Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
Abstract
This review yields numerous conclusions. (1) Both unit recording and behavioral studies find that current activates neurons (i.e., cell bodies and axons) directly according to the square of the distance between the electrode and the neuron, and that the excitability of neurons can vary between 100 and 4000 microA/mm2 using a 0.2-ms cathodal pulse duration. (2) Currents as low as 10 microA, which is considered within the range of currents typically used during micro-stimulation, activate from a few tenths to several thousands of cell bodies in the cat motor cortex directly depending on their excitability; this indicates that even low currents activate more than a few neurons. (3) Electrode tip size has no effect on the current density--or effect current spread--at far field, but tip size limits the current-density generated at near field. (4) To minimize neuronal damage, the electrode should be discharged after each pulse and the pulse duration should not exceed the chronaxie of the stimulated tissue. (5) The amount of current needed to evoke behavioral responses depends not only on the excitability of the stimulated substrate but also on the type of behavior being studied.
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Stimulation levels of 10-20 μA biphasic current pulses of 300 μs duration at 200 Hz are thought to directly activate neurons within an approximately 100 μm radius of the electrode tip, but indirect activation of neural elements may increase this spread.
“These levels are thought to directly activate neurons within an approximately 100 µm radius of the electrode tip46, but indirect activation of neural elements may increase this spread47.”
From Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task (2006) · cites this paper as [46]
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Two converging brainstem pathways mediating circling behavior
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Self-citationTurning responses evoked by stimulation of visuomotor pathways
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A microelectrode for delivery of defined charge densities
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Ultrastructural features of the sensori-motor cortex of the primate
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An electron microscopic study of the neurons of the visual cortex
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An in vitro Analysis of Metal Electrodes for Use in the Neural Environment
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An estimate of minimum number of brain stem neurons required for inhibition of a flexion reflex
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Mapping midbrain sites for circling using current-frequency trade off data
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The effect of alcohol on the excitation, conduction and recovery processes in nerve
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Self-citationElectrically evoked behaviors: axons and synapses mapped with collision tests
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Cortical Histopathology following Stimulation with Metallic and Carbon Electrodes; pp. 126–141
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Self-citationCortical stimulation and suppression of activity in the rat
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Zoology of the Twentieth Century
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The Neural Basis of Decision Making
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Neural Stimulation and Recording Electrodes
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Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in cortical gray matter
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Microstimulation of macaque area LIP affects decision-making in a motion discrimination task
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Brain areas that influence general anesthesia
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Thalamic contributions to the state and contents of consciousness
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Cortical visual prostheses: From microstimulation to functional percept
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New Vision for Visual Prostheses
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Perceived intensity of somatosensory cortical electrical stimulation
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High-frequency electrical stimulation of cardiac cells and application to artifact reduction.
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When the ostrich-algorithm fails: blanking method affects spike train statistics.
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- Authors
- Tehovnik, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tehovnik, Edward J.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-17
- ISSN
- 0165-0270 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2130271501
- Cited by
- 478
- References
- 153
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience Methods (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R01EY008502, EY-08502)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- electrical stimulation, nervous tissue, microstimulation, current density, neuronal excitability, current spread, electrode discharge, chronaxie, motor cortex, behavioral responses, cats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Behavior, Animal, Cats, Electric Stimulation, Humans, Nerve Tissue
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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