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Cyberball: A program for use in research on interpersonal ostracism and acceptance
Open accessAbstract
Since the mid-1990s, research on interpersonal acceptance and exclusion has proliferated, and several paradigms have evolved that vary in their efficiency, context specificity, and strength. This article describes one such paradigm, Cyberball, which is an ostensibly online ball-tossing game that participants believe they are playing with two or three others. In fact, the "others" are controlled by the programmer. The course and speed of the game, the frequency of inclusion, player information, and iconic representation are all options the researcher can regulate. The game was designed to manipulate independent variables (e.g., ostracism) but can also be used as a dependent measure of prejudice and discrimination. The game works on both PC and Macintosh (OS X) platforms and is freely available.
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The mental visualization cover story is emphasized so that Cyberball cannot be viewed as a task at which one can succeed or fail.
“These are the standard instruction for Cyberball, and the mental visualization cover story is emphasized so that it cannot be viewed as a task at which one can succeed or fail (Williams et al., 2000b;Williams & Jarvis, 2006).”
From Ostracism increases social susceptibility (2008) · cites this paper as Williams & Jarvis, 2006
In “Basis for Program Creation” (page unavailable), the authors say the cover story presented Cyberball as an unimportant exercise in mental visualization. Our copy does not say that the story was emphasized to prevent participants from viewing the game as a task they could succeed or fail at. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Citations
Cites
Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089134 · Cited by 3,849 · cited 1×
“Eisenberger, Lieberman, and Williams (2003) asked participants to play Cyberball inside an MRI chamber in which the blood flow in their brains could be monitored.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.748 · Cited by 2,276
Self-citationZadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.11.006 · Cited by 1,138 · cited 1×
“This manipulation was clearly perceived, but had no effect on how they felt if they had been ostracized (Zadro et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhen inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts.
van Beest, I., & Williams, K. D. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.918 · Cited by 567
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Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Gonsalkorale, K., & Williams, K. D. (in press). The KKK wont let me play: Ostracism even by a despised outgroup hurts.European Journal of Social Psychology.
- Jarvis, B. G. (2004). MediaLab Research Software (Version 2004) [Computer software]. New York: Empirisoft.
- van Beest, I., &Williams, K. D. (2004).Ayberball and Cyberbomb: Effects of ostracism when inclusion is costly. Unpublished manuscript, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Warburton, W. A., Williams, K. D., &Cairns, D. R. (2006). When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,42, 213–220. · DOI
- Williams, K. D. (1997). Social ostracism. In R. M. Kowalski (Ed.),Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133–170). New York: Plenum. · DOI
- Williams, K. D. (2001).Ostracism: The power of silence. New York: Guilford
- Williams, K. D., Forgas, J. P., &von Hippel, W. (Eds.) (2005).The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying. New York: Psychology Press.
- Williams, K. D., &Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation?Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin,23, 693–706. · DOI · Paper page
- Williams, K. D., &Zadro, L. (2005). Ostracism: The indiscriminate early detection system. In K. D. Williams, J. P. Forgas, & W. von Hippel (Eds.),The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying. New York: Psychology Press.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Williams, K. D., & Jarvis, B.
- Affiliations
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Corresponding author
- Williams, Kipling D.
- ORCID
- Williams, Kipling D.
- Venue
- Behavior Research Methods
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 174-180
- ISSN
- 1554-351X (ISSN-L)
- 1554-3528
- OpenAlex
- W2048818633
- Cited by
- 1,088
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 85 · 2019: 73 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Behavior Research Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- Cyberball, social acceptance, social exclusion, virtual social interaction, prejudice, discrimination, experimental paradigms
- MeSH terms
- Games, Experimental, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Rejection, Psychology, Sociometric Techniques, Software, User-Computer Interface, Behavioral Research
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