CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 444Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsCognitive Science and Education ResearchClinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 236 of the 243 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

An evaluation of dual-process theories of reasoning

Open access
Osman, Magda·2004·Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
DOI 10.3758/bf03196730
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Current theories propose that reasoning comprises two underlying systems (Evans & Over, 1996; Sloman, 1996; Stanovich & West, 2000). The systems are identified as having functionally distinct roles, differ according to the type of information encoded, vary according to the level of expressible knowledge, and result in different responses. This article evaluates the arguments and the evidence from a select number of key tasks that have been supportive of dual-reasoning theorists' proposals. The review contrasts the dualist approach with a single-system framework that conjectures that different types of reasoning arise through the graded properties of the representations that are utilized while reasoning, and the different functional roles that consciousness has in cognition. The article concludes by arguing in favor of the alternative framework, which attempts to unify thedifferent forms of reasoning identified by dual-process theorists under a single system.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3758/bf03196730

Cites

236 of 236 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Benassi, V. A., &Knoth, R. L. (1993). The intractable conjunction fallacy: Statistical sophistication, instructional set, and training.Journal of Social Behavior & Personality,8, 83–96.
  2. Berry, D., &Dienes, Z. (1993).Implicit learning. Hove, U.K.: Erlbaum.
  3. Johnson-Laird, P. N., &Byrne, R. M. J. (1991).Deduction. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  4. Manktelow, K. I., &Over, D. E. (1995). Deontic reasoning. In S. E. Newstead & J. S. B. T. Evans (Eds.),Perspectives on thinking and reasoning (pp. 91–114). Hove, U.K.: Erlbaum.
  5. Margolis, H. (1987).Patterns, thinking, and cognition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  6. Margolis, H. (2000). Wason’s selection task with a reduced array [On line]. {Psycoloquy},11 (5).
  7. Over, D., &Evans, J. S. B. T. (1997). Two cheers for deductive competence.Current Psychology of Cognition,16, 255–278.
  8. Roberts, M. J. (1997). On dichotomies and deductive reasoning research.Current Psychology of Cognition,16, 196–204.
  9. Stenning, K., &van Lambalgen, M. (1999). Is psychology hard or impossible? Reflections on the conditional. In M. M. J. Gerbrandy, M. Marx, M. de Rijke, & Y. Venema (Eds.),Liber amicorum for Johan van Benthem’s 50th birthday (pp. 1–29). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  10. Stevenson, R. J. (1997). Deductive reasoning and the distinction between implicit and explicit processes.Current Psychology of Cognition,16, 222–229.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 444

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Osman, M.
Affiliations
University College London (GB)
Corresponding author
Osman, Magda
ORCID
Osman, Magda
Venue
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2004-12
Volume
11
Issue
6
Pages
988-1010
ISSN
  • 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
  • 1531-5320
DOI
10.3758/bf03196730
OpenAlex
W2022112401
Cited by
444
References
243
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 13
FWCI
3.84
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Psychonomic Bulletin & Review (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Economic and Social Research Council
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Keywords
dual-process theory, reasoning, dual-process models, representational properties
MeSH terms
Humans, Models, Psychological, Problem Solving

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review