The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Medical Hazards of Obesity
Abstract
The medical hazards of obesity are discussed. Risks include insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Obesity is also associated with gallbladder disease and some forms of cancer as well as sleep apnea, chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia, and degenerative joint disease. Obesity is an independent risk factor for death from coronary heart disease. A central distribution of body fat enhances the risk for most of these conditions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961
The Continuing Epidemics of Obesity and Diabetes in the United States
Mokdad, A. H. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.10.1195 · Cited by 2,730
Pharmacologic Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-131-4-199908170-00008 · Cited by 1,173
Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998.
Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Nelson, D. E., Engelgau, M. M., Vinicor, F., & Marks, J. S. (2000) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.23.9.1278 · Cited by 1,042
Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant
McLaughlin, T., Abbasi, F., Cheal, K., Chu, J., Lamendola, C., & Reaven, G. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-139-10-200311180-00007 · Cited by 1,022
Davidson, M. H., Hauptman, J., DiGirolamo, M., Foreyt, J. P., Halsted, C. H., Heber, D., Heimburger, D. C., Lucas, C. P., Robbins, D. C., Chung, J., et al. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.3.235 · Cited by 947
Psychological correlates of obesity: Moving to the next research generation.
Friedman, M. A., & Brownell, K. D. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.3 · Cited by 863
Onyike, C. U. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg275 · Cited by 827
Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity
Li, Z., Maglione, M., Tu, W., Mojica, W., Arterburn, D., Shugarman, L. R., Hilton, L., Suttorp, M., Solomon, V., Shekelle, P. G., et al. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00012 · Cited by 774
Douketis, J. D., Macie, C., Thabane, L., & Williamson, D. F. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802982 · Cited by 665
Are Health Care Professionals Advising Obese Patients to Lose Weight?
Galuska, D. A. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.282.16.1576 · Cited by 640
Development of a brief measure to assess quality of life in obesity
Kolotkin, R. L., Crosby, R. D., Kosloski, K. D., & Williams, G. R. (2001) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2001.13 · Cited by 641
Behavioral treatment of obesity
Butryn, M. L., Webb, V., & Wadden, T. A. (2011) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.006 · Cited by 636
Obesity in general elective surgery
Dindo, D., Muller, M. K., Weber, M., & Clavien, P.-A. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13640-9 · Cited by 630
Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance
Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Nieuwenhuizen, A., Tomé, D., Soenen, S., & Westerterp, K. R. (2009) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141056 · Cited by 570
Klein, S., Sheard, N. F., Pi-Sunyer, X., Daly, A., Wylie-Rosett, J., Kulkarni, K., & Clark, N. G. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.8.2067 · Cited by 540
Stiegler, P., & Cunliffe, A. (2006) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200636030-00005 · Cited by 474
Weight Gain Continues in the 1990s: 10-year Trends in Weight and Overweight from the CARDIA Study
Lewis, C. E., Jacobs, D. R., McCreath, H., Kiefe, C. I., Schreiner, P. J., Smith, D. E., & Williams, O. D. (2000) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010167 · Cited by 468
Dietary protein: its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health.
Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Lemmens, S. G., & Westerterp, K. R. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512002589 · Cited by 443
Dietary Fiber and Energy Regulation
Burton-Freeman, B. (2000) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/130.2.272s · Cited by 432
The metabolic syndrome: requiescat in pace
Reaven, G. M. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.048611 · Cited by 427
Protein-induced satiety: Effects and mechanisms of different proteins
Veldhorst, M., Smeets, A., Soenen, S., Hochstenbach-Waelen, A., Hursel, R., Diepvens, K., Lejeune, M., Luscombe-Marsh, N., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.01.003 · Cited by 416
Nyholm, M., Gullberg, B., Merlo, J., Lundqvist‐Persson, C., Råstam, L., & Lindblad, U. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.536 · Cited by 392
Eriksson, J., Lindström, J., Valle, T., Aunola, S., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Lauhkonen, M., Lehto, P., et al. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051229 · Cited by 368
Ectopic fat and insulin resistance: pathophysiology and effect of diet and lifestyle interventions.
Snel, M., Jonker, J. T., Schoones, J., Lamb, H., de Roos, A., Pijl, H., Smit, J. W. A., Meinders, A. E., & Jazet, I. M. (2012) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2012/983814 · Cited by 368
Sleep-related breathing disorders, loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness in obese subjects
Resta, O., Foschino-Barbaro, M., Legari, G., Talamo, S., Bonfitto, P., Palumbo, A., Minenna, A., Giorgino, R., & De Pergola, G. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801603 · Cited by 356
Weight loss during the intensive intervention phase of the weight-loss maintenance trial
Hollis, J. F., Gullion, C. M., Stevens, V. J., Brantley, P. J., Appel, L. J., Ard, J. D., Champagne, C. M., Dalcin, A., Erlinger, T. P., Funk, K., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.04.013 · Cited by 321
Bupropion SR Enhances Weight Loss: A 48‐Week Double‐Blind, Placebo‐ Controlled Trial
Anderson, J. W., Greenway, F. L., Fujioka, K., Gadde, K. M., McKenney, J., & O'Neil, P. M. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.86 · Cited by 315
Behavioral Treatment of Obesity
Wadden, T. A., & Foster, G. D. (2000) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70230-3 · Cited by 309
The metabolic effects of antipsychotic medications
Newcomer, J. W., & Haupt, D. W. (2006) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370605100803 · Cited by 315
Physical Attractiveness and Health in Western Societies: A Review.
Weeden, J., & Sabini, J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.635 · Cited by 301
AGA technical review on obesity
Klein, S., Wadden, T., & Sugerman, H. J. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.35514 · Cited by 274
Norris, S. L., Zhang, X., Avenell, A., Gregg, E., Bowman, B., Serdula, M., Brown, T. J., Schmid, C. H., & Lau, J. (2004) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.05.024 · Cited by 253
Higher BMI is associated with worse asthma control and quality of life but not asthma severity
Lavoie, K. L., Bacon, S. L., Labrecque, M., Cartier, A., & Ditto, B. (2006) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2005.08.001 · Cited by 243
Atkinson, R. L. (1993) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510080071034 · Cited by 230
The renin-angiotensin system and natriuretic peptides in obesity-associated hypertension
Engeli, S., & Sharma, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001090000144 · Cited by 225
Allison, D., Zhu, S., Plankey, M., Faith, M., & Heo, M. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801925 · Cited by 221
Childhood obesity: future directions and research priorities
Hill, J. O., & Trowbridge, F. L. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.101.3.570 · Cited by 200
Lifetime health and economic benefits of weight loss among obese persons.
Oster, G., Thompson, D., Edelsberg, J., Bird, A. P., & Colditz, G. A. (1999) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.89.10.1536 · Cited by 193
Does obesity contribute as much to morbidity as poverty or smoking?
Sturm, R. (2001) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/s0033-3506(01)00449-8 · Cited by 194
The prevalence and determinants of obesity in adults with intellectual disabilities
Melville, C. A., Hamilton, S., Hankey, C. R., Miller, S., & Boyle, S. (2007) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2006.00296.x · Cited by 170
Helsel, D. L., Jakicic, J. M., & Otto, A. D. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.07.014 · Cited by 169
Facial Adiposity: A Cue to Health?
Coetzee, V., Perrett, D. I., & Stephen, I. D. (2009) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6423 · Cited by 157
The Epidemiology of Central Fat Distribution in Relation to Disease
Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2004) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00081.x · Cited by 153
Self-citationHackman, C., & Knowlden, A. (2014) · Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s56207 · Cited by 132
Pharmacotherapy for weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Norris, S. L., Zhang, X., Avenell, A., Gregg, E., Schmid, C. H., & Lau, J. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004096.pub2 · Cited by 113
Effect of preoperative body mass index on weight loss after obesity surgery
Ochner, C. N., Jochner, M. C. E., Caruso, E. A., Teixeira, J., & Xavier Pi-Sunyer, F. (2013) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2012.12.009 · Cited by 96
Veldhorst, M. A. B., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., Hochstenbach-Waelen, A., Westerterp, K. R., Engelen, M. P. K. J., Brummer, R.-J. M., Deutz, N. E. P., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.11.014 · Cited by 94
Luxus consumption: wasting food resources through overeating
Blair, D., & Sobal, J. (2006) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-004-5869-4 · Cited by 92
The association between body mass and health care expenditures
Heithoff, K. A., Cuffel, B. J., Kennedy, S., & Peters, J. (1997) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0149-2918(97)80104-x · Cited by 70
Improvement of Metabolism among Obese Breast Cancer Survivors in Differing Weight Loss Regimens
Jen, K. ‐. C., Djuric, Z., DiLaura, N. M., Buison, A., Redd, J. N., Maranci, V., & Hryniuk, W. M. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.38 · Cited by 59
Body composition and gonadal steroids in older white and black women
Kleerekoper, M., Nelson, D. A., Peterson, E. L., Wilson, P. S., Jacobsen, G., & Longcope, C. (1994) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.79.3.8077360 · Cited by 59
Rural‐Urban Differences in Obesity1
Sobal, J., Troiano, R. P., & Frongillo, E. A. (1996) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1996.tb00621.x · Cited by 46
Economic Outcomes of the Obese Patient
Wolf, A. M. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.191 · Cited by 46
How effective are lifestyle changes in the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2008) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00287.x · Cited by 40
Self-citationRisk factors for failed induction of labor among pregnant women with Class III obesity
Kerbage, Y., Senat, M. V., Drumez, E., Subtil, D., Vayssiere, C., & Deruelle, P. (2020) · Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.13794 · Cited by 38
van den Broek-Altenburg, E., Atherly, A., & Holladay, E. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13176-y · Cited by 27
Effects of the sibutramine therapy on pulmonary artery pressure in obese patients
Guven, A., Koksal, N., Cetinkaya, A., Sokmen, G., & Ozdemir, R. (2004) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00314.x · Cited by 20
Li, Z., Hong, K., Yip, I., Huerta, S., Bowerman, S., Walker, J., Wang, H., Elashoff, R., Go, V. L. W., & Heber, D. (2003) · Current Therapeutic Research · doi:10.1016/s0011-393x(03)00126-7 · Cited by 18
The effect of orlistat on weight reduction in obese and overweight Korean patients
Ahn, S. M., Kim, H., Ji, E., Han, N., & Oh, J. M. (2014) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-013-0201-8 · Cited by 14
Thomson, Z. O., Kelly, J. T., Sainsbury, A., & Reeves, M. M. (2021) · Menopause · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000001684 · Cited by 13
Ptomey, L. T., Washburn, R. A., Goetz, J. R., Sullivan, D. K., Gibson, C. A., Mayo, M. S., Krebill, R., Gorczyca, A. M., Honas, J. J., Rice, A. M., et al. (2023) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12972 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Pi-Sunyer, F. X.
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 1993-10-01
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 7_Part_2
- Pages
- 655-660
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- OpenAlex
- W2161001082
- Cited by
- 1,371
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 31.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.