The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Organization of Behavior
Abstract
Since its publication in 1949, D.O. Hebb's, The Organization of Behavior has been one of the most influential books in the fields of psychology and neuroscience. However, the original edition has been unavailable since 1966, ensuring that Hebb's comment that a classic normally means "cited but not read" is true in his case. This new edition rectifies a long-standing problem for behavioral neuroscientists--the inability to obtain one of the most cited publications in the field. The Organization of Behavior played a significant part in stimulating the investigation of the neural foundations of behavior and continues to be inspiring because it provides a general framework for relating behavior to synaptic organization through the dynamics of neural networks. D.O. Hebb was also the first to examine the mechanisms by which environment and experience can influence brain structure and function, and his ideas formed the basis for work on enriched environments as stimulants for behavioral development. References to Hebb, the Hebbian cell assembly, the Hebb synapse, and the Hebb rule increase each year. These forceful ideas of 1949 are now applied in engineering, robotics, and computer science, as well as neurophysiology, neuroscience, and psychology--a tribute to Hebb's foresight in developing a foundational neuropsychological theory of the organization of behavior.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In biological systems, experiences that are repeatedly co-activated gradually develop stronger associations, a phenomenon often summarized as 'neurons that fire together wire together' (illustrated in Figure 2).”
From HeLa-Mem: Hebbian Learning and Associative Memory for LLM Agents (2026) · cites this paper as Hebb, 2005
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,063 of 1,063
Mechanisms of Action and Persistent Neuroplasticity by Drugs of Abuse
Korpi, E. R., den Hollander, B., Farooq, U., Vashchinkina, E., Rajkumar, R., Nutt, D. J., Hyytiä, P., & Dawe, G. S. (2015) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.115.010967 · Cited by 148
Troyer, T. W., & Doupe, A. J. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.84.3.1204 · Cited by 145
Mechanisms Underlying the Rules for Associative Plasticity at Adult Human Neocortical Synapses
Verhoog, M. B., Goriounova, N. A., Obermayer, J., Stroeder, J., Hjorth, J. J. J., Testa-Silva, G., Baayen, J. C., de Kock, C. P. J., Meredith, R. M., & Mansvelder, H. D. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3158-13.2013 · Cited by 127
Advanced MRI techniques to improve our understanding of experience-induced neuroplasticity
Tardif, C. L., Gauthier, C. J., Steele, C. J., Bazin, P.-L., Schäfer, A., Schaefer, A., Turner, R., & Villringer, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.047 · Cited by 127
Cognit activation: a mechanism enabling temporal integration in working memory
Fuster, J. M., & Bressler, S. L. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.005 · Cited by 139
A kinetic mechanism for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors based on multiple allosteric transitions.
Edelstein, S. J., Schaad, O., Henry, E., Bertrand, D., & Changeux, J.-P. (1996) · Biological Cybernetics · doi:10.1007/s004220050302 · Cited by 134
Redefining neuroendocrinology: Epigenetics of brain-body communication over the life course
McEwen, B. S. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.11.001 · Cited by 129
Time course of clinical change following neurofeedback
Rance, M., Walsh, C., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Pittman, B., Qiu, M., Kichuk, S. A., Wasylink, S., Koller, W. N., Bloch, M., Gruner, P., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.001 · Cited by 124
Perceptual magnet effect in the light of behavioral and psychophysiological data
Aaltonen, O., Eerola, O., Hellström, Å., Uusipaikka, E., & Lang, A. H. (1997) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.418031 · Cited by 122
The spatial self in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder
Noel, J.-P., Cascio, C. J., Wallace, M. T., & Park, S. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.021 · Cited by 120
An Appraisal of Incremental Learning Methods
Luo, Y., Yin, L., Bai, W., & Mao, K. (2020) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e22111190 · Cited by 120
The role of the basal ganglia in category learning
Ashby, F. G., & Ennis, J. M. (2006) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(06)46001-1 · Cited by 120
Functional MRI evidence for LTP-induced neural network reorganization
Canals, S., Beyerlein, M., Merkle, H., & Logothetis, N. K. (2009) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.01.037 · Cited by 114
Memory-based expectations in electrosensory systems
Bell, C. (2001) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(00)00238-5 · Cited by 110
Molnár, G., Rózsa, M., Baka, J., Holderith, N., Barzó, P., Nusser, Z., & Tamás, G. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.18167 · Cited by 111
The scope of usage-based theory
Ibbotson, P. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00255 · Cited by 113
The postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment
Wiesel, T. N. (1982) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1007/bf01119299 · Cited by 110
Depolarizing stimuli regulate nerve growth factor gene expression in cultured hippocampal neurons.
Lu, B., Yokoyama, M., Dreyfus, C. F., & Black, I. B. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.14.6289 · Cited by 109
AI TURNS FIFTY: REVISITING ITS ORIGINS
Cordeschi, R. (2007) · Applied Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1080/08839510701252304 · Cited by 108
Cao, J., Herman, A. B., West, G. B., Poe, G., & Savage, V. M. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba0398 · Cited by 105
Stress-induced remodeling of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons
McEwen, B. S. (2016) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.043 · Cited by 105
Carvalho, T. P., & Buonomano, D. V. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.013 · Cited by 100
Gamma oscillation deficits and the onset and early progression of schizophrenia
Woo, T.-U. W., Spencer, K., & McCarley, R. W. (2010) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673221003747609 · Cited by 96
Diamond, D. M., Park, C. R., & Woodson, J. C. (2004) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.10186 · Cited by 95
Neurophysiology of Remembering
Buzsáki, G., McKenzie, S., & Davachi, L. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-021721-110002 · Cited by 84
Efficacy of intensive aphasia therapy in patients with chronic stroke: a randomised controlled trial
Stahl, B., Mohr, B., Büscher, V., Dreyer, F. R., Lucchese, G., & Pulvermüller, F. (2018) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2017-315962 · Cited by 86
Sambandan, S., Sauer, J.-F., Vida, I., & Bartos, M. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2012-10.2010 · Cited by 82
Neurobiological Basis of Consciousness
Young, G. B., & Pigott, S. E. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.2.153 · Cited by 80
Acquisition of automatic imitation is sensitive to sensorimotor contingency.
Cook, R., Press, C., Dickinson, A., & Heyes, C. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/a0019256 · Cited by 75
Troyer, T. W., & Doupe, A. J. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.84.3.1224 · Cited by 74
Nonlinear dimensionality reduction and mapping of compound libraries for drug discovery
Reutlinger, M., & Schneider, G. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.jmgm.2011.12.006 · Cited by 72
Advances in Electrophysiological Research
Kamarajan, C. (2015) · Alcohol Research: Current Reviews · doi:10.35946/arcr.v37.1.05 · Cited by 72
Why children with ADHD do not have low IQs
Schuck, S. E. B., & Crinella, F. M. (2005) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194050380030701 · Cited by 64
Cranial capacity and neuron number: A critique and proposal
Holloway, R. L. (1966) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330250310 · Cited by 64
Komlósi, G., Molnár, G., Rózsa, M., Oláh, S., Barzó, P., & Tamás, G. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2618-12.2012 · Cited by 57
Maternal regulation of infant brain state
Sarro, E. C., Wilson, D. A., & Sullivan, R. M. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.017 · Cited by 61
Zbozinek, T. D., & Craske, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.052615 · Cited by 61
Horn, G., Nicol, A. U., & Brown, M. W. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.091094798 · Cited by 61
Markham, J. A., Herting, M. M., Luszpak, A. E., Juraska, J. M., & Greenough, W. T. (2009) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.087 · Cited by 58
Holguin, S., Huang, Y., Liu, J., & Wurtman, R. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.042 · Cited by 57
Learning-induced alterations in prefrontal cortical dendritic morphology
Comeau, W. L., McDonald, R. J., & Kolb, B. E. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.033 · Cited by 53
Chiu, C., & Weliky, M. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00867-x · Cited by 51
Executive Functioning and Intelligence
Duggan, E. C., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2015) · Handbook of Intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1562-0_27 · Cited by 48
The neurophysiological bases of high IQ
Robinson, D. L. (1989) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207458908986260 · Cited by 45
Neural and phenotypic representation under the free-energy principle
Ramstead, M. J. D., Hesp, C., Tschantz, A., Smith, R., Constant, A., & Friston, K. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.024 · Cited by 43
Le Duigou, C., Savary, E., Kullmann, D. M., & Miles, R. (2015) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0956-15.2015 · Cited by 33
Early brain wiring: activity-dependent processes
Penn, A. A. (2001) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006880 · Cited by 37
Towards an integrative theory of consciousness: Part 1 (Neurobiological and cognitive models)
De Sousa, A. (2013) · Mens Sana Monographs · doi:10.4103/0973-1229.109335 · Cited by 33
Buzzell, G. A., Troller-Renfree, S. V., Wade, M., Debnath, R., Morales, S., Bowers, M. E., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2020) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100777 · Cited by 30
Lee, N. R., Wallace, G. L., Raznahan, A., Clasen, L. S., & Giedd, J. N. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00496 · Cited by 30
A Rating Scale for Psychotic Symptoms (RSPS)
Chouinard, G., & Miller, R. (1999) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00012-2 · Cited by 26
Event-related potential variability as a measure of information storage in infant development
Thomas, D. G., Whitaker, E., Crow, C. D., Little, V., Love, L., Lykins, M. S., & Letterman, M. (1997) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565649709540678 · Cited by 24
Discussion: McCulloch-Pitts and related neural nets from 1943 to 1989
Cowan, J. D. (1990) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/bf02459569 · Cited by 22
Self-organized Learning by Self-Enforcing Networks
Klüver, C., & Klüver, J. (2013) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38679-4_52 · Cited by 17
Salami, M., Fathollahi, Y., Esteky, H., Motamedi, F., & Atapour, N. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00034-0 · Cited by 15
Resting state neural networks and energy metabolism
Noack, R., Manjesh, C., Ruszinko, M., Siegelmann, H., & Kozma, R. (2017) · 2017 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2017.7965859 · Cited by 12
PDR - a multi-level model of fear and pain
Bolles, R. C., & Fanselow, M. S. (1980) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00005136 · Cited by 9
Karabanov, A., Ziemann, U., Hamada, M., George, M. S., Quartarone, A., Classen, J., Massimini, M., Rothwell, J., & Siebner, H. R. (2015) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.06.016 · Cited by 5
Do the Modern Neurosciences Call for a New Model of Organizational Cognition?
Seni, D. A. (2012) · Science & Education · doi:10.1007/s11191-011-9385-9 · Cited by 3
HeLa-Mem: Hebbian Learning and Associative Memory for LLM Agents
Zhu, J., Li, J., Zhang, C., Liu, J., & Yang, M. (2026) · Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · doi:10.18653/v1/2026.acl-long.625 · Cited by 2
Cortico-hippocampal communication by way of parallel parahippocampal-subicular pathways.
Lavenex (2000) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:4 · Cited by 1
HeLa-Mem: Hebbian Learning and Associative Memory for LLM Agents
Zhu, J., Li, J., Zhang, C., Liu, J., & Yang, M. (2026) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2604.16839
Metadata
- Authors
- Hebb, D. O.
- Corresponding author
- Hebb, D.O.
- Venue
- Psychology Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Psychology Press
- Published
- 2005-04-11
- Pages
- 43-54
- OpenAlex
- W22297218
- Cited by
- 9,825
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 116 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 145 · 2022: 142 · 2021: 217 · 2020: 252 · 2019: 223 · 2018: 244 · 2017: 236 · 2016: 259 · 2015: 283 · 2014: 319 · 2013: 306 · 2012: 258
- FWCI
- 91.14
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- The MIT Press eBooks
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurology and Historical Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- synaptic organization, artificial neural networks, Hebbian learning rule, environmental enrichment, experience-dependent brain development, neuropsychological theory, history of neuroscience
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review