Neurocomputational mechanisms of confidence in self and others
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Computing confidence in one's own and others' decisions is critical for social success. While there has been substantial progress in our understanding of confidence estimates about oneself, little is known about how people form confidence estimates about others. Here, we address this question by asking participants undergoing fMRI to place bets on perceptual decisions made by themselves or one of three other players of varying ability. We show that participants compute confidence in another player's decisions by combining distinct estimates of player ability and decision difficulty - allowing them to predict that a good player may get a difficult decision wrong and that a bad player may get an easy decision right. We find that this computation is associated with an interaction between brain systems implicated in decision-making (LIP) and theory of mind (TPJ and dmPFC). These results reveal an interplay between self- and other-related processes during a social confidence computation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Recent brain imaging studies suggest that propositional confidence formation in self and other draws on distinct brain networks, but dorsomedial PFC may act as a common node for furnishing model-based information for both metacognition and mentalizing.
“Recent brain imaging studies suggest that propositional confidence formation in self and other draws on distinct brain networks (Bang et al. 2022, Jiang et al. 2022), but dorsomedial PFC may act as a common node for furnishing model-based information for both metacognition and mentalizing ( Jiang et al. 2022, Wittmann et al. 2016).”
From Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis (2024) · cites this paper as Bang et al. 2022
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED: A mathematical model explains saturating axon guidance responses to molecular gradients
Nguyen, H., Dayan, P., Pujic, Z., Cooper-White, J. J., & Goodhill, G. J. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.12248 · Cited by 1,223 · see citing works
RetractedProspect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1914185 · Cited by 48,524 · see citing works
Brainard, D. H. (1997) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856897x00357 · Cited by 19,308 · see citing works
The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies
Pelli, D. G. (1997) · Spatial Vision · doi:10.1163/156856897x00366 · Cited by 11,110 · see citing works
Ashburner, J., & Friston, K. J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018 · Cited by 7,507 · see citing works
(2015) · doi:10.1007/s11222-016-9696-4 · Cited by 5,611 · see citing works
Meeting of minds: the medial frontal cortex and social cognition
Amodio, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1884 · Cited by 3,782 · see citing works
Cluster failure: why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates
Eklund, A., Nichols, T. E., & Knutsson, H. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1602413113 · Cited by 3,487 · see citing works
Buckner, R. L., & Carroll, D. C. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.11.004 · Cited by 2,691 · see citing works
The Social Brain: Neural Basis of Social Knowledge
Adolphs, R. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
Neural Basis of a Perceptual Decision in the Parietal Cortex (Area LIP) of the Rhesus Monkey
Shadlen, M. N., & Newsome, W. T. (2001) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1916 · Cited by 1,755 · see citing works
Khalifa, A. A. Z., Ichikawa, M., Dai, D., Kubo, S., Black, C. S., Peri, K., McAlear, T. S., Veyron, S., Yang, S. K., Vargas, J., et al. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.52760 · Cited by 1,676 · see citing works
Neuronal correlates of a perceptual decision
Newsome, W. T., Britten, K. H., & Movshon, J. A. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/341052a0 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
Consolidation alters motor sequence-specific distributed representations
Pinsard, B., Boutin, A., Gabitov, E., Lungu, O., Benali, H., & Doyon, J. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.39324 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual responses of neurons in macaque MT
Britten, K. H., Newsome, W. T., Shadlen, M. N., Celebrini, S., & Movshon, J. A. (1996) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s095252380000715x · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex
Kiani, R., & Shadlen, M. N. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1169405 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
Modeling Geometric Deformations in EPI Time Series
Andersson, J., Hutton, C., Ashburner, J., Turner, R., & Friston, K. J. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0746 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Social Cognition
Frith, C. D., & Frith, U. (2012) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449 · Cited by 973 · see citing works
Associative learning of social value
Behrens, T. E. J., Hunt, L. T., Woolrich, M. W., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07538 · Cited by 925 · see citing works
Uniquely human social cognition
Saxe, R. (2006) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.001 · Cited by 919 · see citing works
Ten simple rules for the computational modeling of behavioral data
Wilson, R. C., & Collins, A. G. E. (2019) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.49547 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Decision Making as a Window on Cognition
Shadlen, M. N., & Kiani, R. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.047 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Receiving other people’s advice: Influence and benefit
Yaniv, I. (2004) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2003.08.002 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
How we know our own minds: The relationship between mindreading and metacognition
Carruthers, P. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000545 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
The evolution of overconfidence
JOHNSON, D. D. P., & Fowler, J. H. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10384 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
Responses of neurons in macaque MT to stochastic motion signals
Britten, K. H., Shadlen, M. N., Newsome, W. T., & Movshon, J. A. (1993) · Visual Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/s0952523800010269 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Confidence and certainty: Distinct probabilistic quantities for different goals
Pouget, A., Drugowitsch, J., & Kepecs, A. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4240 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Mars, R. B., Sallet, J., Schuffelgen, U., Jbabdi, S., Toni, I., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr268 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Self-Evaluation of Decision-Making: A General Bayesian Framework for Metacognitive Computation
Fleming, S. M., & Daw, N. D. (2017) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000045 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Self-citationMars, R. B., Jbabdi, S., Sallet, J., O’Reilly, J. X., Croxson, P. L., Olivier, E., Noonan, M. P., Bergmann, C., Mitchell, A. S., Baxter, M. G., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5102-10.2011 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Prefrontal Contributions to Metacognition in Perceptual Decision Making
Fleming, S. M., Huijgen, J., & Dolan, R. J. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6489-11.2012 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain mediators of predictive cue effects on perceived pain
Atlas, L. Y., Bolger, N., Lindquist, M. A., & Wager, T. D. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0057-10.2010 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Inferences about mental states
Mitchell, J. P. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0318 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Neubert, F.-X., Mars, R. B., Sallet, J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1410767112 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Brain Areas Sensitive to Coherent Visual Motion
Braddick, O., O'Brien, J. M. D., Wattam-Bell, J., Atkinson, J., Hartley, T., & Turner, R. (2001) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p3048 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Confidence as Bayesian probability: From neural origins to behavior
Meyniel, F., Sigman, M., & Mainen, Z. F. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.039 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Against simulation: the argument from error
Saxe, R. R. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.01.012 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The construction of confidence in a perceptual decision
Zylberberg, A., Barttfeld, P., & Sigman, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00079 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Neural Coding of Uncertainty and Probability
Ma, W. J., & Jazayeri, M. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014017 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
A common mechanism underlies changes of mind about decisions and confidence
van den Berg, R., Anandalingam, K., Zylberberg, A., Kiani, R., Shadlen, M. N., & Wolpert, D. M. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.12192 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Repetition suppression: a means to index neural representations using BOLD?
Barron, H. C., Garvert, M. M., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0355 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
An Agent Independent Axis for Executed and Modeled Choice in Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Nicolle, A., Klein-Flügge, M. C., Hunt, L. T., Vlaev, I., Dolan, R. J., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.023 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Distinct encoding of decision confidence in human medial prefrontal cortex
Bang, D., & Fleming, S. M. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1800795115 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationIs There a ‘Social’ Brain? Implementations and Algorithms
Lockwood, P. L., Apps, M. A. J., & Chang, S. W. C. (2020) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.06.011 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-Other Mergence in the Frontal Cortex during Cooperation and Competition
Wittmann, M. K., Kolling, N., Faber, N. S., Scholl, J., Nelissen, N., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.06.022 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Neural mediators of changes of mind about perceptual decisions
Fleming, S. M., van der Putten, E. J., & Daw, N. D. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0104-6 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Tracking of Expertise
Boorman, E. D., O’Doherty, J. P., Adolphs, R., & Rangel, A. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.024 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Confidence matching in group decision-making
Bang, D., Aitchison, L., Moran, R., Herce Castanon, S., Rafiee, B., Mahmoodi, A., Lau, J. Y. F., Latham, P. E., Bahrami, B., & Summerfield, C. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0117 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationDoubly Bayesian Analysis of Confidence in Perceptual Decision-Making
Aitchison, L., Bang, D., Bahrami, B., & Latham, P. E. (2015) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004519 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationComparing Bayesian and non-Bayesian accounts of human confidence reports
Adler, W. T., & Ma, W. J. (2018) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006572 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Equality bias impairs collective decision-making across cultures
Mahmoodi, A., Bang, D., Olsen, K., Zhao, Y. A., Shi, Z., Broberg, K., Safavi, S., Han, S., Ahmadabadi, M. N., Frith, C., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1421692112 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationBang, D., Fusaroli, R., Tylén, K., Olsen, K., Latham, P. E., Lau, J. Y. F., Roepstorff, A., Rees, G. E., Frith, C., & Bahrami, B. (2014) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.02.002 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisions
Gherman, S., & Philiastides, M. G. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.38293 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Samaha, J., Barrett, J. J., Sheldon, A. D., LaRocque, J. J., & Postle, B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00851 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Neural computations underpinning the strategic management of influence in advice giving
Hertz, U., Palminteri, S., Brunetti, S., Olesen, C., Frith, C. D., & Bahrami, B. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02314-5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Effects of loss aversion on post-decision wagering: Implications for measures of awareness
Fleming, S. M., & Dolan, R. J. (2009) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.11.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationDistinct neural contributions to metacognition for detecting, but not discriminating visual stimuli
Mazor, M., Friston, K. J., & Fleming, S. M. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.53900 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationFormation of global self-beliefs in the human brain
Rouault, M., & Fleming, S. M. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2003094117 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased striatal activity in adolescence benefits learning
Peters, S., & Crone, E. A. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02174-z · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Disentangling the origins of confidence in speeded perceptual judgments through multimodal imaging
Pereira, M., Faivre, N., Iturrate, I., Wirthlin, M., Serafini, L., Martin, S., Desvachez, A., Blanke, O., Van De Ville, D., & Millán, J. D. R. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1918335117 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Khalvati, K., Kiani, R., & Rao, R. P. N. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25419-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Human visual and parietal cortex encode visual choices independent of motor plans
Hebart, M. N., Donner, T. H., & Haynes, J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.027 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Causal manipulation of self-other mergence in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
Wittmann, M. K., Trudel, N., Trier, H. A., Klein-Flügge, M. C., Sel, A., Verhagen, L., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.027 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Private–public mappings in human prefrontal cortex
Bang, D., Ershadmanesh, S., Nili, H., & Fleming, S. M. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.56477 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman VMPFC encodes early signatures of confidence in perceptual decisionsPreprint
Gherman, S., & Philiastides, M. G. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/224337 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Learning to Make Collective Decisions: The Impact of Confidence Escalation
Mahmoodi, A., Bang, D., Ahmadabadi, M. N., & Bahrami, B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081195 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [37]Saxe R Uniquely human social cognition Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2006 16 235 239 10.1016/j.conb.2006.03.001 16546372 · DOI · Paper page
- [38]Frith CD Frith U Mechanisms of social cognition Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2012 63 287 313 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449 21838544 · DOI · Paper page
- [41]Fleming SM Van Der Putten EJ Daw ND Neural mediators of changes of mind about perceptual decisions Nat. Neurosci. 2018 21 617 624 10.1038/s41593-018-0104-6 29531361 PMC5878683 · DOI · Paper page
- [57]Green, D. & Swets, J. Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics (Wiley, 1966).
- [58]Kucukelbir A Ranganath R Gelman A Blei DM Automatic variational inference in Stan Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 2015 28 568 576
Cited by
Sorted by citations
How human–AI feedback loops alter human perceptual, emotional and social judgements
Glickman, M., & Sharot, T. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-02077-2 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Metacognition and Confidence: A Review and Synthesis
Fleming, S. M. (2024) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-022423-032425 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Self-citationThe future of metacognition research: Balancing construct breadth with measurement rigor
Katyal, S., & Fleming, S. M. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2023.11.002 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationManipulating Prior Beliefs Causally Induces Under- and Overconfidence
Marcke, H. V., Denmat, P. L., Verguts, T., & Desender, K. (2024) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976241231572 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Metacognition and confidence: A review and synthesisPreprint
Fleming, S. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ge7tz · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural activity tracking identity and confidence in social information
Trudel, N., Lockwood, P. L., Rushworth, M. F. S., & Wittmann, M. K. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.71315 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Ding, S., Pan, X., Hu, L., & Liu, L. (2025) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2025.110872 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Reduced neural encoding of utility prediction errors in cocaine addiction
Konova, A. B., Ceceli, A. O., Horga, G., Moeller, S. J., Nelly Alia-klein, A., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Manipulating prior beliefs causally induces under- and overconfidence
Van Marcke, H., Le Denmat, P., Verguts, T., & Desender, K. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.01.482511 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Wang, M., Lou, E. G., Sapoval, N., Kim, E., Kalvapalle, P. B., Kille, B. L., Elworth, R. A. L., Liu, Y., Fu, Y., Stadler, L. B., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49957-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
PACT - Prediction of amyloid cross-interaction by threading
Wojciechowski, J. W., Szczurek, W., Szulc, N., Szefczyk, M., & Kotulska, M. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48886-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Frontopolar Cortex Interacts With Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Causally Guide Metacognition
Kapetaniou, G. E., Moisa, M., Ruff, C. C., Tobler, P. N., & Soutschek, A. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70146 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Interpersonal alignment of neural evidence accumulation to social exchange of confidence
Esmaily, J., Zabbah, S., Bahrami, B., & Ebrahimpour, R. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.83722 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Reactivity to confidence ratings: evidence of impaired rule-learning
Double, K. S., Goldwater, M. B., & Birney, D. P. (2025) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-025-09413-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Confidence judgments interfere with perceptual decision making
Double, K. S., & Birney, D. P. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-64575-7 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-supervised image restoration in coherent X-ray neuronal microscopyPreprint
Laugros, A., Cloetens, P., Bosch, C., Schoonhoven, R., Pavlovic, L., Kuan, A. T., Livingstone, J., Zhang, Y., Kim, M., Hendriksen, A. A., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.10.633538 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Older adults are relatively more susceptible to impulsive social influence than young adults
Su, Z., Garvert, M. M., Zhang, L., Manohar, S., Vogel, T. A., Thomas, L., Balsters, J. H., Masud Husain, B., Apps, M. A. J., & Lockwood, P. L. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00134-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dai, C., Peng, Z., Wang, L., Song, T., Lin, X., Xu, M., & Shao, Y. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107973 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Metacognition facilitates theory of mind through optimal weighting of trait inferences
Long, E. L., Catmur, C., Fleming, S. M., & Bird, G. (2024) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2024.106042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationSu, Z., Garvert, M. M., Zhang, L., Vogel, T. A., Cutler, J., Husain, M., Manohar, S., & Lockwood, P. L. (2025) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003079 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Miyamoto, K., Harbison, C., Tanaka, S., Saito, M., Luo, S., Matsui, S., Sankhe, P., Mahmoodi, A., Lin, M., Trudel, N., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55202-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ding, S. Z., Pan, X., Hu, L., & Qu, Q. (2026) · International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics · doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2026.103932 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Baer, C., Engelmann, J. M., & Kidd, C. (2025) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.70027 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Illusions of Confidence in Artificial SystemsPreprint
Colombatto, C., & Fleming, S. M. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/mjx2v · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationActive disambiguation guides inferring controllability and cause in social interactions
Spiering, L., Trier, H. A., O’Reilly, J. X., Kolling, N., Wittmann, M. K., Rushworth, M. F. S., & Scholl, J. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-67853-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Unveiling consistency in flexibility: the role of reward and cognitive control in moral decisionsPreprint
Xu, X. J., Yang, G., Huang, J., Wang, R., & Wu, H. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.17.545416 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Two prefrontal-subcortical circuits estimate controllability and reflect its impact on learning
Liu, Y., Spiering, L., Luo, S., Kingston, N., Grohn, J., & Rushworth, M. F. S. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.07.029 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Payoff designs in post-decision wagering: a systematic review
Weise, L. (2024) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-024-09411-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neural correlates of Bayesian social belief updating in the medial prefrontal cortex
Hofmans, L., & van den Bos, W. (2025) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaf251 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Yong, X., Ma, Y., & Korn, C. W. (2026) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3003694 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Towards an integrative neuroscience of metacognition
Fleming, S. M. (2026) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01081-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBeliefs about accuracy shape confidence attributions to humans and artificial agents
Colombatto, C., & Fleming, S. M. (2026) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-026-00445-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe social verification of implicit knowledge in dyads: the mediating role of confidence
Вадимович, Т. Р., & Moroshkina, N. V. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2023.2220924 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oxytocin Modulates the Neurocomputational Mechanisms Engaged in Learning Social HierarchyPreprint
Liu, J., Qu, C., Phillipe, R., Li, S., Derrington, E. A., Corgnet, B., & Dreher, J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4514360 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
What confidence and the eyes can tell about interacting with a partnerPreprint
Sanchez, R., Tomei, A.-C., Mamassian, P., Vidal, M., & Desantis, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.24.529874
Temporoparietal Junction Mediates Social Projection in MentalizingPreprint
Jiang, S., Wang, S., & Wan, X. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4816982
Nguyen, P.-N. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.23.604746 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Temporoparietal Junction Selectively Mediates Social Projection in Mentalizing
Jiang, S., Wang, S., & Wan, X. (2025) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-025-01483-4
Deciding When to Align: Computational and Neural Mechanisms of Goal-Directed Social Alignment
Sobeh, A., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15111200
- Authors
- Bang, D., Moran, R., Daw, N. D., & Fleming, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bang, Dan
- Fleming, Stephen M.
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2022-07-22
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4238-4238
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9307648
- OpenAlex
- W4286697375
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 4.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (213630/Z/18/Z)
- John Templeton Foundation (61454)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Keywords
- social confidence, perceptual decision making, decision difficulty, lateral intraparietal area, theory of mind, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Decision Making, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
