The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 43 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Shift work, which imposes a habitual disruption in the circadian system, has been linked to increased incidence of cardiometabolic diseases, and acute circadian misalignment alters various metabolic processes. However, it remains unclear whether day-to-day circadian dysregulation contributes to these risks beyond poor sleep and other behavioral characteristics. OBJECTIVE: Individuals differ in circadian phase preference, known as chronotype, but may be constrained by modern work obligations to specific sleep schedules. Individuals experience social jetlag (SJL) due to a habitual discrepancy between their endogenous circadian rhythm and actual sleep times imposed by social obligations. Here, we examined whether chronotype and/or SJL associate with components of cardiovascular disease risk beyond the known effects of sleep disturbances, poor health behaviors, and depressive symptomatology. DESIGN: Participants were healthy, midlife adults who worked part- or full-time day shifts (n = 447; mean age, 42.7 [range, 30-54] y; 53% female; 83% white). Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Scale of Morningness. SJL was quantified as the difference (in minutes) between the midpoints of actigraphy-derived sleep intervals before work vs non-workdays. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed that SJL related to a lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level, higher triglycerides, higher fasting plasma insulin, insulin resistance, and adiposity (P < .05), even after adjustment for subjective sleep quality, actigraphy-derived sleep characteristics, depressive symptomatology, and health behaviors. Evening chronotype associated with lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol after adjustment for covariates. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that a misalignment of sleep timing is associated with metabolic risk factors that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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TL;DR
In 447 midlife day-shift workers, greater actigraphy-derived social jetlag was associated with adverse metabolic markers—lower HDL cholesterol, higher triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI—after adjustment for sleep, health behaviors, and depression. Evening chronotype was more weakly associated with lower HDL cholesterol, while neither chronotype nor social jetlag related to blood pressure or resting heart rate.
Key findings
- In fully adjusted models, social jetlag remained associated with lower HDL cholesterol (β = −0.09, P = .036), higher triglycerides (β = .11, P = .026), fasting insulin (β = .11, P = .033), HOMA-IR (β = .11, P = .031), waist circumference (β = .15, P = .002), and BMI (β = .17, P = .001).
- Participants with >60 min social jetlag vs ≤60 min had higher geometric mean triglycerides (107.15 vs 91.20 mg/dL), fasting insulin (13.49 vs 12.02 U/mL), HOMA-IR (4.07 vs 3.72), waist circumference (94.04 vs 88.86 cm), and BMI (28.28 vs 26.33 kg/m²), and lower HDL cholesterol (54.14 vs 56.59 mg/dL).
- Evening chronotype was associated with lower HDL cholesterol after full adjustment (β = −0.083, P = .047); its association with triglycerides became nonsignificant (P = .127). Neither social jetlag nor chronotype was significantly related to resting heart rate or blood pressure (P > .05).
- Mean social jetlag was 44 min (SD 32); 84.8% had a later midsleep on free days vs workdays, and only 6% had social jetlag of 1 hour or more.
Methods
- AHAB-II sample: 490 midlife adults recruited, final 447 after exclusions; mean age 42.7 years (range 30–54), 53% female, 83% white, working part- or full-time day shifts; shift workers were excluded.
- Chronotype was assessed with the Composite Morningness Scale (CSM), inverted so higher scores indicate greater eveningness. Social jetlag was quantified with Actiwatch-16 worn 24 hours/day for 7 days as the absolute difference between actigraphy-derived midsleep on free days vs workdays.
- Hierarchical linear regressions predicted cardiometabolic variables; model 1 adjusted for demographics and sleep characteristics, and model 2 added health behaviors and depressive symptomatology. Skewed variables were transformed.
Limitations
- Stated: objective circadian phase was unavailable; collecting samples in the same morning time frame irrespective of chronotype may have underestimated variability and chronotype effects; meal timing was not examined; and the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference.
- Stated/evident: the sample had few evening types (4.9%, n = 22) and a limited social jetlag range (mean 44 min; only 6% ≥1 hour), possibly underestimating associations and contributing to null chronotype results. The sample was also mostly white, midlife, employed day-shift adults, limiting generalizability.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“only 4.9% (n ϭ 22) of the participants met a conventional threshold for evening chronotype (CSM score Յ 26) (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evening chronotype was related to higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol (P Ͻ .05)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater eveningness correlated moderately with SJL in the current sample (r ϭ 0.13; P ϭ .007).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 24
- It may state two separate claims as one. 17
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evening chronotype was associated with younger age, lower family income, later average bed time and later average wake time, greater sleep debt, poorer sleep quality, greater depressive symptomology, and less physical activity (P Ͻ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“68 participants (15.2%) had an earlier midsleep on free days relative to workdays”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Participant characteristics
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 68Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“neither chronotype nor SJL was related significantly to resting heart rate or BP (P Ͼ .05).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Metabolic and vascular risk factors
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In accord with previous reports, we found greater SJL linked to earlier wake times and shorter sleep durations on workdays, as well as later wake times and longer sleep duration on free days (P Ͻ .05)(14).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Roenneberg, 2003, Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes, J Biol Rhythms source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“healthy adults asked to eat and sleep 12 hours out of phase from their regular schedules exhibited vascular and endocrine abnormalities, such as increased arterial pressure, a reversed daily cortisol rhythm, and postprandial glucose levels in the range of a prediabetic state (8).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scheer, 2009, Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chronotype quantified by the CSM has been validated with respect to variation in the diurnal rhythms of body temperature and subjective alertness (26).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Natale, 2001, Additional validity evidence for the composite scale of morningness, Pers Individ Dif source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A global PSQI score Ͼ 5 indicates poor sleep quality.This threshold has a diagnostic sensitivity of 89.6% and specificity of 86.5%, distinguishing between healthy controls (good sleepers) and patients reporting sleep complaints (poor sleepers) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evening types are also more likely to be depressed (10), overweight (11), diabetic, and hypertensive (12), in comparison to morning types.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Levandovski, 2011, Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population, Chronobiol Int source
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Merikanto, 2013, Associations of chronotype and sleep with cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, Chronobiol Int source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CSM has both high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ Ͼ 0.80) and test-retest reliability (r Ͼ 0.88) (25).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Chronotype
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Di Milia, 2013, Reviewing the psychometric properties of contemporary circadian typology measures, Chronobiol Int source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument has high reliability (33) and convergent validity with several objective measures of physical activity and fitness, including maximal oxygen uptake (34) and body mass index (BMI) (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Ainsworth, 1993, Accuracy of the College Alumnus Physical Activity Questionnaire, J Clin Epidemiol source
- Not checked yetcites [34] Nowak, 2010, Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire as an additional tool in clinical assessment of patients with coronary artery disease treated with angioplasty, Kardiol Pol
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SJL has been linked to measures of adiposity (11,15,16), heart rate (16,17), and higher cortisol levels in healthy individuals (16) and to higher glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (18).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Roenneberg, 2012, Social jetlag and obesity, Curr Biol source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Parsons, 2015, Social jetlag, obesity and metabolic disorder: investigation in a cohort study, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Rutters, 2014, Is social jetlag associated with an adverse endocrine, behavioral, and cardiovascular risk profile?, J Biol Rhythms source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Kantermann, 2013, Atherosclerotic risk and social jetlag in rotating shift-workers: First evidence from a pilot study, Work source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Reutrakul, 2013, Chronotype is independently associated with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The Paffenbarger questionnaire is predictive of health conditions that are related to physical activity, including myocardial infarction (36), and total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose (35).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Chomistek, 2011, Vigorous physical activity, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Choo, 2010, Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and cardiometabolic factors in overweight and obese adults, Eur J Appl Physiol source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This instrument estimates customary intake of diverse nutrients and food groups, with item content developed from the NHANES 1999 -2002 dietary recall data (37,38).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Health behaviors
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The PSQI has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ϭ 0.83) and test-retest reliability (r ϭ 0.85) (27).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Sleep and SJL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Buysse, 1989, The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research, Psychiatry Res source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CESD has high internal consistency (Cronbach ␣ ؍ 0.87) (40).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Depressive symptomatology
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Radloff, 1977, The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population, Appl Psychol Meas source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, a disruption in the circadian system triggered by SJL could dysregulate the temporal organization of both central and peripheral rhythms and, in turn, promote metabolic abnormalities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the molecular level, the central clock (in the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and peripheral oscillators throughout the body comprise a self-sustaining network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops that drive 24-hour expression patterns of core clock genes (47).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] Lowrey, 2004, Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, our findings suggest that SJL heightens metabolic risk through a misalignment in circadian rhythms rather than by sleep disturbances per se.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the HOMA-IR index is a steadystate measure of baseline insulin and glucose function”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Objective measures of circadian phase were unavailable in this sample, and it is unclear whether the individuals with SJL and/or self-reported evening chronotypes differ in their biological circadian phase.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms, it is possible that our method of collecting samples within the same morning time frame across all participants (ie, irrespective of chronotype) may have led to an underestimation of variability in cardiometabolic risk factors and thus the effects of chronotype.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, the cross-sectional design of the current study precludes causal inferences and warrants future prospective studies to extend the present findings.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“postprandial, dynamic measures such as the oral glucose tolerance test quantify the dynamic interplay of insulin sensitivity and -cell insulin secretion (42).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Wallace, 2004, Use and abuse of HOMA modeling, Diabetes Care source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results, along with other recent reports, suggest that a misalignment of the biological and socially influenced sleep timing is an additional factor contributing to risk for developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and highlight the potential for sleep and circadian-focused interventions in preventative health care.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of actigraphy to quantify SJL is a strength of the current study.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the current study quantified average caloric intake and energy expenditure but did not examine the timing of these activities.”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The timing of meals serves as a behavioral zeitgeber that can entrain peripheral clocks (51).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Buhr, 2013, Molecular components of the mammalian circadian clock source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence from both rodent and human studies suggests that food consumption during habitual sleep or rest times (ie, evenings in humans) is associated with greater risk for obesity (49,50)”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“There is evidence that both fasting and postprandial glucose measures are predictive of type 2 diabetes, and these may represent two distinct risk factors that may contribute to diabetes via different physiological mechanisms (43).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Meyer, 2006, Different mechanisms for impaired fasting glucose and impaired postprandial glucose tolerance in humans, Diabetes Care source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Regions throughout the brain have autonomous circadian oscillators that re-entrain at different rates when they are isolated and then re-exposed to light cues (48).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Abe, 2002, Circadian rhythms in isolated brain regions, J Neurosci source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Previous reports have also linked other sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, with poor health outcomes (46).”
§ Social Jetlag, Chronotype, and Cardiometabolic Risk > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Troxel, 2010, Sleep symptoms predict the development of the metabolic syndrome, Sleep source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep intervals accurately reflect participants' actual sleep timing.
“Participants were asked to wear the Actiwatch-16 (Philips Electronics), a wrist accelerometer that samples movement several times per second.Participants wore the Actiwatch 24 hours a day for 7 days and were instructed to keep the watch on even when showering.”
“Sleep onset was defined as a period lasting at least 10 consecutive minutes with Ͻ 40 counts of activity (ie, movement) per epoch.Wake onset was defined as 10 consecutive minutes of Ն 40 activity counts per epoch.Midsleep, defined as the midpoint between sleep onset and wake onset, was calculated separately for each workday and free day and averaged within each day type.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Actigraphy-derived sleep patterns are not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.
“Actigraphy provides a behavioral measure of sleep patterns that, unlike self-reported questionnaires, is not influenced by retrospective reporting bias.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms.
“Given that hemodynamic and metabolic factors show circadian rhythms and that individuals vary in the timing of these rhythms”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Evening chronotype has also been related to lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (118).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [118]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Reported prevalence of hour-long social jetlag conflicts with Table 4
MajorThe discussion says only 28 participants had social jetlag of one hour or more, but Table 4 lists 111 participants with more than 60 minutes. The latter group alone exceeds the reported count.
“only 6% (n ϭ 28) of the current sample experienced SJL of 1 hour or more.”
“| | <60 min | >60 min | F (1420) | P Value | 2 | | n | 326 | 111 | | | |”
Model 1 HDL association is described as significant
MinorThe results describe the SJL association with lower HDL cholesterol as significant at P < .05 after the Model 1 adjustments, but Table 2 gives its Model 1 P value as .069.
“greater SJL associated positively with triglycerides, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and BMI, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol (P Ͻ .05).”
“| HDL, mg/dL | Ϫ0.08 | .069 | ؊0.09 | .036 | ؊0.09 | .043 | ؊0.083 | .047 |”
Alcohol-HDL association has opposite directions
MinorThe discussion says greater alcohol consumption was associated with lower HDL cholesterol, whereas Table 3 reports a positive HDL coefficient for alcohol (.24**).
“greater alcohol consumption, with higher glucose and lower HDLcholesterol;”
“| Alcohol | Ϫ0.03 | .24** | Ϫ0.03 | Ϫ0.01 | Ϫ0.02 | Ϫ0.02 |”
Citations
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Items 301–400 of 445
Zhou, L., Saltoun, K., Marotta, J., Aggarwal, S., Kopál, J., Carrier, J., Storch, K.-F., Dunbar, R., & Bzdok, D. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66784-8 · Cited by 4
A longitudinal look at social jetlag, sex differences, and obesity risk
Shafer, B. M., McAuliffe, K., & McHill, A. W. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad298 · Cited by 5
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“For example, shift workers and individuals with social jetlag [8] experience altered zeitgeber exposures and are at a higher risk for metabolic disorders and cancer [9 – 11].”
Race as a risk factor for sleep timing shift and disruption in chronic rhinosinusitis
Mahdavinia, M., Kapil, A., Bernstein, J. S., Lastra, A. C., & LoSavio, P. (2020) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.anai.2020.10.019 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of Nursing Students’ Sleep Patterns, Social Jet Lag, and Quality of Life*,**
YÜKSEL, A., & Özakgül, A. (2023) · Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing · doi:10.5152/fnjn.2023.22176 · Cited by 5
“Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B. (2015).”
Liu, S., Wang, Y., Lu, Q., Chen, X., Geng, T., Li, R., Deng, Y., Li, L., Lin, X., Ou, Y., et al. (2023) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcad043 · Cited by 5
Nunes, P. P., Resende, C. M., Silva, E. D. B., Bastos, D. C. P., Filho, M. L. M. R., Leocádio-Miguel, M. A., Pedrazzoli, M., Sobreira-Neto, M. A., de Andrade, T. G., Gitaí, L. L. G., et al. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2306838 · Cited by 6
“It has been reported that, as opposed to morning-types, evening chronotypes are more likely to experience mid-sleep differences between free days and activity days, here referred to as hemodialysis days (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundStražišar, B. G., & Stražišar, L. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2021.05.007 · Cited by 5
Sleep Health among Racial/Ethnic groups and Strategies to achieve Sleep Health Equity
Seixas, A. A., Briggs, A., Blanc, J., Moore, J., Chung, A., Williams, E. T., Rogers, A., Turner, A. D., & Jean‐Louis, G. (2022) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93739-3_3 · Cited by 5
Bernardino, V. M. M., de Lima, L. C. M., Granja, G. L., Neves, É. T. B., Paiva, S. M., & Granville‐Garcia, A. F. (2023) · Dental Traumatology · doi:10.1111/edt.12913 · Cited by 5
Chen, P., Wang, Y., Yuan, M., Li, X., Li, Z., Li, C., & Li, K. (2026) · Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.1016/j.jare.2026.03.006 · Cited by 6
Xu, Y.-X., Li, J., Wan, Y., Su, P., Tao, F., & Sun, Y. (2025) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2025.117689 · Cited by 4
Martínez-Albert, E., Bless, J. J., & Besedovsky, L. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2023.0472 · Cited by 3
Andriessen, C., Rutters, F., Hoeks, J., Kalsbeek, A., Noordam, R., Rosendaal, F. R., van Heemst, D., Després, J., Raina, P. S., Campbell, D. J. T., et al. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103035 · Cited by 5
“Performing most MVPA in the morning may reflect a general preference for early activity and sleep, i.e. an early chronotype, and this chronotype is generally associated with better health outcomes, compared to a late chronotype (Merikanto et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2015).”
von Fingerhut, G., Makino, K., Katayama, O., Yamaguchi, R., Yamagiwa, D., & Shimada, H. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.105852 · Cited by 4
Meal timing and melatonin-containing food intake in young people with social jetlag
Polugrudov, A. S., Popov, S. V., Смирнов, В. В., Zueva, N. V., & Borisenkov, M. F. (2023) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2023.2245569 · Cited by 3
“In people with SJL, there is a decrease in cognitive functions (Panev et al. 2017), academic performance (Haraszti et al. 2014), an increased risk of developing depression (Levandovski et al. 2011), obesity (Roenneberg et al. 2012), and cardiovascular diseases (Wong et al. 2015).”
BackgroundChen, S., Liu, Z., Yan, S., Du, Z., & Cheng, W. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01292-1 · Cited by 4
“In addition to sleep duration, other sleep traits such as chronotype, insomnia, snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness, have also been reported to be associated with a 10–40% increased risk of cardiovascular disease [34–37].”
BackgroundKoren, D., Knutson, K. L., Burke, B. K., Drews, K. L., Bacha, F. F., Katz, L. E. L., Marcus, M. D., McKay, S. V., Nadeau, K. J., Mokhlesi, B., et al. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00550.2023 · Cited by 5
Wrist temperature: A circadian predictor of lipid profiles in arctic residents
Gubin, D. G., Kolomeichuk, S., Danilenko, K. V., Markov, A., Petrov, I. M., Voronin, K., Mezhakova, M. S., Borisenkov, M. F., Shigabaeva, A., Boldyreva, J., et al. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2547937 · Cited by 5
“In midlife day shift workers, an evening chronotype was independently linked to higher TG, and lower HDL-C, whereas no relationship with LDL-C was found (Wong et al. 2015).”
Personality Processes and Sleep: An Overview and a Leitmotif for a Research Agenda
Duggan, K. A., & Križan, Z. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30628-1_12 · Cited by 4
Social network differences of chronotypes identified from mobile phone data
Aledavood, T., Lehmann, S., & Saramäki, J. (2018) · EPJ Data Science · doi:10.1140/epjds/s13688-018-0174-4 · Cited by 4
Nechifor, R. E., Popiţa, C., Bala, C. G., Vonica, C. L., Ciobanu, D. M., Román, G., Mocan, A., Sima, D. I., Inceu, G., Craciun, A. E., et al. (2020) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2020.1854991 · Cited by 4
“…70% (Roenneberg et al. 2012; Parsons et al. 2015), and recently SJL has been associated with increased risk for the presence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (Roenneberg et al. 2012; Parsons et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015; Koopman et al. 2017; Kim et al. 2020).”
BackgroundNobrega, A. K. D., & Lyons, L. C. (2017) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2017/4723836 · Cited by 4
“Social jet lag has been correlated with increased obesity [65], diabetes, cardiac function and heart disease [66, 67], and depression [68].”
BackgroundPremature birth and circadian preference in young adulthood: evidence from two birth cohorts
Björkqvist, J., Pesonen, A., Kuula, L., Matinolli, H., Lano, A., Sipola‐Leppänen, M., Tikanmäki, M., Dieter Wolke, C., Järvelin, M., Eriksson, J. G., et al. (2018) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1420078 · Cited by 4
“2013a), less physical activity (Wennman et al. 2015; Wong et al. 2015), andmore depression (Merikanto et al.”
BackgroundThe association between sleep timing, eating behavior, and obesity in young adults
Borisenkov, M. F., Tserne, T. A., Bakutova, L. A., Витальевич, С. В., & Popov, S. V. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2551025 · Cited by 3
“…linked to negative outcomes, including poor academic performance (Haraszti et al. 2014), impaired cognitive function (Panev et al. 2017), decreased well-being (Levandovski et al. 2011), and chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes (Koopman et al. 2017) and cardiovascular disease (Wong et al. 2015).”
Wang, J., Teo, W., Gooley, J. J., Chian, L. K., Burns, S. F., Mukherjee, S., Chung, H. J., & Sumarta, T. T. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105711 · Cited by 3
Cheung, Y. Y. Y., Tan, T., Koa, T. B., Khoo, C. M., & Lo, J. C.-Y. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf339 · Cited by 4
“Nevertheless, epidemiological studies have reported that extending (and delaying) sleep on week-ends relative to weekdays, i.e., social jetlag, is associated with an increased risk of type 2 DM [28–33].”
Sivertsen, B., Harvey, A. G., Vedaa, Ø., Pallesen, S., & Hysing, M. (2026) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70312 · Cited by 3
“This degree of circadian misalignment is clinically relevant, as social jetlag has been linked to impaired mood, cognition and increased cardiometabolic risk (Wong et al. 2015; Islam et al. 2020).”
Association between social jetlag and presenteeism in Japanese industry: A cross-sectional study
Kageyama, M., Tatsumi, A., Fujino, Y., & Watai, I. (2021) · SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI · doi:10.1539/sangyoeisei.2020-049-b · Cited by 3
Jeon, J.-D., & Kim, A. (2024) · Journal of the Korean Society for Aviation and Aeronautics · doi:10.12985/ksaa.2024.32.1.091 · Cited by 3
Seol, J., So, R., Murai, F., & Matsuo, T. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1093/joccuh/uiae068 · Cited by 3
Bailey, C. P., Elmi, A. F., Qian, J., DiPietro, L., Tackney, M. S., & Napolitano, M. A. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae084 · Cited by 4
Moyo, G., Thomas‐Jackson, S. C., Childress, A., Dawson, J., Thompson, L., & Oldewage-Theron, W. H. (2021) · Clinical Lactation · doi:10.1891/clinlact-d-20-00035 · Cited by 3
Chronobiologische Aspekte der Sommerzeit
Roenneberg, T. (2019) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-019-00227-7 · Cited by 3
Bailey, C. P., DiPietro, L., Hayman, L. L., Ahmad, Z., & Napolitano, M. A. (2022) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276221090190 · Cited by 4
“28 Taken together, these results suggest that lack of sleep may be a key contributor to disease risk among already at-risk university students and that culturally tailored sleep promotion programs are needed on college campuses to address sleep and health disparities.”
Borisenkov, M. F., Tserne, T. A., Bakutova, L. A., Витальевич, С. В., & Popov, S. V. (2023) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.13039 · Cited by 3
“Several negative consequences of SJL have been noted, including a decrease in cognitive functions(11) and academic performance(12) and an increased risk of depression,(13) obesity,(14,15) metabolic disorders,(15,16) and cardiovascular diseases.(17,18) These changes in the sleep–wake rhythm of adolescents are due to th…”
BackgroundChiang, R. P., Lin, C., Li, Y., & Hsu, M. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.002 · Cited by 3
Cardiometabolic consequences of circadian disruption
Zhu, B., Hanlon, E. C., Knutson, K. L., & Reutrakul, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00169-9 · Cited by 3
The sleep paradox: The effect of weekend catch-up sleep on homeostasis and circadian misalignment
Hsiao, F., Huang, Y., & Yang, C. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106231 · Cited by 2
Illuminating the Risks of Nighttime Light for Cardiovascular Health
Cedernaes, J. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.39038 · Cited by 2
Endale, B. T., Song, Z., Takada, M., Paththamesthrige, S. E. P., MATSUNAGA, M., Kitajima, T., Ota, A., Tamakoshi, K., & Yatsuya, H. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2606278 · Cited by 2
“ET individuals are prone to sleep deprivation due to social schedules that conflict with natural sleep-wake preferences, leading to a “social jet lag” (Wittmann et al. 2006; Wong et al. 2015).”
Tariq, A., Khalid, M. H., & Ammar, M. (2026) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2025-003573 · Cited by 2
The Mismatch Between the Circadian Clock and Social Clock: Social Jetlag
Uslu, E., & Özsaban, A. (2020) · Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine · doi:10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2020.63835 · Cited by 3
Akkaya, C., Karadağ, M., Hangül, Z., Şahın, E., & İşbilen, E. (2022) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547221130113 · Cited by 3
“Variations in preferred sleep and maximum wakefulness times, which create individual differences in circadian rhythm, are called a person’s chronotype (Wong et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSleep Variability in UK Long Distance Heavy Goods Vehicle Drivers
Sherry, A. P., Clemes, S. A., Chen, Y., Edwardson, C. L., Gray, L. J., Guest, A. J., King, J. A., Rowlands, A. V., Ruettger, K. B., Sayyah, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002687 · Cited by 2
Curtis, C., Carling, C., Tooley, E., & Russell, M. A. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16203474 · Cited by 4
“Such misalignment of circadian rhythmicity has been reported to influence food intake, glucose metabolism and weight regulation [45,46,48,49].”
BackgroundIslam, Z., Yamamoto, S., Konishi, M., Kochi, T., Kabe, I., & Mizoue, T. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70064 · Cited by 2
Ribeiro, H. L. S., Carvalho, V. P., Petruco, A. C. M., Bersani‐Amado, L. E., do Amaral, W. N., Júnior, J. P. D. M., Lacerda, L. M., Poloniato, T. B., Carneiro, M. L. S., de Moraes, C. L., et al. (2020) · Revista Uningá · doi:10.46311/2318-0579.57.1.039-050 · Cited by 2
Metabolic syndrome, dyssomnia, and melatonin
Сергієнко, В. О., Sehin, V. B., Hotsko, M. E., Serhiyenko, L. M., & Serhiyenko, O. (2024) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.20.2.2024.1375 · Cited by 2
Chrononutrition and Breast Milk: A Review of Circadian Variation in Breast Milk Nutrient Composition
Moyo, G., Jackson, S. C., Childress, A., Dawson, J., Thompson, L., & Oldewage-Theron, W. H. (2021) · Clinical Lactation · doi:10.1891/clinlact-d-20-00027 · Cited by 2
Sleep Patterns and Obesity Risk in Children
Samara, B. A. M., & Rawaqa, I. M. I. (2025) · Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences · doi:10.36347/sjams.2025.v13i04.012 · Cited by 1
“These biological disturbances enhance the storage of fat, especially in the abdomen, as well as the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (Leproult et al., 2014; Wong et al., 2015).”
EVENING CHRONOTYPE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR UNHEALTHY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL JETLAG
Стрельченя, О., & Орищенко, В. (2021) · Молодий вчений · doi:10.32839/2304-5809/2021-12-100-20 · Cited by 1
The circadian preference to operate electively among surgeons
Arab, K. A., Mortada, H. H., Alarki, S. M. K. Z., Alyousef, L. A., Alharthi, S., & Alnowaiser, M. W. (2022) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1739_21 · Cited by 1
“Some participants of the present study preferred to operate in the evening, which may have been due to the negative effects of night shifts on the surgeons.[18,19] Yamaguchi et al.”
BackgroundNight Work and Social Jet Lag: Pathways to Arterial Stiffness?
Gusmão, W. D. P., Silva‐Costa, A., Silva, V. M., & Moreno, C. R. D. C. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7010010 · Cited by 1
“The phenomenon has been associated with numerous negative health consequences, including an increased risk of type 2 diabetes [9], obesity [9], and CVD [10].”
Baek, S., & Yoon, J. (2025) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaf062 · Cited by 1
Sabbagh, M. I. R., Oliveira, T., Souza, D. R. D. O., Avelar, M. L. D., da Silva, E., dos Santos, G. A. D. A., Lopes, G. F., & de Menezes-Júnior, L. A. A. (2025) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-025-00158-3 · Cited by 1
“Previous evidence had already pointed to this relationship, particularly regarding specific metabolic changes such as higher glucose levels, increased waist circumference, obesity, and lipid dysfunction (Wong et al. 2015; Koopman et al. 2017; Ali et al. 2020).”
Zhang, Q. J., Yao, Y., Wei, Y., Sun, Y., Zhu, S., Yi, L., & Shan, Y. (2026) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2025-0457 · Cited by 1
Defining circadian health: Conceptual framework and development of a circadian health index
Coelho, J., Micoulaud‐Franchi, J., Geoffroy, P. A., Philip, P., Taillard, J., & Bourgin, P. (2026) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2026.102244 · Cited by 1
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISRUPTION AND HORMONAL HEALTH: THE IMPACT OF MODERN LIFESTYLE
Bielawska, K., Auguścik, W. J., & Tlak, A. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science · doi:10.31435/ijitss.4(48).2025.4155 · Cited by 1
Xu, Y., Lin, Y.-F., Li, L., Li, Y., Yang, L., Wu, H., Zhang, C., Zhou, W., Yang, L., & Lu, C. (2026) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-026-00659-0 · Cited by 1
“Chronotype, defined as an individual’s preference for the timing of sleep and wakefulness, represents another important factor relevant to adolescent mental health [16].”
Feng, J., Huang, X.-Q., Yang, X.-J., Tao, R., & Wen, J.-S. (2026) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2026.2679136 · Cited by 1
“…studies showed that adults who had a late chronotype and experienced high social jetlag exhibited higher risk of metabolic dysregulation (Wong et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2022), mental health issues (Qu et al. 2023), and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours (Doi et al. 2015; Islam et al. 2022;…”
Kumar, N., & Krishnamurthy, S. (2026) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.70133 · Cited by 1
“Consistent with this interpretation, prior studies have linked higher levels of social jet lag to adverse cardiometabolic outcomes [10, 11, 33, 34] [39].”
Sleep, Genetics, and Human Health
Fan, M., & Qi, L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816658-1.00006-5 · Cited by 1
Jo, H., Jang, E., Choi, S. J., Suh, S. A., & Joo, E. Y. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Medicine · doi:10.13078/jsm.200035 · Cited by 1
O JET LAG SOCIAL E RISCOS RELACIONADOS PARA A SAÚDE HUMANA
Costa, H. M., & de Oliveira, B. H. (2022) · Editora Científica Digital eBooks · doi:10.37885/220408494 · Cited by 2
Lakshmi, B. S., Ujianti, I., Fahrozi, F., Albantani, I., Putri, A., Nofrizal, N., Rahmadi, A., Stujanna, E. N., Nurusshofa, Z., & Sukarya, W. S. (2023) · Jurnal Kedokteran Brawijaya · doi:10.21776/ub.jkb.2023.032.04.7 · Cited by 3
“First, sleep deprivation has been associated with chronic inflammation, which has been associated with melatonin dysregulation, leading to the onset of depressive disorder and mood disturbances (18,19).”
Actigraphic characterization of sleep and circadian phenotypes of PER3 gene VNTR genotypes
Mendes, J. V., Benedito‐Silva, A. A., Andrade, M. A. M., Vartanian, D., Gonçalves, B. D. S. B., Cipolla‐Neto, J., & Pedrazzoli, M. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2256858 · Cited by 1
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BackgroundMetabolic Syndrome and Obesity
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“[32] reported that SJL is significantly correlated with lower HDL, higher TG, and higher glucose.”
BackgroundSocial Jetlag and Emerging Adults’ Performance in a Behavioral Weight Loss Trial
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“It is now clear that a shift in the photoperiod cycle can interact with hormonal body pattern, increase the glucose plasma level at the time that the body did not need, and increases several adipokines, including leptin and adiponectin, in the plasma that can impair the lipid metabolism and in turn induce dyslipidemia…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wong, P. M., Hasler, B. P., Kamarck, T. W., Muldoon, M. F., & Manuck, S. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Department of Psychiatry (B.P.H.), Pennsylvania 15213
- Corresponding author
- Wong, Patricia M.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2015-12-01
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4612-4620
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- PMC
- PMC4667156
- OpenAlex
- W2180967840
- Semantic Scholar
- 0c3ad84136306916091daa5d40ba62f6fe963544
- Cited by
- 444
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 13.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (PO1 HL040962, HL040962)
- Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (P01HL040962)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA032557)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- social jetlag, chronotype, cardiometabolic risk, circadian misalignment, sleep timing, evening chronotype, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, adiposity, diabetes risk, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, middle-aged adults, shift work
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Life Style, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Social Environment, Triglycerides, Work Schedule Tolerance, Health Behavior, Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Jet Lag Syndrome, Adiposity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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