Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine Inhibit Social Play Behavior through Prefrontal and Subcortical Limbic Mechanisms in Rats
Open accessAbstract
Positive social interactions during the juvenile and adolescent phases of life, in the form of social play behavior, are important for social and cognitive development. However, the neural mechanisms of social play behavior remain incompletely understood. We have previously shown that methylphenidate and atomoxetine, drugs widely used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), suppress social play in rats through a noradrenergic mechanism of action. Here, we aimed to identify the neural substrates of the play-suppressant effects of these drugs. Methylphenidate is thought to exert its effects on cognition and emotion through limbic corticostriatal systems. Therefore, methylphenidate was infused into prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortical regions as well as into several subcortical limbic areas implicated in social play. Infusion of methylphenidate into the anterior cingulate cortex, infralimbic cortex, basolateral amygdala, and habenula inhibited social play, but not social exploratory behavior or locomotor activity. Consistent with a noradrenergic mechanism of action of methylphenidate, infusion of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine into these same regions also reduced social play. Methylphenidate administration into the prelimbic, medial/ventral orbitofrontal, and ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex, mediodorsal thalamus, or nucleus accumbens shell was ineffective. Our data show that the inhibitory effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on social play are mediated through a distributed network of prefrontal and limbic subcortical regions implicated in cognitive control and emotional processes. These findings increase our understanding of the neural underpinnings of this developmentally important social behavior, as well as the mechanism of action of two widely used treatments for ADHD.
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Dopamine has been implicated in the motivation for social play.
“Indeed, dopamine has been implicated in the motivation for social play (Achterberg et al. 2015)”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Achterberg et al. 2015
The Introduction and the section on prefrontal mechanisms discuss dopamine in relation to social play, but attribute the drugs’ play-suppressing effects to noradrenergic rather than dopaminergic mechanisms. The Neurocircuitry section says future studies could determine whether reduced play reflects a change in motivation; it does not establish dopamine’s role in that motivation. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLittle is known about the sites of action of dopamine and norepinephrine signaling in the brain involved in social play behavior.
“Despite a few studies using local manipulation of the DA and NE systems [10,11], little is known about the sites of action of DA and NE signaling in the brain involved in social play behavior.”
From Involvement of dopamine, but not norepinephrine, in the sex-specific regulation of juvenile socially rewarding behavior by vasopressin (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
In juvenile male rats, enhancing NE signaling by using NE reuptake inhibitors administered into the basolateral amygdala and habenula reduces social play.
“enhancing NE signaling by using NE reuptake inhibitors reduced social play in juvenile male rats (females were not tested) when administered into other brain regions such as the basolateral amygdala and habenula [10].”
From Involvement of dopamine, but not norepinephrine, in the sex-specific regulation of juvenile socially rewarding behavior by vasopressin (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Methylphenidate reduces social play through both prefrontal and subcortical limbic structures, implying that alongside increased prefrontal inhibition, methylphenidate may also alter the subcortically mediated emotional properties of social play.
“the subsequent findings that methylphenidate reduces social play through both prefrontal and subcortical limbic structures implies that alongside increased – prefrontal – inhibition, methylphenidate may also alter the – subcortically mediated – emotional properties of social play (Achterberg et al. 2015).”
From Neurexin1α knockout in rats causes aberrant social behaviour: relevance for autism and schizophrenia (2025) · cites this paper as Achterberg et al. 2015
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Achterberg, E. J. M., van Kerkhof, L. W. M., Damsteegt, R., Trezza, V., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Roma Tre University (IT)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2015-01-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 161-169
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC4287139
- OpenAlex
- W1997385502
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 5.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Iris (Roma Tre University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (293589)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA022628)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- methylphenidate, atomoxetine, social play, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, norepinephrine reuptake inhibition, prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, infralimbic cortex, basolateral amygdala, habenula, limbic system, cognitive control, emotional processing
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Exploratory Behavior, Injections, Intraventricular, Interpersonal Relations, Limbic System, Male, Methylphenidate, Play and Playthings, Propylamines, Prefrontal Cortex, Rats
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