Cited by 380Stress Responses and CortisolMemory and Neural MechanismsNeuroendocrine regulation and behavior

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Allostasis, amygdala, and anticipatory angst

Schulkin, Jay, McEwen, Bruce S., Gold, Philip W.·1994·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

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Abstract

Regions of the amygdala are involved in anticipation of negative events. Chronic anticipation of negative events leads to what we call allostatic load, or arousal pathology. Two hormones appear to be involved in arousal pathology; corticotropin-releasing hormone in the brain and glucocorticoids. We suggest that increases in corticotropin-releasing hormone, by stress or glucocorticoids, in the amygdala may have functional consequences for allostatic load. Whereas, corticotropin-releasing hormone in the parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is decreased by glucocorticoids thereby under negative feedback and homeostatic control, the central nucleus of the amygdala is to some extent under positive feedback and is increased by glucocorticoids, and perhaps under allostatic control. The human and animal literature suggest that a variety of psychopathologies (e.g., melancholia) may be tied to neurohormonal signals activating regions of the amygdala.

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Authors: Schulkin, J., McEwen, B. S., & Gold, P. W.
Affiliations: National Institute of Mental Health (US)
Corresponding author: Schulkin, Jay
ORCID: Schulkin, Jay
McEwen, Bruce S.
Gold, Philip W.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1994-09
Volume: 18
Issue: 3
Pages: 385-396
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0149-7634(94)90051-5
OpenAlex: W1974467694
Cited by: 380
References: 153
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 2.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords: allostasis, allostatic load, amygdala, anticipatory anxiety, corticotropin-releasing factor, glucocorticoids, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, central amygdala, negative feedback, positive feedback, stress, melancholia, psychopathology, neuroendocrine regulation
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Anxiety, Homeostasis, Humans

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Allostasis, amygdala, and anticipatory angst

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