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The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence
Open accessAbstract
Rationale Genetic and environmental influences on the development of alcohol and drug dependence are equally important. Exposure to early life stress, that is unfortunately common in the general population, has been shown to predict a wide range of psychopathology, including addiction.Objective This review will look at the characteristics of early life stress that may be specific predictors for adolescent and adult alcohol and drug dependence and will focus on studies in humans, non-human primates and rodents.Results Experiencing maltreatment and cumulative stressful life events prior to puberty and particularly in the first few years of life is associated with early onset of problem drinking in adolescence and alcohol and drug dependence in early adulthood. Early life stress can result in permanent neurohormonal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis changes, morphological changes in the brain, and gene expression changes in the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway, all of which are implicated in the development of addiction. However, a large proportion of children who have experienced even severe early life stress do not develop psychopathology indicating that mediating factors such as gene-environment interactions and family and peer relationships are important for resilience.Conclusions There appears to be a direct pathway from chronic stress exposure in pre-pubertal children via adolescent problem drinking to alcohol and drug dependence in early adulthood. However, this route can be moderated by genetic and environmental factors. The role that gene-environment interactions play in the risk-resilience balance is being increasingly recognized.
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“experiencing maltreatment and cumulative stress prior to puberty and particularly in the first few years of early life is associated with early onset of problem drinking in early adulthood”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
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“Early-onset adolescent exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and drugs of abuse also predicts later AUD and substance use disorder and alcohol-and drug-related problems (Grant et al., 2001;Englund et al., 2008;Enoch, 2011).”
From Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development (2021) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
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“environmental stressors can swamp genetic influences”
From A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH (2014) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
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“Exposure to childhood trauma is a major risk factor for the development and maintenance of AUD (De Bellis, 2002) and predicts an earlier onset of heavy drinking (Waldrop et al., 2007;Enoch, 2011).”
From Drug Addiction: Hyperkatifeia/Negative Reinforcement as a Framework for Medications Development (2021) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
In the citing paper
“The effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE; e.g. physical, psychological, or environmental threats to stable and functional development) on drug dependence (Benjet et al., 2013; Enoch, 2011; Mersky et al., 2013) and HPA axis function are also salient (Carpenter et al., 2011; Heim et al., 2002; MacMillan et al., 2009).”
From Effects of adverse childhood experiences on the association between intranasal oxytocin and social stress reactivity among individuals with cocaine dependence (2015) · cites this paper as Enoch, 2011
In the citing paper
“Similar findings have also been reported in humans, where adverse childhood experiences were associated with increased likelihood of alcohol use during adolescence and of alcohol abuse as an adult (Dube, Anda, Felitti, Edwards, & Croft, 2002; Dube et al., 2006; Enoch, 2011).”
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“…risk factors, including impulsivity, exposure to early adversity, or other pre-existing conditions (such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and conduct disorder) may lead to early-onset drug use if not addressed (Enoch, 2011; Mannuzza et al., 2008; Verdejo-Garcia et al., 2008).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Enoch, M.-A.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Enoch, Mary-Anne
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2010-07-02
- Volume
- 214
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 17-31
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC3005022
- OpenAlex
- W2073997424
- Cited by
- 668
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (ZIAAA000306)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- early life stress, alcoholism, drug addiction, child abuse, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, gene-environment interaction, resilience, neuroplasticity, addiction risk
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Alcoholism, Animals, Child, Forecasting, Humans, Life Change Events, Primates, Rodentia, Stress, Psychological, Substance-Related Disorders, Resilience, Psychological
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