β-Carotene and other carotenoids in protection from sunlight
Open accessAbstract
Protection against skin damage from sunlight by nutritional means has been examined. Likewise, there has been work on the topical application of phytochemicals to the skin. This review focuses on the nutritional aspect of phytochemicals in humans-ie, the provision of carotenoid micronutrients by dietary means to the skin and their role in protection. Human intervention studies have documented protective effects for β-carotene or for lycopene provided either by a carotenoid-rich diet or by supplementation. In exposed tissues, light induces primary and secondary photooxidative processes. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species is considered to be a mechanism of action underlying the protective activity of carotenoids. However, food comprises a complex mixture of numerous constituents, so that other components may also contribute to the observed activity. Molecules with suitable structures absorb UV light and prevent direct damage of cellular targets. Phytoene and phytofluene are precursor molecules of higher unsaturated carotenoids and occur in various fruit and vegetables. Their absorption spectra cover the UVB and UVA range, respectively, thus potentially contributing to photoprotective effects of carotenoid-rich food. Because of the physiologic turnover time of skin, several weeks are required for protective effects to appear. Photoprotection through individual dietary components such as β-carotene or lycopene in terms of sun protection factor is considerably lower than that achieved by using topical sunscreens. However, an optimal supply of antioxidant micronutrients in the skin increases basal dermal defense against UV irradiation, supports longer-term protection, and contributes to maintenance of skin health and appearance.
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Most studies have found that increasing carotene consumption reduces the severity of ultraviolet-induced erythema.
“Most studies have found that increasing carotene consumption reduces the severity of ultraviolet-induced erythema (Stahl and Sies 2012).”
From Skin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Stahl and Sies 2012
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“Concerning the sterol composition of avocado oils, β -sitosterol was the dominant one (ca. 90 %), with a limited amount of campesterol and stigmasterol.”
BackgroundSkin protection from solar ultraviolet radiation using natural compounds: a review
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“In addition, they can activate antioxidant and antiproliferative enzymatic pathways in response to UVR exposure [92].”
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“In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that carotenoids can suppress UVA and UVB-mediated ROS formation, thereby, preventing photoinactivation of anti-oxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and induction of DNA damage caused by oxidative stress (30, 31).”
BackgroundApiaceae as an Important Source of Antioxidants and Their Applications
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The Extraction of β-Carotene from Microalgae for Testing Their Health Benefits
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“Carotenoids and other antioxidants can eliminate reactive oxygen species and absorb UV light, which can be achieved through dietary supplements and tropical applications [55].”
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“Although most carotenoids have absorption peaks in the visible range, the conjugated system enables the absorption of shorter wavelengths, including UV light [113].”
Skin Protection by Carotenoid Pigments
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A Narrative Review: The Effect and Importance of Carotenoids on Aging and Aging-Related Diseases
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“The potential of β -carotene to prevent erythema induced by UV rays has also been studied, indicating protection against UV-induced erythema [63].”
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“β-carotene can serve as an antioxidant in both plants (Telfer, 2014) and animals (Stahl and Sies, 2012) and is, furthermore, the precursor (pro-vitamin A) in the synthesis of vitamin A, the precursor of the lightabsorbing (retinal) component of vision purple in the human eye (Polutchko et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSilva, T. D. C. D. M., Andrade, R. F. D. S., Ootani, M. A., Mendes, P. V. D., de Sá, R. A. D. Q. C., da Silva, M. R. F., Souza, K. S., Correia, M. T. D. S., da Silva, M. V., & de Oliveira, M. B. M. (2020) · Advances in Microbiology · doi:10.4236/aim.2020.108029 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“108029 405 Advances in Microbiology β-carotene, lycopene, and astaxanthin are among the most described carotenoids and used as photo protectors since they have strong antioxidant properties [21].”
BackgroundCarotenoids for Antiaging: Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Cosmeceutical Applications
Shanaida, M., Mykhailenko, O., Lysiuk, R., Hudz, N., Balwierz, R., Shulhai, A., Shapovalova, N., Shanaida, V., & Bjørklund, G. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18030403 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Topical application is an alternative measure to protect the skin from photo injury [88,100,112]. β -carotene levels remain constant from 30 to 60 min after UV-irradiation [34,100,113]. β -carotene is an important component of commercially available sunscreen protectants, both oral and topical…”
Systemic Photoprotection in Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer
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“The greater the number of conjugated double bonds, the higher the quenching power of the molecule [78].”
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Recent Insights Into Health Benefits of Carotenoids
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Ultraviolet Light Protection: Is It Really Enough?
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Meeting Sustainable Development Goals: Alternative Extraction Processes for Fucoxanthin in Algae
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“Carotenoids in microalgae are efficient scavengers for singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) and peroxyl radicals (ROO) (Stahl and Sies, 2012).”
BackgroundNutrition: The future of melanoma prevention?
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“Lycopene is thought to be the most effective carotene at reducing oxidative stress, and may be an excellent addition to the diets of patients at risk for melanoma.(75,76) In vitro studies have shown that lycopene also inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-BB, which reduces melanoma-induced fibroblast migration and s…”
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An Overview on Topical Administration of Carotenoids and Coenzyme Q10 Loaded in Lipid Nanoparticles
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“Carotenoid β -carotene and other carotenoids are hypothesized to have disease-preventive properties by scavenging reactive free radicals (60).”
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Development of lycopene micelle and lycopene chylomicron and a comparison of bioavailability
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“What is perhaps less well recognized is that skin carotenoids derived from our diet also have an important lightrelated role in protecting us from photo-oxidative damage resulting from UV exposure.(45) This effect varies across our bodies.”
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“Moreover, β-carotene in the skin increases dermal defense against UV irradiation, supports long-term protection, and contributes to maintenance of skin health and appearance [23].”
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Microbial-Derived Carotenoids and Their Health Benefits
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- Authors
- Stahl, W., & Sies, H.
- Affiliations
- Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine (DE)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 96
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1179S-1184S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098044919
- Cited by
- 277
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- beta-carotene, lycopene, carotenoids, photoprotection, sun protection, dietary supplementation, reactive oxygen species scavenging, phytoene, phytofluene, skin health, antioxidant micronutrients, sunscreen
- MeSH terms
- Carotenoids, Humans, Skin, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, beta Carotene, Sun Protection Factor
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