).”
BackgroundChronotype and well‐being in adults with established type 2 diabetes: A cross‐sectional study
Quinn, L. M., Hadjiconstantinou, M., Brady, E. M., Bodicoat, D. H., Henson, J. J., Hall, A. P., & Davies, M. J. (2021) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.14690 · Cited by 10
“Duration of diabetes, years 10 (5, 15) 9 (5, 16) 9 (5, 16) 10 (5, 15)”
Thomas, M. C., Duggan, K., Kamarck, T., Wright, A., Muldoon, M., & Manuck, S. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab027 · Cited by 8
“, social jetlag) and poor sleep quality may be part of a long-term, behaviorally driven pathway linking conscientiousness with cardiometabolic risk and mortality risk [65].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHuang, Y., Wang, K., He, Y., Wang, W., Hu, C., Jiang, K., Zhang, J., Tao, Y., & Jin, L. (2025) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100621 · Cited by 10
Savvidis, C., Maggio, V., Rizzo, M., Zabulienė, L., & Ilias, Ι. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61091630 · Cited by 12
The impact of chronotype on circadian rest-activity rhythm and sleep characteristics across the week
Brooks, C., Kabiri, N. S., Bhangu, J. S., Cai, X., Pickering, E. H., Erb, M. K., Auerbach, S. H., Bonato, P., Moore, T. L., Mortazavi, F., et al. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1937197 · Cited by 9
“…is the absolute difference between one’s average SMID on before-work nights (i.e. Sunday through Thursday nights) and on before-rest nights (i.e. Friday and Saturday nights), and (2) sleep debt is the absolute difference in average SP between before-work and before-rest nights (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSocial Jetlag and Cardiometabolic Risk in Preadolescent Children
Castro, N., Diana, J. C., Blackwell, J. A., Faulkner, J., Lark, S. D., Skidmore, P. M. L., Hamlin, M. J., Signal, T. L., Williams, M. A., & Stoner, L. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.705169 · Cited by 9
“This finding is perhaps somewhat surprising when considering that SJL may lead to disruption of circadian rhythms in glucose metabolism and blood pressure, and have negative consequences for the regulation of these processes (12, 13).”
BackgroundInfluentialObesity and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Lanoye, A. M., Adams, E., & Fuemmeler, B. F. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_337 · Cited by 9
Food addiction and emotional eating are associated with intradaily rest–activity rhythm variability
Borisenkov, M. F., Tserne, T. A., Bakutova, L. A., & Gubin, D. G. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01461-z · Cited by 9
“Individuals with SJL have unhealthy dietary preferences [15, 16] and signs of obesity [17, 18], metabolic syndrome [19], and type 2 diabetes [20].”
BackgroundDial, M. B., Malek, E. M., Cooper, A. R., Neblina, G. A., Vasileva, N. I., Hines, D. J., & McGinnis, G. R. (2024) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00632.2023 · Cited by 10
Wang, Y., Chen, Q., Liu, K., Wang, X., Yang, H., Zhou, N., Ao, L., Liu, J., & Cao, J. (2021) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2021.1896534 · Cited by 9
“Social jetlag represents the discrepancy between the endogenous circadian clock and the actual timing that is imposed by social obligations (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundAssociation of social jetlag with gestational diabetes: Qazvin Maternal and Neonatal Metabolic Study
Hashemipour, S., Lalooha, F., Ghorbani, A., Nozari, F. H., Badri, M., Abbaslou, M. A., Zohal, M. A., Abbasi, M., & Elmizadeh, K. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2090372 · Cited by 9
“In addition, in the study by Wong et al., the association of SJL with metabolic risks remained significant after adjusting for sleep-related and behavioral parameters (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialFerrante, G. R., Goldin, A. P., & Leone, M. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06908-6_13 · Cited by 9
Youngstedt, S. D., Elliott, J. A., Patel, S. I., Mak, N. Z.-C., Raiewski, E. E., Malek, E. M., Strong, M. J., Mun, C. J., Peters, T. J., Madlol, R., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.964681 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, chronic exposure to circadian misalignment could contribute to PTSD (22), depression (22), diabetes (23), obesity (14), and other comorbidities among veterans.”
BackgroundMonserrat-Mesquida, M., Quetglas‐Llabrés, M. M., Bouzas, C., García, S., Mateos, D., Ugarriza, L., Gómez, C., Tur, J. A., & Sureda, A. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13040450 · Cited by 8
Lin, M., Kang, Y., Apriliyasari, R. W., & Tsai, P. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000628 · Cited by 8
Sleep as a window of cardiometabolic health: The potential of digital sleep and circadian biomarkers
van den Brink, W. J., Oosterman, J. E., Smid, D. J., de Vries, H., Atsma, D. E., Overeem, S., & Wopereis, S. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241288724 · Cited by 8
Endogenous circadian temperature rhythms relate to adolescents’ daytime physical activity
Kuula, L., Lipsanen, J. O., Partonen, T., Kauramäki, J., Halonen, R., & Pesonen, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.947184 · Cited by 8
“Both late circadian rhythms as well as sedentary behavior increases mortality and disease risks (De Rezende et al., 2014; Wong et al., 2015; Cliff et al., 2016; Fabbian et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAssociation of Circadian Rhythm with Myocardial Infarction
Škrlec, I. (2018) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2018.57.03.11 · Cited by 9
Waleriańczyk, W., Pruszczak, D., & Stolarski, M. (2019) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2019.1571707 · Cited by 10
Chronotypes and circadian rhythms in university students
Duarte, L. L., & Menna-Barreto, L. S. (2021) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2021.1903791 · Cited by 8
“The social jetlag is associated with several health problems, such as depressed mood, worse academic performance in high school and higher education, obesity and cardio-metabolic risk (Levandovski et al. 2011; Haraszti et al. 2014; Wong et al. 2015; Díaz-Morales and Escribano 2015).”
BackgroundKaradağ, M., & Yılmaz, G. C. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2020-0543 · Cited by 8
Balieiro, L. C. T., Gontijo, C. A., Marot, L. P., Teixeira, G. P., Fahmy, W. M., Moreno, C. R. D. C., Maia, Y. C. D. P., & Crispim, C. A. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97946-5 · Cited by 8
Hayes, J. F., Schumacher, L. M., Lanoye, A. M., LaRose, J. G., Tate, D. F., Espeland, M. A., Gorin, A. A., Lewis, C. E., Jelalian, E., & Wing, R. R. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-022-00339-w · Cited by 8
“This circadian misalignment has been associated with a variety of medical and mental health conditions, including greater adiposity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and other cardiometabolic risk factors, and depression (Levandovski et al., 2011; Wong et al., 2015; Zuraikat et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultRice, A., Sather, O., Wright, K. P., Vetter, C., Martin, M. A., & de la Iglesia, H. O. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad059 · Cited by 8
Effect of circadian rhythm type on serum lipid levels in shift workers: A 5-year cohort study
Tomizawa, A., Nogawa, K., Watanabe, Y., Oishi, M., Tanaka, K., Sakata, K., & Suwazono, Y. (2019) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2018.1549563 · Cited by 8
“Wong et al. indicated that evening chronotype is related to higher serum triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol level (Wong et al. 2015/12/01).”
BackgroundEdible mycorrhizal fungi associated with Castanea sativa Mill. trees in the north-east of Portugal.
Martins, A., Baptista, P. C., Sousa, M. J., Meireles, T., Pais, M. S., Hall, I., Wang, Y., Danell, E., & Zambonelli, A. (2002) · Cited by 8
Eveningness is associated with coronary artery calcification in a middle-aged Swedish population
Frisk, M. K., Fagman, E., Arvidsson, D., Ekblom, Ö. B., Börjesson, M., Bergström, G. M. L., & Zou, D. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.11.004 · Cited by 7
“Our results are congruent with early studies indicating that evening chronotypes have greater CV risk, morbidity, and mortality compared to morning chronotypes [12 – 15, 30 , 31].”
BackgroundResultNeural substrates underlying rhythmic coupling of female reproductive and thermoregulatory circuits
Grant, A. D., & Kriegsfeld, L. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1254287 · Cited by 7
“…the day, blue light exposure at night, late meals, and pharmaceuticals such as hormonal contraception, which together impose “ pharmaceutical ” or “ social ” jetlag on an alarming proportion of the population (Rutters et al., 2014; Wong et al., 2015; Smarr and Schirmer, 2018; Grant et al., 2021).”
BackgroundVölker, J., Koch, T., Wiegelmann, M., & Sonnentag, S. (2024) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2777 · Cited by 10
Association between social jetlag and weight and fat reduction in dieting
Minabe, K., Shimura, A., Sugiura, K., Hino, H., Akatsuka, Y., Seto, T., Yanai, M., Masuya, J., Tamada, Y., & Inoue, T. (2024) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-024-00539-8 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, SJL has been shown to be associated with metabolic risk factors, such as low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides and neutral fats [14, 15], as well as having a potential association with metabolic syndrome.”
BackgroundSocial jetlag, circadian disruption, and cardiometabolic disease risk
Malone, S. K., Mendoza, M. A., & Patterson, F. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815373-4.00018-6 · Cited by 8
A practical nutritional guideline to manage neuroendocrine neoplasms through chronotype and sleep
Muscogiuri, G., Zanata, I., Barrea, L., Cozzolino, A., Filice, E., Messina, E., Colao, A., & Faggiano, A. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2047882 · Cited by 8
Reitz, C. J., Rasouli, M., Alibhai, F. J., Khatua, T. N., Pyle, W. G., & Martino, T. A. (2022) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.164700 · Cited by 8
Examination of sleep factors affecting social jetlag in Japanese male college students
Nishimura, K., Tamari, Y., Yamaguchi, H., Onodera, S., & Nagasaki, K. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2158845 · Cited by 7
“…and has also been suggested to be a risk factor for obesity (Roenneberg et al. 2012), metabolic dysfunction that may lead to a predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (Islam et al. 2018; Parsons et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015), and depression (Levandovski et al. 2011).”
BackgroundLi, H., & Yang, B. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2185151 · Cited by 7
“a wealth of data have shown that greater eveningness leads to a broad range of deleterious consequences for human health, including elevated cardiometabolic risk (Wong et al. 2015), a worse metabolic profile (Yu et al.”
BackgroundSleep and Circadian Clock: Novel Players in Health Impacts and Aging
Jagota, A. (2023) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22468-3_1 · Cited by 7
Chronotype and lipid metabolism in Arctic Sojourn Workers
Gubin, D. G., Ветошкин, А. С., Петровна, Ш. Н., Gapon, L., Borisenkov, M. F., Cornélissen, G., & Weinert, D. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2256839 · Cited by 7
“The association of SJL with a lower HDL found in ASW men was previously reported for an adult population (Wong et al. 2015).”
Ali, Y. A. M., Abbas, N. E., Mousa, A. A. H., Abdelbaky, A., BaHammam, A. S., & Zaki, N. F. W. (2020) · Chronobiology in Medicine · doi:10.33069/cim.2020.0030 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, some other researchers found no correlation between chronotype (using MEQ) and HDL cholesterol nor TG levels [31,42].”
BackgroundResultEpigenetics of Sleep Disruption
Gazerani, P. (2020) · OBM Neurobiology · doi:10.21926/obm.neurobiol.2003071 · Cited by 6
Gottlieb, E., Gupta, S., Gahan, L., Raymann, R., & Watson, N. F. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14433 · Cited by 6
Circadian Activity and Sleep Associated With Blood Lipids in Arctic Residents
Gubin, D. G., Kolomeichuk, S., Danilenko, K. V., Markov, A., Petrov, I. M., Voronin, K., Mezhakova, M. S., Borisenkov, M. F., Shigabaeva, A., Malyugina, O. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70225 · Cited by 7
Garcia‐Molina, G., Chellamuthu, V., Le, B., Aloia, M. S., Wu, M. P., & Mills, R. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2298267 · Cited by 6
“Shift workers with chronotype mismatch demonstrate higher rates of obesity, metabolic abnormalities, and type 2 diabetes (Vetter et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015) and an increased risk for some cancers (Dickerman et al. 2016; Lozano-Lorca et al. 2020; Ramin et al. 2013).”
BackgroundGubin, D. G. (2024) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/bk9781839167553-00536 · Cited by 7
Late to bed, late to rise, could be cardiometabolically unwise
Phillips, R. (2015) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.219 · Cited by 6
Lee, Y. L., Kanagasabai, T., Rigobon, A. V., McIntyre, R. S., & Taylor, V. H. (2019) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371903100212 · Cited by 7
Haynes, P. L., Apolinar, G. R., Mayer, C., Kobayashi, U., Silva, G. E., Glickenstein, D. A., Thomson, C. A., & Quan, S. F. (2020) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.479 · Cited by 6
Reis-Canaan, J. C., Canaan, M. M., Costa, P. D., Juliatte, T. D. P. R., Pereira, M. C. A., Castelo, P. M., Pardi, V., Murata, R. M., & Pereira, L. J. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13072260 · Cited by 7
“The chronic misalignment between internal physiological signals and externally imposed timing of day-to-day work increase the risk of mortality for the evening CT [13,20,25,26].”
BackgroundDay-to-day variation in sleep duration is associated with increased all-cause mortality
Katamreddy, A., Uppal, D., Ramani, G., Rios, S. A., Miles, J. A., Wang, Y.-C., & FAILLACE, R. T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9664 · Cited by 7
Yoshizaki, T., Ishihara, J., Kotemori, A., Kokubo, Y., Saito, I., Yatsuya, H., Yamagishi, K., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., Iso, H., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20019-8 · Cited by 7
Hu, L., Huang, X. B., You, C., Bao, H., Zhou, W., Li, J., Li, P., Wu, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, Z., et al. (2018) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1080/10641963.2018.1529777 · Cited by 6
“Additionally, sleep debt, a mismatch in sleep duration between workdays and non-workdays, is related to various metabolic disturbances, including insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (32).”
BackgroundMedical residents' circadian preferences across specialties
Chin‐Quee, A. L., & Yaremchuk, K. (2017) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.26449 · Cited by 6
“Sleep debt and chronotype mismatch with shift work have been established as risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression.(7,8) The effect of circadian preference and sleep debt on job performance has also been explored in the medical community.”
BackgroundMota, M. C. (2017) · doi:10.14393/ufu.te.2018.486 · Cited by 6
Chen, Y.-E., Ku, C. W., Chong, M. F., Yap, F. K. P., Chan, J. K. Y., Loy, S. L., & Chen, L. (2025) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.026 · Cited by 5
Heikkinen, J., Lappalainen, T., AUVINEN, J. P., & Timonen, M. (2025) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2025.100121 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Department of Psychiatry (B.P.H.), Pennsylvania 15213
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Patricia M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2015-12-01
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4612-4620
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC4667156
- OpenAlex
- W2180967840
- Semantic Scholar
- 0c3ad84136306916091daa5d40ba62f6fe963544
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 13.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (PO1 HL040962, HL040962)
- Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL040962)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA032557)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- social jetlag, chronotype, cardiometabolic risk, circadian misalignment, sleep timing, evening chronotype, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, adiposity, diabetes risk, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, middle-aged adults, shift work
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Social Environment, Triglycerides, Work Schedule Tolerance, Health Behavior, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Jet Lag Syndrome, Adiposity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
