The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 75 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 142 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes
Open accessAbstract
This narrative review explores the relationship between sleep and nutrition. Various nutritional interventions have been shown to improve sleep including high carbohydrate, high glycaemic index evening meals, melatonin, tryptophan rich protein, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit and micronutrients. Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition. Sleep has been shown to have a restorative effect on the immune system, the endocrine system, facilitate the recovery of the nervous system and metabolic cost of the waking state and has an integral role in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity, all of which can impact both athletic recovery and performance. Functional food-based interventions designed to enhance sleep quality and quantity or promote general health, sleep health, training adaptations and/or recovery warrant further investigation.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review examines interactions between sleep and nutrition, with a focus on implications for athlete recovery and performance. It concludes that several nutritional interventions may improve sleep, but evidence in athletic populations remains limited and requires further investigation.
Key findings
- Nutritional factors reported to affect sleep include high-carbohydrate/high-glycaemic-index evening meals, melatonin, tryptophan-rich protein, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit, and micronutrients such as B vitamins and magnesium.
- A high-GI meal consumed four hours before bed significantly reduced sleep onset latency (9.0 ± 6.2 min) compared with a low-GI meal (17.5 ± 6.2 min) and the same meal consumed one hour before bed (14.6 ± 9.9 min; p = 0.009).
- Tart cherry juice supplementation increased time in bed (+24 min), total sleep duration (+34 min), sleep efficiency (82.3%), and reduced daytime napping (–22%) (p < 0.05); in older females with insomnia (n = 7), it reduced insomnia severity index scores and wake after sleep onset.
- In athletes, sleep disturbances are common: professional male ice hockey players (n = 23) had mean total sleep duration of 6.92 h (95% CI 6.3–7.5 h), and 66% of elite German athletes (n = 632) reported pre-competition insomnia symptoms; sleep duration <8 h was the strongest predictor of injury in adolescent athletes (RR = 2.1; 95% CI 1.2–3.9).
Methods
- Narrative review; no systematic search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or meta-analytic synthesis is described.
- Synthesizes existing literature on sleep physiology, sleep in athletes, and nutritional interventions including carbohydrate, melatonin, tryptophan-rich protein, antioxidants, tart cherry, kiwifruit, B vitamins, and magnesium.
- Draws on studies with varied designs and populations, including athletes (e.g., n = 23 ice hockey players; n = 632 German athletes), healthy adults, older adults, and some animal evidence.
Limitations
- The paper states that further research is warranted, particularly in athletic populations, and that the effects of tryptophan-rich protein interventions, antioxidant recovery-promoting doses, and food-based sleep interventions require more investigation.
- The paper notes that the kiwifruit study lacked a control group, had a high dropout rate (n = 5), and recruited subjects interested in a dietary sleep intervention, which may bias findings.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic quality appraisal; conclusions rely on heterogeneous studies, several small samples (e.g., n = 6, n = 7, n = 14, n = 25, n = 43), and some animal or mechanistic evidence, so causality and generalizability to athletes are not established.
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Claims the paper makes
121 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation · 1 Own method · 1 No basis given
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In the paper
“Various nutritional interventions have been shown to improve sleep including high carbohydrate, high glycaemic index evening meals, melatonin, tryptophan rich protein, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit and micronutrients.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > Abstract
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In the paper
“For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Samuels, 2016, The Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: A new tool for assessing and managing sleep in elite athletes, Br. J. Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Hirshkowitz, 2015, National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary, Sleep Health source
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In the paper
“Nutrients such as carbohydrate (high glycaemic index evening meal reduced sleep onset latency)”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Inadequate recovery can reduce autonomic nervous system (ANS) resources, with an associated reduction in heart rate variability (HRV) and increased resting heart rate [30].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Hynynen, 2006, Heart rate variability during night sleep and after awakening in overtrained athletes, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
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In the paper
“Give that Process C can be modified by exogenous cues [27], there is scope for investigation of nutrition interventions to enhance sleep quality and quantity.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 1. What is Sleep? > How and Why Sleep Occurs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Johnston, 2014, Physiological links between circadian rhythms, metabolism and nutrition, Exp. Physiol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“ethanol (reduced REM sleep) [37]”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] Jeukendrup, 2017, Periodized Nutrition for Athletes, Sports Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Similarly, sleep was self-reported as the most important recovery modality utilised by South African athletes (n = 890; international n = 183, national n = 474, club n = 233) [15].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Venter, 2012, Role of sleep in performance and recovery of athletes: A review article, South Afr. J. Res. Sport Phys. Educ. Recreat.
plainn = 890- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Sleep duration (< 8 h) has been identified as the strongest predictor of injury in adolescent athletes (RR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2–3.9) [34].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Milewski, 2014, Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes, J. Paediatr. Orthop. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Assessment of the sleep patterns of professional male ice hockey players (n = 23) using polysomnography (PSG), demonstrated mean total sleep duration was 6.92 h; 95% CI 6.3–7.5 h [32].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Tuomilehto, 2017, Sleep of professional athletes: Underexploited potential to improve health and performance, J. Sports Sci. source
boostedn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These factors may negatively impact an athlete’s nutritional, metabolic and endocrine status impacting athletic performance and recovery [1], (e.g., impaired glucose metabolism could reduce glycogen repletion while impaired protein synthesis could reduce recovery and adaptation from training).”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 1. What is Sleep?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Halson, 2014, Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep, Sports Med. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 59
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Irwin, 2016, Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation, Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Hirshkowitz, 2015, National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary, Sleep Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep has been shown to have a restorative effect on the immune system, the endocrine system, facilitate the recovery of the nervous system and metabolic cost of the waking state and has an integral role in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity, all of which can impact both athletic recovery and performance.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Irwin, 2016, Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation, Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Frank, 2006, The mystery of sleep function: Current perspectives and future directions, Rev. Neurosci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Caffeine consumption can lead to poor sleep which, in turn, can lead to increased caffeine consumption.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nutrition support needs to be periodised in relation to the demands of the athlete’s daily training and overall nutritional goals [36].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thomas, 2016, American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sleep deprivation adversely affects glucose metabolism and neuroendocrine function which can affect carbohydrate metabolism, appetite, energy intake and protein synthesis [1].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 1. What is Sleep?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Halson, 2014, Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep, Sports Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Training adaptations and recovery can be maximised by optimal nutrition practices or impaired by suboptimal nutrition practices [36,37,38].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thomas, 2016, American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
- Not checked yetcites [37] Jeukendrup, 2017, Periodized Nutrition for Athletes, Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [38] Close, 2016, New strategies in sport nutrition to increase exercise performance, Free Radic. Biol. Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Short sleep duration (< 7 h per night) was associated with increased IL-6 (ES: 0.29 (0.05–0.52)), while long sleep duration (> 8 h per night) was also associated with increased IL-6 (ES: 0.11 (0.02–0.20)) but also increased CRP (ES: 0.17 (0.01–0.34)) [18].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 1. What is Sleep? > How and Why Sleep Occurs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Irwin, 2016, Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation, Biol. Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Sleep also has a pivotal role to play in performance, training adaptations and recovery [1,18].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Halson, 2014, Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep, Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Irwin, 2016, Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation, Biol. Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Research has demonstrated that sleep disturbance (i.e. insomnia) and extremes of sleep durations affect risk factors of inflammatory disease and contribute to all-cause mortality [18,22].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 1. What is Sleep? > How and Why Sleep Occurs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Irwin, 2016, Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation, Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Vgontzas, 2013, Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: The most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder, Sleep Med. Rev. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“caffeine (increased sleep onset latency, reduced total sleep duration and reduced sleep quality) [39]”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Tahara, 2014, Chrono-biology, Chrono-pharmacology and Chrono-nutrition, J. Pharmacol. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The classic view of sleep is that it is a recovery process, with the circadian system regulating feelings of sleepiness and wakefulness throughout the day [28].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Samuels, 2016, The Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: A new tool for assessing and managing sleep in elite athletes, Br. J. Sports Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The focus of ‘training’ nutrition is to promote adaptations while the focus of ‘competition’ nutrition is optimal performance [36].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thomas, 2016, American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep disturbances and inadequate sleep duration have been reported in athletic populations.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Tuomilehto, 2017, Sleep of professional athletes: Underexploited potential to improve health and performance, J. Sports Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [33] Erlacher, 2011, Sleep habits in German athletes before important competitions or games, J. Sports Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Venter, 2012, Role of sleep in performance and recovery of athletes: A review article, South Afr. J. Res. Sport Phys. Educ. Recreat.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, a meta-analysis of sleep duration and all-cause mortality demonstrated a U-shaped association, whereby long sleep (> 8 h per night) has a 30% (RR: 1.30 (1.22–1.38)) greater risk while short sleep (<7 h per night) has a 12% (RR: 1.12 (1.06–1.18)) greater risk compared to normal sleep reference (7–8 h per night) [25].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 1. What is Sleep? > How and Why Sleep Occurs
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Cappuccio, 2010, Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies, Sleep source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The relationship between sleep, performance and recovery can be viewed in terms of 3 key factors that affect the recuperative outcome: Sleep length (total sleep duration; hours/night, plus naps)Sleep quality (i.e., the experience and perceived adequacy of sleep)Sleep phase (circadian timing of sleep) [28].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Samuels, 2016, The Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: A new tool for assessing and managing sleep in elite athletes, Br. J. Sports Med. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“While a similar study found that 66% (n = 416) of elite German athletes (n = 632) reported pre-competition insomnia symptomology including difficulty falling asleep, waking during the night and early final waking times [33].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Erlacher, 2011, Sleep habits in German athletes before important competitions or games, J. Sports Sci. source
plainn = 416- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“large portions and/or meals later in the evening can negatively impact sleep potentially due to the thermogenic effect of digestion) can affect circadian rhythms [40].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Peukhuri, 2012, Diet promotes sleep duration and quality, Nutr. Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Caffeine increases the state of alertness, antagonising adenosine receptors, which also leads to a reduction in the inclination to sleep [39].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Tahara, 2014, Chrono-biology, Chrono-pharmacology and Chrono-nutrition, J. Pharmacol. Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Muscle fatigue or soreness may adversely affect sleep, with inflammatory cytokines linked to disruption of normal sleep [29].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Hausswirth, 2014, Evidence of disturbed sleep and increased illness in overreached endurance athletes, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sleep deprivation is associated with increased catabolic and reduced anabolic hormones which results in impaired muscle protein synthesis [31], blunting training adaptations and recovery.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Dattilo, 2011, Sleep and muscle recovery: Endocrinological and molecular basis for a new and promising hypothesis, Med. Hypotheses source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Alcohol consumption has been associated with poorer sleep quality and quantity, reduced REM sleep and increased sleep disturbance in the second half of the sleep bout [41].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Roehrs, 2001, Sleep, sleepiness, and alcohol use, Alcohol. Res. Health
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is a precursor to serotonin and melatonin, which can cross the blood-brain barrier by competing for transport with other LNAA [1].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.5. Tryptophan Rich Protein
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Halson, 2014, Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep, Sports Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Insulin influences the transport of tryptophan across the blood brain barrier after a carbohydrate rich meal, as it is an anabolic agent it also facilitates the uptake of LNAA by muscle [26].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.3. Carbohydrate
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Golem, 2014, An integrative review of sleep for nutrition professionals, Adv. Nutr. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar to nutrition, sleep disturbances (difficulty initiating or maintain sleep) and sleep deprivation (not getting enough sleep) are risk factors for inflammation [18,42], which can be treated or managed to promote recovery and/or performance.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Irwin, 2016, Sleep disturbance, sleep duration, and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and experimental sleep deprivation, Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Hirshkowitz, 2015, National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary, Sleep Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since endogenous melatonin influences core temperature facilitating sleep, increased exogenous melatonin could affect changes in core temperature improving sleep quality [50].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.4. Melatonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Howatson, 2012, Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus Cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality, Eur. J. Nutr. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep quality is relative to the person’s endogenous melatonin levels.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration which is dependent on age [28,42].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Samuels, 2016, The Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: A new tool for assessing and managing sleep in elite athletes, Br. J. Sports Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Hirshkowitz, 2015, National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary, Sleep Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Melatonin is a naturally-occurring compound in cow’s milk, but its concentration increases significantly if cows are milked in darkness at night referred to as ‘night time milk’ [40].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.4. Melatonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Peukhuri, 2012, Diet promotes sleep duration and quality, Nutr. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ratio of tryptophan:LNAA in the blood is vital to the transport of tryptophan into the brain and can be increased through consumption of tryptophan, a high carbohydrate/low protein diet or α-lactalbumin (whey derived protein) [43].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.2. Chrononutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Silber, 2010, Effects of tryptophan loading on human cognition, mood, and sleep, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ingestion of melatonin affects sleep propensity and has hypnotic effects enhancing sleep quality and duration, pharmacological melatonin can be used to manipulate circadian timing [49].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.4. Melatonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Collin, 2010, Melatonin: Action as antioxidant and potential applications in human disease and aging, Toxicology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A dose response relationship was not evident as the 0.3 mg dose, which is similar to endogenous melatonin concentrations, was as effective as the 1 mg dose when administered at 6:00 pm or 8:00 pm.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.4. Melatonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Pires, 2001, Acute effects of low doses of melatonin on the sleep of young healthy subjects, J. Pineal Res. source
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, that has displayed sedative effects [48,49].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.4. Melatonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Ramis, 2015, Protective effects of melatonin and mitochondria-targeted antioxidants against oxidative stress: A review, Curr. Med. Chem. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Collin, 2010, Melatonin: Action as antioxidant and potential applications in human disease and aging, Toxicology source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the impact was time dependent as a 0.3 mg dose increased sleep onset latency when consumed at 9:00 pm (0.3 mg 25.1 ± 10.5 min; 1 mg 12.1 ± 7.4 min; Placebo 8.8 ± 4 min) and there was no evidence of an effect when the 1 mg dose was administered at 9:00 pm [52].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.4. Melatonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Pires, 2001, Acute effects of low doses of melatonin on the sleep of young healthy subjects, J. Pineal Res. source
plaindirectn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Carbohydrates affect plasma tryptophan:LNAA ratio and may compliment the sleep enhancing effect of consuming tryptophan rich protein [40].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.3. Carbohydrate
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Peukhuri, 2012, Diet promotes sleep duration and quality, Nutr. Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sleep recommendations particularly the amount of sleep required, change over the lifespan from adolescents (8–10 h), adults (7–9 h), and older adults (7–8 h) [42].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.1. Sleep, Nutrition and Athletes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] Hirshkowitz, 2015, National Sleep Foundation’s sleep time duration recommendations: Methodology and results summary, Sleep Health source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has been suggested that the internal clock can be altered by changing the timing and nature of food intake [39].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.2. Chrononutrition
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [39] Tahara, 2014, Chrono-biology, Chrono-pharmacology and Chrono-nutrition, J. Pharmacol. Sci. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Conversion to serotonin is dependent on sufficient precursor availability in the brain, an increase in brain tryptophan occurs when the ratio of free tryptophan to branched chain amino acids increases, following tryptophan conversion to serotonin, melatonin is produced [1].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.5. Tryptophan Rich Protein
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Halson, 2014, Sleep in elite athletes and nutritional interventions to enhance sleep, Sports Med. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Melatonin has extremely low toxicity even at relatively high doses and can easily cross physiological barriers due to its optimal size, partial water solubility and high lipid solubility however, it must be noted that there appears to be no added benefit to doses >3 mg [49].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.4. Melatonin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] Collin, 2010, Melatonin: Action as antioxidant and potential applications in human disease and aging, Toxicology source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, supplementation with high doses (800 IU/day) of vitamin E did not counteract OS in triathletes (n = 38), the intervention group demonstrated significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher levels of post-race inflammation and OS (Plasma F2-isoprostanes increased 181% versus 97% and IL-6 166 ± 28 pg∙mL–1 versus 88 ± 13 pg∙mL–1) than the control group [60].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Nieman, 2004, Vitamin E and immunity after the Kona triathlon world championship, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
boosteddirectn = 38 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During recovery athletes can suffer from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) [66], which can reduce sleep quantity and quality.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Bell, P., Stevenson, E., Davison, G., and Howatson, G. (2016). The effects of Montmorency tart cherry concentrate supplementation on recovery following prolonged, intermittent exercise. Nutrients, 8. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tart cherries contain high concentrations of melatonin and a range of phenolic compounds that have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties [66,67].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Bell, P., Stevenson, E., Davison, G., and Howatson, G. (2016). The effects of Montmorency tart cherry concentrate supplementation on recovery following prolonged, intermittent exercise. Nutrients, 8. source
- Not checked yetcites [67] Howatson, 2010, Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running, Scan. J. Med. Sci. Sports source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vitamin E is an important antioxidant due to its abundance within cells, mitochondrial membranes and its ability to act directly on reactive oxygen species [60].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Nieman, 2004, Vitamin E and immunity after the Kona triathlon world championship, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Vitamin E reacts with other antioxidants such as vitamin C, beta-carotene and lipoic acid, which have the capacity to regenerate vitamin E from its oxidised form.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Nieman, 2004, Vitamin E and immunity after the Kona triathlon world championship, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the intervention group tart cherry juice supplementation resulted in significantly elevated total melatonin content, increased time in bed (+24 min), increased total sleep duration (+34 min) improved sleep efficiency total (82.3%) and a significant reduction in daytime napping (–22%) (p < 0.05) [50].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Howatson, 2012, Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus Cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality, Eur. J. Nutr. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consumption of an antioxidant does not guarantee that the compound will act as an antioxidant within the body, therefore positive findings from one antioxidant or combination of antioxidants cannot be generalised [59].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Nieman, D.C., and Mitmesser, S.H. (2017). Potential Impact of Nutrition on Immune System Recovery from Heavy Exertion: A Metabolomics Perspective. Nutrients, 9. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Total antioxidant capacity was increased in both groups post-race (intervention 124% of baseline and control 112% of baseline, p < 0.01) and remained elevated at 24 h in the intervention group (114% of baseline) but not the control group [67].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Howatson, 2010, Influence of tart cherry juice on indices of recovery following marathon running, Scan. J. Med. Sci. Sports source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It must be noted that elevated melatonin concentrations may not be only mechanism at work as sleep regulation is also influenced by proinflammatory cytokines [3].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Irwin, 2017, Sleep health: Reciprocal regulation of sleep and innate immunity, Neuropsychopharmacology source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Food 1 and Food 2 produced significant results (p ≤ 0.05) for reduction of time awake during the night (19.2% and 22.1%), increased sleep efficiency (% of time spent in bed; asleep) (5.19% and 7.36%) and increased subjective sleep quality (12.2% and 11.8%) [53], indicating that relatively small doses (250 mg) of dietary tryptophan can positively impact sleep.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.5. Tryptophan Rich Protein
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Hudson, 2005, Protein source tryptophan versus pharmaceutical grade tryptophan as an efficacious treatment for chronic insomnia, Nutr. Neurosci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Interestingly, despite increased markers of OS and inflammation in the intervention group, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of race performance.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Nieman, 2004, Vitamin E and immunity after the Kona triathlon world championship, Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. source
plainn = 38- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The range of phenolic compounds in cherries which have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties may enhance post exercise recovery as well as sleep [50].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Howatson, 2012, Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus Cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality, Eur. J. Nutr. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It must be noted that antioxidants are heterogeneous, they function in a distinct manner and do not solely regulate ROS [61].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [61] Finaud, 2006, Oxidative stress, Sports Med. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Antioxidants reduce OS, play a key role in immunity and may improve recovery following exercise [58,59].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Halliwell, B., and Gutteridge, J.M. (2015). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press. source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Nieman, D.C., and Mitmesser, S.H. (2017). Potential Impact of Nutrition on Immune System Recovery from Heavy Exertion: A Metabolomics Perspective. Nutrients, 9. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This was the first investigation to demonstrate that tart cherry juice supplementation increased circulating melatonin levels and improved sleep time and quality in healthy adults.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Howatson, 2012, Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus Cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality, Eur. J. Nutr. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a similar study, healthy adults (n = 14) with sleep complaints consumed milkshakes containing either α-lactalbumin (20 g) or a casein placebo. Evening ingestion of α-lactalbumin resulted in a 130% increase in tryptophan:LNAA prior to bed and modest but significant reduction in morning sleepiness and improved alertness the following morning [55].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.5. Tryptophan Rich Protein
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Markus, 2005, Evening intake of α-lactalbumin increases plasma tryptophan availability and improves morning alertness and brain measures of attention, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source
plaindirectn = 14 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Antioxidant consumption may influence recovery from exercise but may also influence sleep since sleep regulation is influenced by pro-inflammatory cytokines [59].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [59] Nieman, D.C., and Mitmesser, S.H. (2017). Potential Impact of Nutrition on Immune System Recovery from Heavy Exertion: A Metabolomics Perspective. Nutrients, 9. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Both the general population and athletes can benefit from nutritional and supplementation support to boost immunity and reduce acute and chronic inflammation during periods of increased training load and competition.
In the paper
“Niacin can be synthesised endogenously from tryptophan via the Kynurenine Pathway, therefore, consuming a sufficient amount of niacin is necessary to inhibit 2,3-dioxygenase activity eliciting a tryptophan sparing effect, increasing its availability for synthesis serotonin and melatonin [40].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.7. B Vitamins and Magnesium
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Peukhuri, 2012, Diet promotes sleep duration and quality, Nutr. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vitamin B12 contributes to melatonin secretion, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) is involved in the synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan and niacin (vitamin B3) may elicit a tryptophan sparing effect [40].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.7. B Vitamins and Magnesium
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Peukhuri, 2012, Diet promotes sleep duration and quality, Nutr. Res. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pyridoxine’s role in the conversion of tryptophan into serotonin is related to the amino acid decarboxylase which speeds up the conversion rate of 5-HT to serotonin [45].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.7. B Vitamins and Magnesium
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Oliver, 2017, Sleep improvement in athletes: Use of nutritional supplements, Am. J. Sports Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The reduced form of folate (5-methyltetratrahydrofolate) increases tetrahydrobiopterin is a co-enzyme of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase which converts tryptophan into 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) [45].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.7. B Vitamins and Magnesium
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Oliver, 2017, Sleep improvement in athletes: Use of nutritional supplements, Am. J. Sports Med.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Magnesium is also believed to enhance melatonin secretion promoting sleep onset and act as a GABA agonist, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter that acts on the CNS [40].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.7. B Vitamins and Magnesium
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Peukhuri, 2012, Diet promotes sleep duration and quality, Nutr. Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the lack of a control group must be noted and there was a high level of subject drop out (n = 5).”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Lin, 2011, Effect of kiwifruit consumption on sleep quality in adults with sleep problems, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr.
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the high folate content in kiwifruit may improve folate status and consequently improve sleep [70].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Lin, 2011, Effect of kiwifruit consumption on sleep quality in adults with sleep problems, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Folates are destroyed by cooking or processing, but kiwifruit are typically consumed in their raw form.
In the paper
“Mixed effects have been observed, with different doses of cobalamin (vitamin B12) on sleep-wake rhythms and delayed sleep phase syndrome (a significant delay in circadian rhythm), while no effect was observed for sleep duration [41].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.7. B Vitamins and Magnesium
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Roehrs, 2001, Sleep, sleepiness, and alcohol use, Alcohol. Res. Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Serotonin is the end product of L-tryptophan metabolism and is related to REM [70].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Lin, 2011, Effect of kiwifruit consumption on sleep quality in adults with sleep problems, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Folate deficiency has been linked to insomnia (difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, extended periods of wakefulness and/or insufficient sleep) and restless leg syndrome (repeated movement of or undesirable sensations in legs leading to sleep disruption) [70]”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Lin, 2011, Effect of kiwifruit consumption on sleep quality in adults with sleep problems, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The serotonin content in kiwifruit may contribute to improved sleep while the rich antioxidant content may supress free radical expression and inflammatory cytokines.”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sleep can be promoted either by inhibiting wake-promoting mechanisms or by increasing sleep promoting factors through nutritional interventions [40].”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 3. Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Peukhuri, 2012, Diet promotes sleep duration and quality, Nutr. Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Athletes’ physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition.
“particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration can be modified to promote sleep health.
“Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep quality is relative to the person’s endogenous melatonin levels.
“However, the effect is relative to the person’s endogenous melatonin levels.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both the general population and athletes can benefit from nutritional and supplementation support to boost immunity and reduce acute and chronic inflammation during periods of increased training load and competition.
“Both the general population and athletes can benefit from nutritional and supplementation support to boost immunity and reduce acute and chronic inflammation during periods of increased training load and competition.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Supplementing magnesium, zinc, and melatonin will most likely only have an effect in cases of deficiency or insufficiency.
“It must be noted that supplementing these nutrients will most likely only have an effect in cases of deficiency or insufficiency.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Folates are destroyed by cooking or processing, but kiwifruit are typically consumed in their raw form.
“Although folates are widely consumed in the diet, they are destroyed by cooking or processing, however, kiwifruit are typically consumed in their raw form.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“considering that several nutrients have been shown to improve sleep such as carbohydrates (high-glycemic index dinners), melatonin, tryptophan-rich protein, antioxidant-rich fruits (e.g., tart cherry juice and kiwi), and micronutrients [147].”
From The 4R’s Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates (2020) · cites this paper as [147]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.6. Antioxidants
“sleep efficiency (+2.4%, baseline 93.9 ± 1.03 min; post-intervention 95.9 ± 0.67 min)”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 2. Sleep and Athletes > 2.5. Tryptophan Rich Protein
“increased sleep efficiency (% of time spent in bed; asleep) (5.19% and 7.36%)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 1. What is Sleep? > How and Why Sleep Occurs
“Activation of arousal systems inhibits sleep active neurons facilitating sleep”
§ Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes > 1. What is Sleep? > How and Why Sleep Occurs
“activation of sleep-promoting neurons inhibits arousal-related neurons reinforcing consolidated sleep episodes”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Doherty, R., Madigan, S., Warrington, G., & Ellis, J.
- Affiliations
- Letterkenny Institute of Technology (IE)
- Sport Ireland Institute (IE)
- University of Limerick (IE)
- Northumbria University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Doherty, Rónán
- Venue
- Nutrients
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-04-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 822
- ISSN
- 2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6520871
- OpenAlex
- W2938906146
- Semantic Scholar
- f51ed80aa0d48ac433b8a28592e9cbf85226e685
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) (submittedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep, nutrition, athletes, sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep disorders, inflammation, melatonin, tryptophan, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit, micronutrients, carbohydrate intake, immune system, recovery, functional foods, sleep health
- MeSH terms
- Prunus avium, Antioxidants, Circadian Rhythm, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fruit, Humans, Melatonin, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Sleep, Sleep Wake Disorders, Tryptophan, Vitamin B Complex, Glycemic Index, Athletic Performance, Athletes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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