The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 75 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process
Open accessAbstract
Conflict in specific family systems (e.g., interparental, parent–child) has been implicated in the development of a host of adjustment problems in adolescence, but little is known about the impact of family conflict involving multiple family systems. Furthermore, questions remain about the effects of family conflict on symptoms of specific disorders and adjustment problems and the processes mediating these effects. The present study prospectively examines the impact of family conflict and emotional security about the family system on adolescent symptoms of specific disorders and adjustment problems, including the development of symptoms of anxiety, depression, conduct problems, and peer problems. Security in the family system was examined as a mediator of these relations. Participants included 295 mother-father-adolescent families (149 girls) participating across three annual time points (grades 7–9). Including auto-regressive controls for initial levels of emotional insecurity and multiple adjustment problems (T1), higher-order emotional insecurity about the family system (T2) mediated relations between T1 family conflict and T3 peer problems, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Further analyses supported specific patterns of emotional security/insecurity (i.e., security, disengagement, preoccupation) as mediators between family conflict and specific domains of adolescent adjustment. Family conflict was thus found to prospectively predict the development of symptoms of multiple specific adjustment problems, including symptoms of depression, anxiety, conduct problems, and peer problems, by elevating in in adolescent’s emotional insecurity about the family system. The clinical implications of these findings are considered.
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54 Not checked yet · 37 Own result · 22 Own interpretation · 17 Own method · 5 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In turn, lower security appraisals at T2 predicted increased depressive symptoms (β = −.25, p < .001)”
- Also stated in: § Specific Scales of Emotional Insecurity as Mediators · plain
“In turn, lower security appraisals at T2 predicted increased depressive symptoms (β = −.25, p < .001) whereas higher preoccupation predicted higher anxious symptoms (β = .33, p < .01).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results > Specific Scales of Emotional Insecurity as Mediators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
- Also stated in: § Specific Scales of Emotional Insecurity as Mediators · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas higher preoccupation predicted higher anxious symptoms (β = .33, p < .01).”
- Also stated in: § Specific Scales of Emotional Insecurity as Mediators · plain
“In turn, lower security appraisals at T2 predicted increased depressive symptoms (β = −.25, p < .001) whereas higher preoccupation predicted higher anxious symptoms (β = .33, p < .01).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results > Specific Scales of Emotional Insecurity as Mediators
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
- Also stated in: § Specific Scales of Emotional Insecurity as Mediators · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Including auto-regressive controls for initial levels of emotional insecurity and multiple adjustment problems (T1), higher-order emotional insecurity about the family system (T2) mediated relations between T1 family conflict and T3 peer problems, anxiety, and depressive symptoms.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Family conflict cannot be confined to a single dyad and can involve multiple family members and systems.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further analyses supported specific patterns of emotional security/insecurity (i.e., security, disengagement, preoccupation) as mediators between family conflict and specific domains of adolescent adjustment.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Family conflict cannot be confined to a single dyad and can involve multiple family members and systems.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no gender differences in depressive or anxious symptoms at T1 F(1,254) = 3.68, ns; F(1,239) = 2.24, ns, respectively.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescent anxiety symptoms were a significant predictor of depressive (β = .24, p < .01) and anxiety symptoms (β = .35, p < .001) and peer problems (β = .26, p < .01) two years later.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results > Higher-order Emotional Insecurity in the Family System as a Mediator
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant effects were found for conduct problems; however, there was a trend for the direct effect of family conflict on greater conduct problems (β = .49, p < .10) and a trend for emotional security on conduct problems (β = .20, p = .11).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results > Higher-order Emotional Insecurity in the Family System as a Mediator
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At T3, girls reported higher depressive (M = 12.29, SD = 9.67) and anxious (M = 9.76, SD = 5.72) symptoms compared to boys (M = 9.69, SD = 8.68; M = 7.35, SD = 5.14, respectively), F(1,230) = 4.65, p < .05; F(1,227) = 11.15, p < .001, respectively.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emotional security in the family system was moderately stable across the one-year period (β = .46, p < .001).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results > Higher-order Emotional Insecurity in the Family System as a Mediator
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family conflict at T1 predicted all three subtypes of emotional security at T2 including appraisals of security (β = −.37, p < .001), preoccupation (β = .67, p < .001), and disengagement (β = .82, p < .001).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results > Specific Scales of Emotional Insecurity as Mediators
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 50
- It may state two separate claims as one. 31
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with 18.4% (T1) and 23.4% (T3) of adolescents scoring in this range.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family income was correlated with many of the study variables (see Table 1), thus it was included as a covariate in subsequent analyses.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“T1 symptoms were significantly correlated with T3 symptoms of disorders and maladjustment, indicating moderate stability.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally no gender differences were found in adolescents’ peer or conduct problems at T1 F(1,267) = 1.43, ns; F(1,262) = 1.72, ns or T3 F(1,238) = 2.04, ns; F(1,237) = 2.85, ns.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, symptoms were significantly correlated across adjustment problems within time points.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pathways of this reduced model were similar to pathways in the larger model.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Results > Higher-order Emotional Insecurity in the Family System as a Mediator
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
In the paper
“With regard to stage salient tasks of adolescence, a secure base allows for adolescents to strike a balance between the need to develop autonomy while maintaining relatedness in the family system (Allen & Antonishak, 2008).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Allen & Antonishak, 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, past research has typically examined relations with relatively broad-band indicators of adjustment problems, that is, internalizing and/or externalizing problems, rather the prediction of specific symptoms or problems (e.g., depression, peer problems).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Conflict in the family has long been linked with children’s risk for the development of adjustment problems (e.g., Cummings & Davies, 2010).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These notions are extended to other family relations by EST, so that multiple family relationships are seen as pertinent to youth’s emotional insecurity, calling attention to the family as a whole in contributing to children’s emotional security.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Emotional security in the family may increase the risk for youth maladjustment by increasing their emotional and behavioral dysregulation as well as engendering negative representations of family relationships (Cummings & Davies, 1996).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 1996 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, EST extends the study of emotional security beyond specific dyadic relationships and posits that youth’s emotional security is a significant goal in relation to multiple family relationships (Cummings & Davies, 1996).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 1996 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has demonstrated relations between youth adjustment and emotional insecurity about interparental conflict (Cummings & Davies, 2010) and parent-child attachment insecurity (DeKlyen & Greenberg, 2008).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 2010
- Not checked yetcites DeKlyen & Greenberg, 2008
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Secure base notions are at the foundation of both EST and attachment theory (Cummings & Davies, 2010; Waters & Cummings, 2000).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Waters & Cummings, 2000 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Also, the process of preserving emotional security in the face of family conflict requires considerable expenditures of psychological and physical resources, limiting capacities to pursue developmental goals and increasing risk for exhibiting psychological maladjustment (Davies et al., 2002).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies et al., 2002 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“EST posits that maintaining a sense of protection, safety, and security is a primary goal for children and adolescents (Davies, Harold, Goeke-Morey, & Cummings, 2002).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies, Harold, Goeke-Morey, & Cummings, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“EST postulates that children’s adjustment is influenced by the extent to which they feel secure in the family system.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies & Cummings, 1994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, of families participating at T2, 94.0% participated at T3 (n = 250; T3 child M age = 15.40 years, SD = .63).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Participants
plainn = 250- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however the adolescents in the original cohort were slightly younger (M = 13.03, SD = .53; F(1,252) = 7.50, p < .01) than the supplemental cohort (M = 13.23, SD = .52) at T1; thus, age was included as a covariate in analyses.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal reliability was adequate in the current sample (mother-report α = .74; father-report α = .69).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Problems in emotional and behavioral dyregulation have been linked both with insecure attachment (Esbjorn, Bender, Reinholdt-Dunne, Munck, & Ollendick, 2012) and insecurity about interparental conflict, including demonstrations of effects on emotional and behavioral responses linked prospectively to externalizing and internalizing symptoms (e.g., Davies et al., 2002; Harold, Shelton, Goeke-Morey &”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Based on a meta-analysis of attachment studies primarily concerned with samples examined in infancy and early childhood, including both community and clinical samples, Groh and colleagues (Groh, Roisman, van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Fearon, 2012) reported small but significant associations between attachment insecurity and internalizing problems, with avoidant patterns most closely”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groh, Roisman, van IJzendoorn, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Fearon, 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reliability for the Negativity/Conflict scale was ICC = .81.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Forman and Davies (2005) report good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and discriminant validity of the three subscales.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Forman & Davies, 2005 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The SCIFF has good concurrent and constructive validity (Lindahl & Malik, 2001).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lindahl & Malik, 2001
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moos and Moos (2002) report good discriminant validity and test-retest reliability on the standard true-false version of the scale.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moos & Moos, 2002
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In studies of community samples, peer rejection and unpopularity are linked with externalizing problems whereas lack of peer acceptance, social isolation, and perceptions of social incompetence are associated with internalizing problems (Hymel, Rubin, Rowden, & LeMare, 1990; van Lier & Koot, 2010).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hymel, Rubin, Rowden, & LeMare, 1990
- Not checked yetcites van Lier & Koot, 2010 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, although family discord has been linked with the etiology of adolescent depression (see meta-analysis by Kane & Garber, 2004), few prospective studies have been conducted; relations between family conflict and anxiety symptoms are little explored (Epkins & Heckler, 2011).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“According to EST (Davies et al, 2002) and attachment theory (Bowlby, 1973), threats to emotional insecurity activate emotional reactions of fear and anxiety in the service of the goal of acting to regain security, which, if persisting over time, may contribute to the risk for internalizing problems, including symptoms of anxiety.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davies et al, 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Bowlby, 1973
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seventy-nine percent of families participated in all three time points.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Notably, links with externalizing problems mediated by emotional insecurity about interparental conflict are found (Cummings & Davies, 2010), with destructive interparental conflict linked with child aggression (e.g., Cummings, Goeke-Morey, & Papp, 2004).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 2010
- Not checked yetcites Cummings, Goeke-Morey, & Papp, 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another meta-analysis, Colonnesi et al. (2011) reported links from early childhood to adolescence between insecure attachment and anxiety.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Colonnesi et al., 2011
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In regard to these specific patterns, secure adolescents are expected to be able to rely on their parents for safety, security, and protection, with secure appraisals reducing adjustment problems.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although conduct problems are linked with interparental conflict, little is known about emotional insecurity as a mediating process for this specific type of symptoms (Cummings & Davies, 2010).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 2010
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Suggesting relations between peer problems and diminished security about the family system as a whole, in a study based on a community sample, Keelan, Schenk, McNally, and Fremouw (2014) reported that bullys, bully/ victims, and victims had lower scores on emotional security about the family based on the SIFS compared to control/normative families.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keelan, Schenk, McNally, and Fremouw, 2014 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of families participating at T1 (n = 280), 95.0% participated at T2 (n = 266; T2 child M age = 14.25 years, SD = .57).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Participants
plainn = 280- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With regard to outcomes assessed in the present study, anxiety and depression share common etiologies (e.g., Hankin, Abramson, Miller & Haeffel, 2004), and are typically found to be co-morbid (see reviews in Gallerani, Garber, & Martin, 2010; Garber & Weersing, 2010).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They also reported that attachment insecurity was more strongly associated with externalizing than internalizing symptoms (see also Groh et al., 2012).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Groh et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“On the other hand, Forman and Davies (2005) posited that disengaged patterns reflected emotional disengagement from social relations and a downplaying of the significance of the family, and found that this pattern was linked with increased risk for externalizing symptoms.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Forman & Davies, 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rigor of the theoretically-driven model test is increased by simultaneously testing relations with symptoms of mental health problems as outcomes, including autoregressive controls for initial levels (T1) of symptoms, and initial levels of emotional insecurity about the family system.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Externalizing problems, including conduct problems, have been linked with interparental conflict in both clinical and community samples and with emotional security in both interparental (Cummings & Davies, 2010) and parent-child relationships (DeKlyen & Greenberg, 2008).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 2010
- Not checked yetcites DeKlyen & Greenberg, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally they found that the SDQ discriminated between high risk and low risk samples in support of criterion validity.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goodman and Scott (1999) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Low reliabilities of these scales have been consistently found (Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994); particularly for the peer and conduct problems subscales (Bourdon et al., 2005; McCrory & Layte, 2012; Muris et al., 2003).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The RCMAS has good construct validity and adequate reliability (Reynolds, 1980; Reynolds & Paget, 1983)”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Goodman and Scott (1999) reported the SDQ scales were more highly correlated with interview-based ratings of clinical symptoms than the Child Behavior Checklist.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goodman and Scott (1999) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Scale construction of the original SDQ focused on the creation of subscales that maximize clinical significance, resulting in heightened predictive validity while reducing the internal consistency of the SDQ scales.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Scores of 19 or greater reflect clinical levels of anxiety (Stellard, Velleman, Langsford, & Baldwin, 2001)”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stellard, Velleman, Langsford, & Baldwin, 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Scores of 16 or higher reflect clinical levels of depression in adult samples (Radloff & Teri, 1986)”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Radloff & Teri, 1986 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“good internal reliability for the current sample (T1 α = .87; T3 α = .86)”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal reliabilities in the current sample were low (peer problems: T1 α = .44, T3 α = .52; conduct problems: T1 α = .64, T3 α = .64).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal reliability in the current sample were preoccupation: T1 α = .83, T2 α = .90; security: T1 α = .85, T2 α = .83; and disengagement subscale: T1 α = .84, T2 α = .89.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“had adequate internal reliability in the current sample (T1 α = .87; T3 α = .89).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present findings are thus more indicative of the relative size of the relations between earlier anxiety symptoms and later depressive symptoms than a lack of relationship between early and later depression symptoms.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secure patterns also mediated relations between family conflict and adolescent mental health; heightened security was linked with reduced symptoms of depression, conduct problems, and peer problems.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The mediation pathways can be interpreted as causal or process relations because there are no unmeasured confounders of family conflict, emotional insecurity, and adolescent symptoms.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
In the paper
“Anxiety and depression have been found to be co-morbid (Garber & Weersing, 2010).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Garber & Weersing, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specific patterns of emotional security were identified in the development of symptoms of conduct problems, including negative relations with security and positive relations with disengagement, highlighting the role of security processes in the development of these symptoms.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The mediation pathways can be interpreted as causal or process relations because there are no unmeasured confounders of family conflict, emotional insecurity, and adolescent symptoms.
- Rests on an assumption: Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
In the paper
“For example, the impact of interparental conflict has been found to have negative or positive consequences depending on whether the conflict behaviors are destructive or constructive, respectively (Cummings & Davies, 2010).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 2010
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study further illuminates family factors and response processes affecting adolescents’ risk for symptoms of specific disorders.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interpersonal stress (Carter & Garber, 2011; Krackow & Rudolph, 2008; Pine, Cohen, Johnson & Brooks, 2002), psychosocial adversity (Foster, Webster, Weissman et al., 2008), and the emotional climate in the family (Nomura et al., 2002) have been related to adolescents’ symptoms of disorders.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the study relied on adolescents’ self-report measures of symptoms; the use of clinical diagnostic tools is an important direction for future research.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings suggest psychological interventions geared toward improving conflict resolution in the family and emotional security in the family system hold promise for reducing multiple mental health symptoms of psychopathology in adolescents.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“These coping responses serve to regain or maintain a secure base within the family when coping with threatening interpersonal stress and adversity (Waters & Cummings, 2000).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waters & Cummings, 2000 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“suggesting that conflict is a distressing concern for children and regardless of gender, children employ the similar types of coping mechanisms.”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Davies, 2010
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Complementing this research, family conflict is conceptualized as an index of the emotional climate of the family and adolescents’ reactions to family conflict are conceptualized as coping processes (Cummings & Cummings, 1988).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cummings & Cummings, 1988 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Family conflict cannot be confined to a single dyad and can involve multiple family members and systems.
“However, conflict may be difficult to confine to one specific dyad and may involve multiple family members and systems (i.e., both parents and children).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The mediation pathways can be interpreted as causal or process relations because there are no unmeasured confounders of family conflict, emotional insecurity, and adolescent symptoms.
“The SEM mediation model included family income and child age as covariates. Autoregressive controls at T1 were included for emotional security and adolescent symptoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Missing data are missing at random, so full-information maximum likelihood estimation yields unbiased parameter estimates.
“AMOS utilizes full-information maximum likelihood estimation to account for missing data.”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- ConsistentF(1, 252) = 7.5reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .007
“F(1,252) = 7.50, p < .01”
- ConsistentF(1, 254) = 3.68reported n.s. · recomputed p = .056
“F(1,254) = 3.68, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 239) = 2.24reported n.s. · recomputed p = .136
“F(1,239) = 2.24, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 230) = 4.65reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .032
“F(1,230) = 4.65, p < .05”
- ConsistentF(1, 227) = 11.15reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1,227) = 11.15, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 267) = 1.43reported n.s. · recomputed p = .233
“F(1,267) = 1.43, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 262) = 1.72reported n.s. · recomputed p = .191
“F(1,262) = 1.72, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 238) = 2.04reported n.s. · recomputed p = .155
“F(1,238) = 2.04, ns”
- ConsistentF(1, 237) = 2.85reported n.s. · recomputed p = .093
“F(1,237) = 2.85, ns.”
- Consistentχ²(90) = 232.06reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(90)= 232.06, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(50) = 100.67reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(50)= 100.67, p < .001”
- Consistentχ²(50) = 105.25reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“χ2(50)= 105.25, p < .001”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
“Adolescents rated how frequently they experienced each item over the last week on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (rarely or none of the time; less than one day) to 4 (most or all of the time; five to seven days).”
§ Prospective Relations between Family Conflict and Adolescent Maladjustment: Security in the Family System as a Mediating Process > Method > Measures
“Scores of 16 or higher reflect clinical levels of depression in adult samples (Radloff & Teri, 1986), with 18.4% (T1) and 23.4% (T3) of adolescents scoring in this range.”
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“For example, Cummings et al. (2015) found that adolescents’ perceptions of insecurity in the family unit mediated the association between triadic conflicts (i.e., mother, father, and teen) and their adjustment problems.”
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“On the other hand, a study found that family conflict increased the adolescent’s emotional insecurity about the family system and consequently predicted the symptoms of adjustment problems such as depression, anxiety, conduct problems, and peer problems (Cummings et al., 2015).”
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“Previous studies have documented that coparenting quality is linked to individuals’ mental health problems [29,43], from toddler period [32,44] and childhood [11] to adolescence [30].”
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“Similarly, disengagement from the family system has been linked with more conduct problems among young adolescents (Cummings et al., 2015).”
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“Associations between conflict and child negative outcomes may be direct, for example, via social learning mechanisms, triggering child distress or undermining feelings of security [27], or indirect via impacting the quality of parent–child relationship [28].”
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“Youth exposed to parent–stepparent conflict can become distressed, imitate the aggression and hostility to which they have been exposed, and experience adjustment problems over time (Cummings, Koss, & Davies, 2015; Dunn, 2002).”
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“…associations, evidence suggests that both boys and girls often withdraw to avoid high family conflict in childhood (Auerbach & Ho, 2012; Cummings et al., 2015) and that in both girls and boys withdrawn/depressed styles of interaction show stability into young adulthood (Auerbach & Ho,…”
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“If this persists, it can result in the development of anxiety symptoms [58].”
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“In keeping with the approaches adopted in several other studies pertaining to EST (e.g., Cummings et al., 2015; Davies et al., 2019; Davies et al., 2016; McCoy et al., 2009), this study utilized multiple reporters in each mediation model.”
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“For example, emotional security theory (Cummings et al., 2014; De Silva et al., 2021) asserts that when adolescents are exposed to their parents’ conflict, they feel vulnerable about the stability of their family relationships, and tend to preserve their emotional insecurity within their familial…”
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“Parent-adolescent conflict has been considered as a risk factor for adolescent maladjustment [25], including adolescent PIU [26], but it has also been considered as developmentally normal”
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“Youths’ emotional security in the family system, which is reflected by processes of emotion and behavior regulation and cognitive appraisal, has been consistently linked with numerous aspects of youth adjustment, including peer problems, anxiety, and depression [28].”
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“Given that low family centrality (e.g., Telzer et al. 2014) and high family conflict (e.g., Cummings et al. 2015) have both been linked to poor adjustment, one might expect that youth who report having both these risk factors would show considerably worse outcomes in terms of their emotional…”
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“…other hand, adolescents growing up in a conflicted family environment face the risk of experiencing serious mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, psychological adjustment problems and peer problems (Cummings et al., 2015; Kelly et al., 2014; Rice et al., 2006; Yıldırım et al., 2023).”
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“The last point is that in the study of the impact of family conflict on the development of adolescents, it may be more ecologically valid to consider multiple types of conflict and grasp the overall state of the family system (Cummings et al., 2015).”
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“…hearing or seeing parents quarrel over a subject that concerns them may be particularly stressful to children, as it may lead them to question their parents’ feelings about them, or they might blame themselves for family turmoil (Cummings et al. 2015; McDaniel et al. 2017; van Eldik et al. 2020).”
Detouring in the family system as an antecedent of children’s adjustment problems.
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“…is essential to the child’s well-being and healthy development and substantial evidence suggests that destructive interparental conflicts belong to the primary risk factors for adjustment problems in childhood and adolescence (Cummings et al., 2015; Davies & Cummings, 1994; Zemp et al., 2016b).”
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“Both greater family conflict and lower cohesion have been tied to poor outcomes, including greater sensitivity to stress, in line with emotional security theory (Cummings et al., 2015; Lin & Yi, 2019).”
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“However, the construct has since been extended as a psychological response to general family conflict and contexts of broader societal conflict, including ethnopolitical violence [18,19].”
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“Parent–child conflict and marital distress may coexist (35, 36).”
BackgroundEffects of family interventions on interpersonal conflicts: A network perspective
Fellmann, L. (2023) · Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1177/14680173221144552 · Cited by 7
Maloney, C. A., Miller‐Graff, L. E., Wentz, B., & Cummings, E. M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19159288 · Cited by 9
“Cummings et al. (2014) highlights that due to the broad nature of the social–ecological model, it is important for researchers to continue to explore narrower elements of the model that are pertinent to the local context and may contribute to outcomes of interest [24].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMartin, M. J., Sturge-Apple, M. L., Davies, P. T., & Romero, C. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000334 · Cited by 7
Self-citationMcKenna, K. J., Fiori, K. P., & Chambers, E. C. (2024) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/00099228241241896 · Cited by 6
“30,31 For any of these chronic diagnoses, research indicates that inattention to social needs directly impact diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes; when families encounter transportation barriers to autism diagnosis and care at an early age, 32 for example, the child may miss an important period for…”
Serna, A., Thakur, H., Cohen, J. R., & Briley, D. A. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423000585 · Cited by 7
Ho, R., Olszewska-Guizzo, A. (., Roberts, A. C. (., Russo, A. (., & Kühn, S. (2023) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-3324-6 · Cited by 9
Wang, J., Guan, X., Zhang, Y., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2022.025570 · Cited by 6
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Social Distancing Individuals With Depression: The Impact of Symptom Severity
Lundquist, A., & Gurung, R. A. R. (2019) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn24.3.159 · Cited by 7
Parenting Discrepancy and Child Development in Chinese Context
Yeung, J. W. K., Lo, H. H. M., Low, A. Y. T., Tam, H.-L., Kwok, S. Y. C. L., Zhang, Z., & Kim, T. Y. (2018) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2018.1479331 · Cited by 6
“According to the whole-parts thesis of the family systems theory and mutuality proposition of the transactional perspective, effects of aggregate effective parenting practices and parent–child discrepancy in the same parenting are co-existing and the latter as ‘parts’ at a subsystem level would be swayed by the former…”
BackgroundDeveloping personalized algorithms for sensing mental health symptoms in daily life
Timmons, A. C., Tutul, A. A., Avramidis, K., Duong, J. B., Carta, K. E., Walters, S. N., Jumonville, G. A., Carrasco, A. S., Freitag, G. F., Romero, D. N., et al. (2025) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-025-00147-5 · Cited by 7
“Keyindicators offamilyfunctioning,suchascon fl ict and aggression, canoften becaptured through external, observable, and quanti fi able metrics — for example, characteristics of speech content 4 .”
Wan, X., Ji, S., Liu, M., Hong, B., Shi, W., Du, L., & Zhao, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.985936 · Cited by 7
“Psychologists and sociologists stress the importance of parental and positive parent-child relationships for children’s growth and development (28, 29).”
BackgroundYa, Z., Wang, S., & Shi, X. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03700-z · Cited by 5
“In addition to that, our data also found that the indirect pathway from intra-family conflict to mental health problems through sleep quality was consistent across boys and girls, which were similar to previous studies (Bao et al., 2020; Cummings et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultTsai, K. M., Perez‐Brena, N. J., Perez, V. M., & Camacho‐Thompson, D. E. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818872-9.00094-7 · Cited by 6
Liu, T., & Li, S. D. (2022) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/00111287221090957 · Cited by 5
“Psychologists, sociologists, and criminologists have repeatedly demonstrated the negative effects of marital discord and delinquent peer association on children’s growth and development (Cummings et al., 2015).”
BackgroundImpact evaluation of the family expectations program and moderation by sociodemographic disadvantage
Ritchie, L. L., Stanley, S. M., Allen, M. O. T., & RHOADES, G. K. (2022) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12762 · Cited by 7
Huglen, I., Hidalgo, W., Young, M., & Stokkebekk, J. (2020) · Fokus på familien · doi:10.18261/issn.0807-7487-2020-04-02 · Cited by 5
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Ji, L., Yu, Y., Wan, J., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., & Chen, C. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02891-x · Cited by 6
“However, they are more likely to make negative attributions regarding such risk and to interpret peer risk as increased hostility rather than finding positive solutions to the problem [91].”
Family Stressors Impact Adolescents’ Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms During COVID-19
Lobo, F. M., Zhou, A. M., Tucker, N. A., Myruski, S., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Buss, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03062-7 · Cited by 4
Chu, X., Ji, W., & Li, Q. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112978 · Cited by 4
Risk and resilience profiles and their transition pathways in the ABCD Study
Yang, R., Tuy, S., Dougherty, L. R., & Wiggins, J. L. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579424001603 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Cummings, E. M., Koss, K. J., & Davies, P. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Notre Dame (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cummings, E. Mark
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2014-08-19
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 503-515
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC5865390
- OpenAlex
- W2019753593
- Semantic Scholar
- 6daef4f479d0ea5b64c8c8209fdb0ce304547a1e
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Rochester
- University of Notre Dame
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH 57318, R01MH057318, T32MH015755)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Psychosocial Factors Impacting Youth
- Keywords
- family conflict, adolescent maladjustment, emotional safety, emotional insecurity, mediation, parental conflict, parent-child conflict, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, conduct problems, peer problems, disengagement, preoccupation
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Anxiety Disorders, Child Behavior Disorders, Conflict, Psychological, Depressive Disorder, Family, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Models, Psychological, Parent-Child Relations, Peer Group, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Adjustment, Conduct Disorder, Family Conflict
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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