On the Self-Regulation of Behavior

Wright, Bradley R. Entner, Carver, Charles S., Scheier, Michael F.·2000·Contemporary Sociology

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

1. Introduction and plan 2. Principles of feedback control 3. Discrepancy reducing feedback processes in behavior 4. Discrepancy enlarging loops, and three further issues 5. Goals and behavior 6. Goals, hierarchicality, and behavior: further issues 7. Public and private aspects of the self 8. Control processes and affect 9. Affect: issues and comparisons 10. Expectancies and disengagement 11. Disengagement: issues and comparisons 12. Applications to problems in living 13. Hierarchicality and problems in living 14. Chaos and dynamic systems 15. Catastrophe theory 16. Further applications to problems in living 17. Is behavior controlled or does it emerge? 18. Goal engagement, life and death.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2307/2654424

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1104_01 · Cited by 34,210
Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143
TARGET ARTICLE: "Posttraumatic Growth: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence"
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01 · Cited by 7,154
High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x · Cited by 6,557
Social and Psychological Resources and Adaptation
Hobfoll, S. E. (2002) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307 · Cited by 4,594
Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247 · Cited by 4,510
Resilient Individuals Use Positive Emotions to Bounce Back From Negative Emotional Experiences.
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320 · Cited by 3,947
Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence
Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.249 · Cited by 3,732
TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind
Snyder, C. R. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1304_01 · Cited by 3,737
The unbearable automaticity of being
Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.462 · Cited by 3,699
Mindfulness: Theoretical Foundations and Evidence for its Salutary Effects
Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400701598298 · Cited by 3,654
Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38002-1 · Cited by 3,236
Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events
Park, C. L. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018301 · Cited by 3,174
Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health
Kashdan, T. B., & Rottenberg, J. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001 · Cited by 3,054
How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework
Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0016441 · Cited by 2,695
Modeling health behavior change: how to predict and modify the adoption and maintenance of health behaviors.
Schwarzer, R. (2008) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00325.x · Cited by 2,569
Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421
Personality and coping.
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352 · Cited by 2,424
Self-citation
Ego depletion and the strength model of self-control: a meta-analysis
Hagger, M. S., Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0019486 · Cited by 2,265
Positive affect and the other side of coping.
Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.6.647 · Cited by 2,471
The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: Current state of scientific evidence
Leeuw, M., Goossens, M. E. J. B., Linton, S. J., Crombez, G., Boersma, K., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9085-0 · Cited by 2,261
Memory and the self☆
Conway, M. A. (2005) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005 · Cited by 2,155
Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206310363732 · Cited by 2,096
The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion
Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J., Singh, J., & Drnovsek, M. (2009) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2009.40633190 · Cited by 1,922
Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms
Juslin, P. N., & Västfjäll, D. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x08005293 · Cited by 1,914
The automated will: nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Trötschel, R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.6.1014 · Cited by 1,865
Taking Stock of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis of How Trait Self-Control Relates to a Wide Range of Behaviors
de Ridder, D. T. D., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311418749 · Cited by 1,693
Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610375557 · Cited by 1,625
Contingencies of self-worth.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.593 · Cited by 1,614
An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.336 · Cited by 1,576
Annual Research Review: On the relations among self‐regulation, self‐control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk‐taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology
Nigg, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12675 · Cited by 1,518
Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced?
Hertzog, C., Kramer, A. F., Wilson, R. S., & Lindenberger, U. (2008) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01034.x · Cited by 1,495
The psychology of emotion regulation: An integrative review
Koole, S. L. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802619031 · Cited by 1,490
A motivational theory of life-span development.
Heckhausen, J., Wrosch, C., & Schulz, R. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0017668 · Cited by 1,486
A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface.
Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.843 · Cited by 1,470
Self-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2007) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00001.x · Cited by 1,402
The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance
Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623 · Cited by 1,401
Mind-sets matter: A meta-analytic review of implicit theories and self-regulation.
Burnette, J. L., O'Boyle, E. H., VanEpps, E. M., Pollack, J. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0029531 · Cited by 1,367
Bridging the intention–behaviour gap: Planning, self-efficacy, and action control in the adoption and maintenance of physical exercise
Sniehotta, F. F., Scholz, U., & Schwarzer, R. (2005) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870440512331317670 · Cited by 1,350
The Hierarchical Model of Approach-Avoidance Motivation
Elliot, A. J. (2006) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9028-7 · Cited by 1,385
The Costly Pursuit of Self-Esteem
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.392 · Cited by 1,402
Why Do People Need Self-Esteem? A Theoretical and Empirical Review.
Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Schimel, J. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.435 · Cited by 1,367
Using nonconscious behavioral mimicry to create affiliation and rapport
Lakin, J. L., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.14481 · Cited by 1,297
Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life.
King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179 · Cited by 1,253
Interactions of metacognition with motivation and affect in self-regulated learning: the MASRL model.
Efklides, A. (2011) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2011.538645 · Cited by 1,211
Renovating the Pyramid of Needs: Contemporary Extensions Built Upon Ancient Foundations
Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Neuberg, S. L., & Schaller, M. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610369469 · Cited by 1,132
Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis.
Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.638 · Cited by 1,069
Cybernetic Big Five Theory
DeYoung, C. G. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.07.004 · Cited by 1,057
Habits in everyday life: Thought, emotion, and action.
Wood, W., Quinn, J. M., & Kashy, D. A. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281 · Cited by 1,028
Self-Control and Grit: Related but Separable Determinants of Success
Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721414541462 · Cited by 1,025
Contingencies of Self-Worth in College Students: Theory and Measurement.
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.5.894 · Cited by 1,018
Cognitive-behavioral stress management intervention decreases the prevalence of depression and enhances benefit finding among women under treatment for early-stage breast cancer.
Antoni, M. H., Lehman, J. M., Kilbourn, K. M., Boyers, A. E., Culver, J. L., Alferi, S. M., Yount, S. E., McGregor, B. A., Arena, P. L., Harris, S. D., et al. (2001) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.20.1.20 · Cited by 1,011
Self-citation
Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being.
Lyubomirsky, S. (2001) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.239 · Cited by 995
The Development of Coping
Skinner, E. A., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085705 · Cited by 997
Adaptive Self-Regulation of Unattainable Goals: Goal Disengagement, Goal Reengagement, and Subjective Well-Being
Wrosch, C., Scheier, M. F., Miller, G. E., Schulz, R., & Carver, C. S. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203256921 · Cited by 991
Self-citation
Emotion Regulation Flexibility
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4 · Cited by 981
Purpose in Life as a System that Creates and Sustains Health and Well-Being: An Integrative, Testable Theory
McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017152 · Cited by 965
Associations Among Perceived Autonomy Support, Forms of Self-Regulation, and Persistence: A Prospective Study
Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., & Brière, N. M. (2001) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1014805132406 · Cited by 958
Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis
Koster, E. H. W., De Lissnyder, E., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.005 · Cited by 916
The self and autobiographical memory: Correspondence and coherence
Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., & Tagini, A. (2004) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.22.5.491.50768 · Cited by 897
Affective Influences on Judgments and Behavior in Organizations: An Information Processing Perspective
Forgas, J. P., & George, J. M. (2001) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2971 · Cited by 898
The Individual and Family Self-Management Theory: Background and perspectives on context, process, and outcomes
Ryan, P., & Sawin, K. J. (2009) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2008.10.004 · Cited by 865
The Life-Course Dynamics of Goal Pursuit and Goal Adjustment: A Two-Process Framework
Brandtstädter, J., & Rothermund, K. (2002) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1006/drev.2001.0539 · Cited by 815
Memory for goals: an activation‐based model
Altmann, E. M., & Trafton, J. G. (2002) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2601_2 · Cited by 795
User experience (UX): towards an experiential perspective on product quality
Hassenzahl, M. (2008) · Proceedings of the 20th Conference on l'Interaction Homme-Machine · doi:10.1145/1512714.1512717 · Cited by 791
A Motivated Action Theory Account of Goal Orientation.
DeShon, R. P., & Gillespie, J. Z. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1096 · Cited by 786
Integrating Theories of Motivation
Steel, P., & König, C. J. (2006) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2006.22527462 · Cited by 776
THE SELF-REFLECTION AND INSIGHT SCALE: A NEW MEASURE OF PRIVATE SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS
Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, P. (2002) · Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821 · Cited by 772
Self-regulation in childhood as a predictor of future outcomes: A meta-analytic review.
Robson, D. A., Allen, M. S., & Howard, S. J. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000227 · Cited by 759
Metacognition and affect: What can metacognitive experiences tell us about the learning process?
Efklides, A. (2006) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2005.11.001 · Cited by 724
Happiness in Everyday Life: The Uses of Experience Sampling
Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Hunter, J. (2003) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1024409732742 · Cited by 717
Successful behavior change in obesity interventions in adults: a systematic review of self-regulation mediators
Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Marques, M. M., Rutter, H., Oppert, J.-M., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Lakerveld, J., & Brug, J. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0323-6 · Cited by 711
Goals as excuses or guides: the liberating effect of perceived goal progress on choice.
Fishbach, A., & Dhar, R. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/497548 · Cited by 704
A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience
Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400082x · Cited by 669
The theory of reinvestment
Masters, R., & Maxwell, J. (2008) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/17509840802287218 · Cited by 663
Ego depletion and self-control failure: An energy model of the self's executive function
Baumeister, R. F. (2002) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/152988602317319302 · Cited by 656
Psychological entropy: a framework for understanding uncertainty-related anxiety
Hirsh, J. B., Mar, R. A., & Peterson, J. B. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0026767 · Cited by 606
Self-regulation of goal-setting: turning free fantasies about the future into binding goals
Oettingen, G., Pak, H.-J., & Schnetter, K. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.736 · Cited by 619
Bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling
Lewis, M. D. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0500004x · Cited by 618
Approach, Avoidance, and the Self-Regulation of Affect and Action
Carver, C. S. (2006) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9044-7 · Cited by 602
Self-citation
Giving in to Feel Good: The Place of Emotion Regulation in the Context of General Self-Control
Tice, D. M., & Bratslavsky, E. (2000) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1103_03 · Cited by 569
Personality correlates of self-esteem
Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., Trzesniewski, K., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2001) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2324 · Cited by 564
Emotional foundations of cognitive control
Inzlicht, M., Bartholow, B. D., & Hirsh, J. B. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.01.004 · Cited by 542
The Life Engagement Test: Assessing Purpose in Life
Scheier, M. F., Wrosch, C., Baum, A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Matthews, K. A., Schulz, R., & Zdaniuk, B. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-005-9044-1 · Cited by 539
Self-citation
Clinical handbook of mindfulness
(2009) · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6 · Cited by 543
Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes
Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Friese, M., Wiers, R. W., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012705 · Cited by 524
A two-process view of Facebook use and relatedness need-satisfaction: disconnection drives use, and connection rewards it
Sheldon, K. M., Abad, N., & Hinsch, C. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022407 · Cited by 514
On the confluence of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms
Tesser, A. (2000) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0404_1 · Cited by 521
The social costs of emotional suppression: a prospective study of the transition to college
Srivastava, S., Tamir, M., McGonigal, K. M., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014755 · Cited by 504
Cognitive-processing bias in chronic pain: a review and integration.
Pincus, T., & Morley, S. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.599 · Cited by 501
Cognitive Approaches to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Evolution of Multirepresentational Theorizing.
Dalgleish, T. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.228 · Cited by 498
The effects of sleep loss on medical residents’ emotional reactions to work events: a cognitive-energy model
Zohar, D., Tzischinsky, O., Epstein, R., & Lavie, P. (2005) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.1.47 · Cited by 478
Coping through emotional approach: Scale construction and validation
Stanton, A. L., Kirk, S. B., Cameron, C. L., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1150 · Cited by 663
Are patient expectations still relevant for psychotherapy process and outcome
Greenberg, R. P., Constantino, M. J., & Bruce, N. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.002 · Cited by 477
Dynamics of multiple-goal pursuit.
Louro, M. J., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.2.174 · Cited by 465
Activity Achievement Emotions and Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis
Camacho-Morles, J., Slemp, G. R., Pekrun, R., Loderer, K., Hou, H., & Oades, L. G. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09585-3 · Cited by 475
Parenting behaviour and adolescent behavioural and emotional problems: the role of self-control
Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250444000333 · Cited by 475
Transactive goal dynamics.
Fitzsimons, G. M., Finkel, E. J., & vanDellen, M. R. (2015) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0039654 · Cited by 448
BIS/BAS levels and psychiatric disorder: An epidemiological study
Johnson, S. L., Turner, R. J., & Iwata, N. (2003) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1023/a:1022247919288 · Cited by 458

Authors: Wright, B. R. E., Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F.
Venue: Contemporary Sociology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2000-03
Volume: 29
Issue: 2
Pages: 386
ISSN: 0094-3061 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2654424
OpenAlex: W1983786736
Cited by: 3,327
References: 0
FWCI: 114.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.

On the Self-Regulation of Behavior

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cited by

Metadata

Record

About these checks

Data sources