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Cited by 237Carbon Dioxide Capture TechnologiesThermochemical Biomass Conversion ProcessesAdsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal

Biomass/Biochar carbon materials for CO2 capture and sequestration by cyclic adsorption processes: A review and prospects for future directions

Open access
Karimi, Mohsen, Shirzad, Mohammad, Silva, José A.C., Rodrigues, Alírio E.·2022·Journal of CO2 Utilization
DOI 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101890
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Crossref · 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101890

Cites

299 of 299 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

15 of 169 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 2 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    Derived sorbents from maple wood, maritime wood, pine and coconut shells mixed with SC had the highest CO2 capacity among synthesized samples and zeolites, reaching 11 mol CO2/kg at 8 bar and 298 K.

    “The results showed derived sorbents from the maple wood, maritime wood and pine and coconut shells (as ACs) mixed with SC (PICACTIF SUPERCAP) had the highest capacity for adsorption technology between all synthesized samples and considered zeolites (11 mol CO 2 .kg -1 adsorbent at 8 bar and 298 K).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] 64. I. Durán, F. Rubiera, C. Pevida, Vacuum swing CO 2 adsorption cycles in Waste-to- Energy plants, Chem. Eng. J. 382 (2020), 122841. source

      The Introduction (p. 2) says the adsorbent selected for this work was activated carbon prepared from pine sawdust, and the Conclusions (p. 26) describe VSA tests using that adsorbent. This contradicts the claim that the paper compared a mixture of maple, maritime wood, pine, coconut-shell and SC sorbents against synthesized samples and zeolites. Our copy also does not report the claimed 11 mol CO₂/kg at 8 bar and 298 K. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The maximum CO2 uptake reported for OTS was 6.15 mmol/g at 1 bar and 273 K.

    “The maximum CO 2 uptake reported 6.15 mmol.g -1 at 1 bar and 273 K.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [197] 197. A.A. Adelodun, J.C. Ngila, D.-G. Kim, Y.-M. Jo, Isotherm, thermodynamic and kinetic studies of selective CO 2 adsorption on chemically modified carbon surfaces, Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 16 (12) (2016) 3312-3329. source

      The Assessment of CO₂ Adsorption Capacity section (page unavailable) says pure-CO₂ uptake was measured at 298 K, not 273 K. Table 4 (page unavailable) lists differently named adsorbents and does not report a maximum uptake of 6.15 mmol/g for OTS. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    AC derived from coconut shell has better potential for PSA biogas upgrading than babassu shell AC.

    “Thus, they concluded the AC derived from coconut shell has a better potential to be employed in the PSA technology for biogas upgrading.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [176] 176. H. Bamdad, A Theoretical and Experimental Study on Biochar As an Adsorbent for Removal of Acid Gases (CO₂ and H₂S), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2019.

      Section 2.1.2 (page unavailable) mentions coconut-shell activated carbon and lists its adsorption properties, but does not compare it with babassu-shell carbon or assess either for PSA biogas upgrading. Searches for “babassu” and “pressure swing adsorption coconut activated carbon methane biogas” found no passage supporting the attributed conclusion. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    AC-SC sample has excellent potential for large-scale CO2 adsorption over a broad pressure range up to 30 bar.

    “The results proved that AC-SC sample had an excellent potential for large scale applications of CO 2 adsorption in a broad range of pressure up to 30 bar [64].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] 64. I. Durán, F. Rubiera, C. Pevida, Vacuum swing CO 2 adsorption cycles in Waste-to- Energy plants, Chem. Eng. J. 382 (2020), 122841. source

      The Introduction (p. 2) describes a pine-sawdust activated carbon as suitable for CO2 capture from incineration flue gas, but does not identify it as AC-SC. The Design rationale (p. 4) describes treating gas at atmospheric pressure, and the Experimental work (p. 8) lists adsorption at 1 bar. Searches for AC-SC and 30 bar found no passage assessing the claimed sample over that pressure range. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • Rests on an assumption: Performance of biomass/biochar adsorbents in bench- or pilot-scale cyclic adsorption tests is indicative of their performance at industrial scale.
  • Premisecitation

    Plaza and Rubiera employed a novel multi-bed heat-integrated VTSA process to separate 85% of the CO2 produced in a coal fired power plant.

    “They employed a novel multi-bed heat-integrated VTSA process to separate 85 % of the CO 2 produced in a coal fired power plant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [210] 210. M. Plaza, F. Rubiera, Development of carbon-based vacuum, temperature and concentration swing adsorption post-combustion CO 2 capture processes, Chem. Eng. J. 375 (2019), 122002. source
  • May combine two claims. 51
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 46
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PSA has large flexibility, which is its main advantage and leads to broad applications.

    “the large flexibility of PSA is the main advantage of this process, which may because of this reason, it has a broad applications in the various areas [21,50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] 21. X. Zhu, S. Li, Y. Shi, N. Cai, Recent advances in elevated-temperature pressure swing adsorption for carbon capture and hydrogen production, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 75 (2019), 100784. source
    • cites [50] 50. C.A. Grande, Advances in pressure swing adsorption for gas separation, Int. Sch. Res. Notices 2012 (2012). source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The CO2 adsorption capacity on the activated carbon was around 3.1 mmol/g at 20°C and 1.20 bar.

    “the CO 2 adsorption capacity on the AC was around 3.1 mmol.g -1 at 20 ᵒC and 1.20 bar [196].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] 196. M. Plaza, C. Pevida, J. Pis, F. Rubiera, Evaluation of the cyclic capacity of low-cost carbon adsorbents for post-combustion CO 2 capture, Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1228-1234. source

      The Experimental section reports CO₂ adsorption measurements on activated carbons, but its isotherms were measured at 303 K (30°C), not 20°C. The paper does not report a capacity of approximately 3.1 mmol/g at 1.20 bar, so the claimed value and conditions are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Xu et al. reported that CO2 and H2O had little interaction on the adsorption process.

    “Xu et al. reported that CO 2 and H 2 O had a little interaction on the adsorption process”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] 196. M. Plaza, C. Pevida, J. Pis, F. Rubiera, Evaluation of the cyclic capacity of low-cost carbon adsorbents for post-combustion CO 2 capture, Energy Procedia 4 (2011) 1228-1234. source

      The Experimental section describes CO2 and N2 adsorption and uses CO2/N2 gas mixtures, but does not address H2O or its interaction with CO2 during adsorption. Searches for the claimed interaction and for Xu, H2O, water, and moisture found no passage supporting the attribution in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The OTS samples had a BET surface area of 2676 m2/g.

    “The OTS samples illustrated excellent structural characteristics such as 2676 m 2 .g -1 of BET surface.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [197] 197. A.A. Adelodun, J.C. Ngila, D.-G. Kim, Y.-M. Jo, Isotherm, thermodynamic and kinetic studies of selective CO 2 adsorption on chemically modified carbon surfaces, Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 16 (12) (2016) 3312-3329. source

      The Textural Characteristics of Adsorbents section (Table 2; page unavailable) reports BET surface areas for G1, G2, and their modified samples. Searches for OTS and 2676 found no passage assigning that surface area to OTS samples; values for different samples do not contradict the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Zhang et al. concluded the VSA cycles are able to effectively separate CO2 from the gas mixture using prepared adsorbents.

    “Zhang et al. concluded the VSA cycles are able to effectively separate CO 2 from the gas mixture using prepared adsorbents [197].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [197] 197. A.A. Adelodun, J.C. Ngila, D.-G. Kim, Y.-M. Jo, Isotherm, thermodynamic and kinetic studies of selective CO 2 adsorption on chemically modified carbon surfaces, Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 16 (12) (2016) 3312-3329. source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) mentions VSA as an alternative adsorption process, and the CO2 Adsorption section reports selective capture using modified carbons. But this paper is by Adelodun et al., not Zhang et al., and it does not conclude that VSA cycles effectively separate CO2 using the prepared adsorbents. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Peanut shells are abundant and low-cost wastes found in many countries as eco-friendly agricultural byproducts with an efficiency of 6 million tons in 2010.

    “Peanut shells are one of the abundant and low-cost wastes, which can be broadly found in many countries as eco-friendly agricultural byproducts with an efficiency of 6 million tons in 2010 [219,220].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [219] 219. S.A. Halim, N. Razali, N. Mohd, Experimental data on the properties of pelletization of palm kernel shell using sago starch and sodium acetate, Data Brief 33 (2020), 106535. source

      The Data Description (page unavailable) discusses palm kernel shells and gives 2018 palm-oil production figures, not peanut shells. Searches for peanut shells and the claimed six-million-ton figure in 2010 found no passage in our copy addressing them. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [220] 220. M.J. Gan, W.S. Lim, H.X. Ng, M.H. Ong, S. Gan, L.Y. Lee, S. Thangalazhy- Gopakumar, Enhancement of palm kernel shell fuel properties via wet torrefaction: response surface, optimization, and combustion studies, Energ Fuel 33 (11) (2019) 11009-11020. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The power sector has shown growing reliance on natural gas, and rapid worldwide growth of natural gas consumption has contributed to enhanced CO2 emissions from gas-fired power plants.

    “In recent years, the power sector has shown a growing reliance on natural gas, which this rapid worldwide growth of natural gas consumption has contributed to enhanced CO 2 emissions from gas-fired power plants [12].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] 12. R.L. Siegelman, P.J. Milner, E.J. Kim, S.C. Weston, J.R. Long, Challenges and opportunities for adsorption-based CO 2 capture from natural gas combined cycle emissions, Energy Environ. Sci. 12 (7) (2019) 2161-2173. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Pine sawdust activated carbon had highest CO2 uptake of 2.4 mmol/g at 30°C and 120 kPa under dry conditions, and 1.64 mmol/g under moisture.

    “In the dry conditions, the highest CO 2 uptake capacity was 2.4 mmol/g at 30 ᵒC and 120 kpa, while the highest loading capacity was 1.64 mmol/g at the same operating conditions and presence of moisture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] 38. I. Durán, N. Álvarez-Gutiérrez, F. Rubiera, C. Pevida, Biogas purification by means of adsorption on pine sawdust-based activated carbon: impact of water vapor, Chem. Eng. J. 353 (2018) 197-207. source

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Oat hulls showed stable performance in adsorption/desorption through fifty cycles.

    “They also observed a stable performance of samples in the adsorption/desorption process through fifty cycles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [189] 189. Y. Zhang, P. Zhang, W. Yu, J. Wang, Q. Deng, J. Yang, Z. Zeng, M. Xu, S. Deng, Facile and controllable preparation of ultramicroporous biomass-derived carbons and application on selective adsorption of gas-mixtures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57 (42) (2018) 14191-14201. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Raw kenaf had CO2 adsorption capacity of about 0.624 mmol/g at 1 bar and 0°C, while TEPA-treated kenaf had 2.086 mmol/g.

    “They reported the adsorption capacity of raw kenaf around 0.624 mmol/g for CO 2 at 1 bar and 0 ᵒC, also 2.086 mmol/g for kenaf treated with TEPA.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [177] 177. R.K. Liew, W.L. Nam, M.Y. Chong, X.Y. Phang, M.H. Su, P.N.Y. Yek, N.L. Ma, C. K. Cheng, C.T. Chong, S.S. Lam, Oil palm waste: an abundant and promising feedstock for microwave pyrolysis conversion into good quality biochar with potential multi-applications, process Saf, Environ. 115 (2018) 57-69. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Oat hulls had higher H2O adsorption capacity than commercial adsorbents, with maximum loading of about 630 mg/g at 3 bar and 24°C, compared to molecular sieves (230 mg/g), alumina (290 mg/g), and silica gel (420 mg/g).

    “Ghanbari and Niu reported a higher H 2 O adsorption capacity of considered samples than commercial adsorbents, which the maximum loading of water vapor on oat hulls was around 630 mg/g at 3 bar and 24 ᵒC, that proved the priority of oat hulls towards molecular sieves (about 230 mg/g), alumina (290 mg/g), and silica gel (420 mg/g).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [189] 189. Y. Zhang, P. Zhang, W. Yu, J. Wang, Q. Deng, J. Yang, Z. Zeng, M. Xu, S. Deng, Facile and controllable preparation of ultramicroporous biomass-derived carbons and application on selective adsorption of gas-mixtures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57 (42) (2018) 14191-14201. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Coconut shell-derived activated carbon showed better selectivity (4.2) and working CO2 capacity (1 mmol/g at 1 bar and 20°C) than babassu shell-derived activated carbon (selectivity 0.90, capacity 0.75 mmol/g) for CO2/CH4 separation.

    “activated carbon originated from the coconut shell showed a better selectivity than other one, by the selectivity of 4.2 and the working CO 2 adsorption capacity of 1 mmol/g at 1 bar and 20 ᵒC in comparison with selectivity of 0.90 at 1 bar and the loading capacity of 0.75 mmol/g at the same operating conditions for babassu sample.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [176] 176. H. Bamdad, A Theoretical and Experimental Study on Biochar As an Adsorbent for Removal of Acid Gases (CO₂ and H₂S), Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2019.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A compost-derived biochar sample treated with H2SO4 then activated at 800°C had the highest CO2 uptake among prepared samples, 2.6 mmol/g at 40°C and 2.5 bar, comparable to commercial carbon materials.

    “They reported a sample which has been treated with H 2 SO 4 firstly, then activated at 800 • C has the highest uptake capacity between all prepared samples accompanied with adsorption capacity in the range of commercial carbon materials (2.6 mmol/g at 40 • C and 2.5 bar).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [174] 174. Q. Huang, C.H. Niu, A.K. Dalai, Production of anhydrous biobutanol using a biosorbent developed from oat hulls, Chem. Eng. J. 356 (2019) 830-838. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    CO2 and H2O are the most favorable gases for the studied PSA processes.

    “as shown in Fig. S2, CO 2 and H 2 O are the most favorable gases for studied PSA processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation

    Canola meal had maximum water vapor loading of about 0.48 g/g at 111°C and 2.1 bar in 16 adsorption/desorption cycles for butanol-water vapor separation.

    “They reported the maximum loading capacity of water vapor around 0.48 g/g at 111 • C and 2.1 bar in 16 adsorption/desorption cycles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [192] 192. J. Ling, P. Xiao, A. Ntiamoah, D. Xu, P. Webley, Y. Zhai, Strategies for CO 2 capture from different CO 2 emission sources by vacuum swing adsorption technology, Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 24 (4) (2016) 460-467. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Betung bamboo-derived activated carbon achieved a maximum CH4 adsorption of about 0.247 mmol/g in PSA at 6 bar and 10°C.

    “They reported the maximum CH 4 adsorption in the PSA process around 0.247 mmol/g at 6 bar and 10 ᵒC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [158] 158. G.M. Good, B.S. Greensfelder, Production of alpha olefins, US Patents, 1952. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Canola meal had maximum water vapor loading capacity of 0.165 g/g at 130°C and 1.4 bar, and temperature and water vapor concentration had the most significant impact on the adsorption process.

    “They concluded the temperature and water vapor concentration had the most significant impact on the adsorption process, also the maximum water vapor loading capacity reported 0.165 g/g at 130 ᵒC and 1.4 bar [190].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [190] 190. M.G. Plaza, Is. Durań, N. Querejeta, F. Rubiera, C. Pevida, Experimental and simulation study of adsorption in postcombustion conditions using a microporous biochar. 1. CO 2 and N 2 adsorption, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 55 (11) (2016) 3097-3112.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Dried starch and cob grits adsorbent showed stable dehumidification after 70 h of adsorption/desorption cycles.

    “The synthesized adsorbent showed a stable dehumidification result after 70 h of adsorption/desorption cycles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [193] 193. J. Bonjour, J.-B. Chalfen, F. Meunier, Temperature swing adsorption process with indirect cooling and heating, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 41 (23) (2002) 5802-5811. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Recent studies on derived activated carbon from agricultural wastes for CO2 capture have not been evaluated for potential applications in large/pilot scales by cyclic adsorption process.

    “In the following, recent studies on derived activated carbon from AW for CO 2 capture are discussed, while they have not been evaluated for potential applications in the large/pilot scales by cyclic adsorption process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Employing bio-based carbon samples in the VSA process for CO2 capture is a novel topic requiring more efforts and necessities to improve energy consumption for VSA developing.

    “From the literature, employing bio-based carbon samples in the VSA process for CO 2 capture is a novel topic, which requires more efforts, as well as, some necessities to improve the energy consumption for VSA developing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Most reported studies in the literature evaluated the uptake capacity of prepared samples in the milligrams scale and ideal operating conditions, while for the industrial scale, data acquisition is highly imperative in the bench scale or pilot scale.

    “Routinely, most of the reported studies in the literature evaluated the uptake capacity of prepared samples in the milligrams scale and ideal operating conditions, while for the industrial scale, data acquisition is highly imperative in the bench scale or pilot scale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gas adsorption onto porous carbons has a lower heat of adsorption than other sorbents, making them excellent candidates for cyclic adsorption processes.

    “generally, gas adsorption onto the porous carbons has a lower heat of adsorption than other sorbents [17], which nominates this adsorbent as an excellent candidate for cyclic adsorption processes [46].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [17] 17. M. Karimi, J.A.C. Silva, C.Nd.P. Gonçalves, J.L. Diaz de Tuesta, A.E. Rodrigues, H. T. Gomes, CO 2 capture in chemically and thermally modified activated carbons using breakthrough measurements: experimental and modeling study, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 57 (32) (2018) 11154-11166. source
    • cites [46] 46. L. Espinal, D.L. Poster, W. Wong-Ng, A.J. Allen, M.L. Green, Measurement, standards, and data needs for CO 2 capture materials: a critical review, Environ. Sci. Technol. 47 (21) (2013) 11960-11975. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Activated carbons are hydrophobic, which helps overcome moisture effects in gas purification.

    “activated carbons are hydrophobic materials, which is one of the key qualities of these samples in comparison with most of zeolites and MOFs to overcome the moisture effects in the gas purification studies [38,39,45].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [38] 38. I. Durán, N. Álvarez-Gutiérrez, F. Rubiera, C. Pevida, Biogas purification by means of adsorption on pine sawdust-based activated carbon: impact of water vapor, Chem. Eng. J. 353 (2018) 197-207. source
    • cites [39] 39. N. Querejeta, M.V. Gil, F. Rubiera, C. Pevida, Sustainable coffee-based CO2 adsorbents: toward a greener production via hydrothermal carbonization, Greenh. Gases Sci. Technol. 8 (2) (2018) 309-323. source
    • cites [45] 45. V. Jiménez, A. Ramírez-Lucas, J.A. Díaz, P. Sánchez, A. Romero, CO 2 capture in different carbon materials, Environ. Sci. Technol. 46 (13) (2012) 7407-7414. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PSA is the most preferred cyclic adsorption process due to its simplicity and lower required energy.

    “PSA process due to the simplicity as well as lower required energy is the most preferred one [52]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] 52. M.T. Ho, G.W. Allinson, D.E. Wiley, Reducing the cost of CO 2 capture from flue gases using pressure swing adsorption, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 47 (14) (2008) 4883-4890. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Employing biomass/biochar as a low-cost precursor for CO2 adsorbent is promising for CO2 capture and solid waste management.

    “employing biomass, biochar, etc., as a low-cost precursor for CO 2 adsorbent is promising not only in the view of hydrophobic character and abundant resources, but also is an illustrious strategy for solid wastes management as a consequence of the exponential population expansion.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biomass/biochar carbon materials are low-cost, abundant, and sustainable carbon resources.

    “Bio-based carbon materials including biomass, biochar and other residual wastes are abundant, low cost and sustainable carbon resources [67,68]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [67] 67. A. Sanna, M. Dri, M.R. Hall, M. Maroto-Valer, Waste materials for carbon capture and storage by mineralisation (CCSM)-A UK perspective, Appl. Energy 99 (2012) 545-554. source
    • cites [68] 68. Z. Usmani, M. Sharma, A.K. Awasthi, N. Sivakumar, T. Lukk, L. Pecoraro, V. K. Thakur, D. Roberts, J. Newbold, V.K. Gupta, Bioprocessing of waste biomass for sustainable product development and minimizing environmental impact, Bioresour. Technol. (2020), 124548. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PSA technology is an economically and environmentally friendly strategy to capture pollutants from different industries.

    “PSA technology has been introduced as an economically and environmentally friendly strategy to capture the pollutions from different industries [157,158].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [157] 157. B.W. George, Processes for making activated carbon, US Patents, 1951.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [158] 158. G.M. Good, B.S. Greensfelder, Production of alpha olefins, US Patents, 1952. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Olive and cherry stones have great capacity for biogas upgrading at industrial scale.

    “Alvarez-Gutierrez et al., concluded the olive and cherry stones have a great capacity for biogas upgrading in the industrial scale.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [172] 172. P. Billemont, B. Coasne, G. De Weireld, Adsorption of carbon dioxide, methane, and their mixtures in porous carbons: effect of surface chemistry, water content, and pore disorder, Langmuir 29 (10) (2013) 3328-3338. source
    • Rests on an assumption: Performance of biomass/biochar adsorbents in bench- or pilot-scale cyclic adsorption tests is indicative of their performance at industrial scale.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Activated carbon is still one of the most popular and attractive adsorbents for separation and purification.

    “the activated carbon is still one of the most popular and attractive adsorbents for such propose [64][65][66].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64][65][66]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Biochar from olive stone is an effective adsorbent with a simple regeneration procedure for PSA pilot plant applications.

    “Plaza et al. [187] eventually concluded the biochar originated from the olive stone is an effective adsorbent with a simple regeneration procedure to be employed in the PSA processes for pilot plant applications [188].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [187] 187. R.T. Maruyama, K.N. Pai, S.G. Subraveti, A. Rajendran, Improving the performance of vacuum swing adsorption based CO 2 capture under reduced recovery requirements, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Con. 93 (2020), 102902. source
    • cites [188] 188. D. Xu, P. Xiao, J. Zhang, G. Li, G. Xiao, P.A. Webley, Y. Zhai, Effects of water vapour on CO 2 capture with vacuum swing adsorption using activated carbon, Chem. Eng. J. 230 (2013) 64-72. source
    • Rests on an assumption: Performance of biomass/biochar adsorbents in bench- or pilot-scale cyclic adsorption tests is indicative of their performance at industrial scale.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ZnCl2 and H3PO4 activation agents contribute to higher yields compared to KOH, accompanied with less porosity, and their acidic factor is suitable for developing large pore structures.

    “ZnCl 2 and H 3 PO 4 contribute to the higher yields compared to KOH, accompanied with less porosity, which the acidic factor of ZnCl 2 and H 3 PO 4 are suitable for developing large pore structures [114].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [114] 114. R. Wang, P. Wang, X. Yan, J. Lang, C. Peng, Q. Xue, Promising porous carbon derived from celtuce leaves with outstanding supercapacitance and CO 2 capture performance, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 4 (11) (2012) 5800-5806. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Convincing results of the VTSA process were obtained after four steps, proving the suitability of the developed unit for CO2 adsorption using olive stones in wet operating condition.

    “Convincing results of the VTSA process were obtained after four steps, which proved the suitability of developed unit for CO 2 adsorption using olive stones in the wet operating condition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [188] 188. D. Xu, P. Xiao, J. Zhang, G. Li, G. Xiao, P.A. Webley, Y. Zhai, Effects of water vapour on CO 2 capture with vacuum swing adsorption using activated carbon, Chem. Eng. J. 230 (2013) 64-72. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plaza et al. illustrated that modeling results have acceptable agreement with experimental values in a wide range of temperature and CO2 composition in the feed, proving promising outcomes for VSA.

    “they illustrated that modeling results have an acceptable agreement with experimental values in a wide range of temperature and CO 2 composition in the feed, which proved promising outcomes for VSA process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [198] 198. N.A. Zubbri, A.R. Mohamed, N. Kamiuchi, M. Mohammadi, Enhancement of CO 2 adsorption on biochar sorbent modified by metal incorporation, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res (2020) 1-21. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Via an arrangement of maximum 4 beds, CO2 purity was enhanced from 8% to about 40%, and recoveries were reported more than 95%.

    “via the arrangement constituted of maximum 4 beds, CO 2 purity was enhanced from 8% to about 40 %; also recoveries were reported more than 95 %.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] 65. J. Zhang, P.A. Webley, Cycle development and design for CO2 capture from flue gas by vacuum swing adsorption, Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 (2) (2008) 563-569. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plaza et al. reported the highest CO2 and N2 adsorption capacities around 3.1 and 0.55 mmol/g at 1.2 bar and 0°C, respectively.

    “Adsorption outcomes indicated the highest CO 2 and N 2 adsorption capacities around 3.1 and 0.55 mmol.g -1 at 1.2 bar and 0 ᵒC, respectively [198].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [198] 198. N.A. Zubbri, A.R. Mohamed, N. Kamiuchi, M. Mohammadi, Enhancement of CO 2 adsorption on biochar sorbent modified by metal incorporation, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res (2020) 1-21. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The maximum CO2 uptake after nine cycles decreased only around 3%, which was an excellent cyclability.

    “the maximum CO 2 uptake after nine cycles was decreased only around 3%, which was an excellent cyclability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [199] 199. C. Shen, Z. Liu, P. Li, J. Yu, Two-stage VPSA process for CO 2 capture from flue gas using activated carbon beads, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51 (13) (2012) 5011-5021. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plaza et al. reported the prepared samples can easily capture CO2 in post-combustion operating conditions accompanied with promising desorption potential by rising the temperature up to 373 K.

    “They reported the prepared samples can easily capture CO 2 in the post-combustion operating conditions accompanied with promising desorption potential by rising the temperature up to 373 K.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [204] 204. M. Plaza, A. González, C. Pevida, F. Rubiera, Green coffee based CO 2 adsorbent with high performance in postcombustion conditions, Fuel 140 (2015) 633-648. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Plaza et al. reported 4.4 and 4.2 mmol/g loading at 115 kpa and 273 K for olive stones and almond shells samples activated physically by CO2, respectively.

    “which resulted in 4.4 and 4.2 mmol.g -1 loading at 115 kpa and 273 K for olive stones and almond shells samples activated physically by CO 2 , respectively”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [211] 211. J. Ding, H. Wang, Z. Li, K. Cui, D. Karpuzov, X. Tan, A. Kohandehghan, D. Mitlin, Peanut shell hybrid sodium ion capacitor with extreme energy-power rivals lithium ion capacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (3) (2015) 941-955. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hao et al. reported the highest CO2 and N2 uptakes were attributed to HTC grass cutting (PAC), which was 4 mmol/g and 0.51 mmol/g for HTC horse manure (PAC) at 1 bar and 0°C, respectively.

    “The highest CO 2 and N 2 uptakes were attributed to HTC grass cutting (physically activated carbon (PAC)), which was 4 mmol.g-1 and 0.51 mmol.g -1 for HTC horse manure (PAC) at 1 bar and 0 ᵒC, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [199] 199. C. Shen, Z. Liu, P. Li, J. Yu, Two-stage VPSA process for CO 2 capture from flue gas using activated carbon beads, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 51 (13) (2012) 5011-5021. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    No reduction in CO2 and H2O coadsorption was observed in comparison with CO2 adsorption in the dry feed, while higher CO2 adsorption was attributed to the slower adsorption kinetics of H2O.

    “Through this study, no reduction in CO 2 and H 2 O coadsorption was observed, in comparison with CO 2 adsorption in the dry feed, while higher CO 2 adsorption attributed to the slower adsorption kinetics of H 2 O.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [188] 188. D. Xu, P. Xiao, J. Zhang, G. Li, G. Xiao, P.A. Webley, Y. Zhai, Effects of water vapour on CO 2 capture with vacuum swing adsorption using activated carbon, Chem. Eng. J. 230 (2013) 64-72. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The stability of the developed TSA unit was obtained after four adsorption/desorption cycles with reasonable performance.

    “Finally, the stability of developed TSA unit obtained after four adsorption/desorption cycles with a reasonable performance [188].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [188] 188. D. Xu, P. Xiao, J. Zhang, G. Li, G. Xiao, P.A. Webley, Y. Zhai, Effects of water vapour on CO 2 capture with vacuum swing adsorption using activated carbon, Chem. Eng. J. 230 (2013) 64-72. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The biomass samples were stable after 40 cycles and no sign of decomposition was reported.

    “Also, the biomass samples were stable after 40 cycles and no sign of decomposition was reported [204].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [204] 204. M. Plaza, A. González, C. Pevida, F. Rubiera, Green coffee based CO 2 adsorbent with high performance in postcombustion conditions, Fuel 140 (2015) 633-648. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cyclic adsorption process has been employed for CO2 sequestration not only for less required energy, but also for high CO2 purity and recovery as well as less destructive environmental effects.

    “cyclic adsorption process has been employed for CO 2 sequestration not only for less required energy, but also for high CO 2 purity and recovery as well as less destructive environmental effects [208,209].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [208] 208. D. Bahamon, A.E. Ogungbenro, M. Khaleel, M.R. Abu-Zahra, L.F. Vega, Performance of activated carbons derived from date seeds in CO 2 swing adsorption determined by combining experimental and molecular simulation data, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 59 (15) (2020) 7161-7173. source
    • cites [209] 209. C. Hou, Y. Wu, T. Wang, X. Wang, X. Gao, Preparation of quaternized bamboo cellulose and its implication in direct air capture of CO 2 , Energ Fuel 33 (3) (2018) 1745-1752. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    CO2 is desorbed faster than H2O in the desorption step.

    “also, CO 2 is desorbed faster than H 2 O in the desorption step.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [188] 188. D. Xu, P. Xiao, J. Zhang, G. Li, G. Xiao, P.A. Webley, Y. Zhai, Effects of water vapour on CO 2 capture with vacuum swing adsorption using activated carbon, Chem. Eng. J. 230 (2013) 64-72. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Gonzalez et al. concluded the prepared samples have excellent potential for carbon capture and sequestration due to the lower heat of adsorption during regeneration accompanied with acceptable loading capacity.

    “Gonzalez et al. concluded the prepared samples have an excellent potential for carbon capture and sequestration due to the lower heat of adsorption during the regeneration process accompanied with acceptable loading capacity [151].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [151] 151. Y. Wang, T. Du, H. Jia, Z. Qiu, Y. Song, Synthesis, characterization and CO 2 adsorption of NaA, NaX and NaZSM-5 from rice husk ash, Solid State Sci. 86 (2018) 24-33. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Water vapor is adsorbed in a similar way to carbon dioxide with no interaction between CO2 and H2O adsorption through the multicomponent adsorption process.

    “They also reported that the water vapor is adsorbed in a similar way of carbon dioxide with no interaction between CO 2 and H 2 O adsorption through the multicomponent adsorption process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [188] 188. D. Xu, P. Xiao, J. Zhang, G. Li, G. Xiao, P.A. Webley, Y. Zhai, Effects of water vapour on CO 2 capture with vacuum swing adsorption using activated carbon, Chem. Eng. J. 230 (2013) 64-72. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Wawrzynczak et al. reported the CO2 adsorption equilibrium capacity of coconut shell activated carbon was 7.15 mmol/g at 10 bar and 30°C.

    “Derived activated carbons from coconut shells were employed to evaluate the adsorption equilibrium capacity of CO 2 , which was 7.15 mmol.g -1 at 10 bar and 30 ᵒC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [215] 215. B. Matthäus, D. Guillaume, S. Gharby, A. Haddad, H. Harhar, Z. Charrouf, Effect of processing on the quality of edible argan oil, Food Chem. 120 (2) (2010) 426-432. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Li et al. concluded that peanut shells-originated adsorbents have a promising capacity for carbon capture studies.

    “Li et al. [221] also concluded that peanut shells-originated adsorbents have a promising capacity for carbon capture studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [221] 221. X.-L. Zhu, P.-Y. Wang, C. Peng, J. Yang, X.-B. Yan, Activated carbon produced from paulownia sawdust for high-performance CO 2 sorbents, Chin. Chem. Lett. 25 (6) (2014) 929-932. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    VPSA requires more energy when the pressure of the ultimate product increases.

    “They reported that the VPSA requires more energy when the pressure of the ultimate product increases [215].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [215] 215. B. Matthäus, D. Guillaume, S. Gharby, A. Haddad, H. Harhar, Z. Charrouf, Effect of processing on the quality of edible argan oil, Food Chem. 120 (2) (2010) 426-432. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The configuration with co-current depressurization was able to produce a high-purity CO2 product, while it was not able to meet the 85% CO2 recovery target in the operation range.

    “the configuration with co-current depressurization was able to produce a high-purity CO 2 product, while was not able to meet the 85 % of CO 2 recovery target in the operation range.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] 218. K. Zakaria, N. Sumri, K. Salleh, N. Balu, S. Cho, G. Han, I. Yang, Competitiveness of malaysian and indonesian palm oil export in the Balkans: a constant market share analysis, Oil Palm Ind. Econ. J. 18 (2) (2018) 18-26.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Aminated samples showed narrower porosity, but higher volumetric capacities.

    “The characterization and adsorption tests approved that aminated samples showed narrower porosity, but higher volumetric capacities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [211] 211. J. Ding, H. Wang, Z. Li, K. Cui, D. Karpuzov, X. Tan, A. Kohandehghan, D. Mitlin, Peanut shell hybrid sodium ion capacitor with extreme energy-power rivals lithium ion capacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (3) (2015) 941-955. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Through the VTSA process, the recovery factor of CO2 was 84% and the productivity was 2.9 mol/kg/h.

    “Through the VTSA process, the recovery factor of CO 2 was 84 % and the productivity was 2.9 mol.kg -1 .h -1 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [212] 212. D. Li, Y. Tian, L. Li, J. Li, H. Zhang, Production of highly microporous carbons with large CO 2 uptakes at atmospheric pressure by KOH activation of peanut shell char, J. Porous Mater. 22 (6) (2015) 1581-1588. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Plaza et al. green coffee activated carbon adsorbed 3.8 mmol CO2/g at 1.2 bar and 0°C.

    “which at the maximum capacity, adsorbed 3.8 mmol CO 2 .g -1 at 1.2 bar and 0 ᵒC.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [212] 212. D. Li, Y. Tian, L. Li, J. Li, H. Zhang, Production of highly microporous carbons with large CO 2 uptakes at atmospheric pressure by KOH activation of peanut shell char, J. Porous Mater. 22 (6) (2015) 1581-1588. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Bahamon et al. proposed date seeds-ACs employment in the VPSA process for CO2 sequestration due to the hydrophobicity character of ACs as well as satisfying energy performance of the developed unit in wet operating condition.

    “Finally, they proposed date seeds-ACs employment in the VPSA process for CO 2 sequestration due to the hydrophobicity character of ACs as well as satisfying the energy performance of developed unit in the wet operating condition.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [216] 216. M. Dahbi, M. Kiso, K. Kubota, T. Horiba, T. Chafik, K. Hida, T. Matsuyama, S. Komaba, Synthesis of hard carbon from argan shells for Na-ion batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain. 5 (20) (2017) 9917-9928. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Water vapor does not have any significant impact on adsorption results, but affects the energy needed for cyclic adsorption processes.

    “they observed that the water vapor does not have any significant impact on adsorption results, but affects the energy needed for the cyclic adsorption processes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [216] 216. M. Dahbi, M. Kiso, K. Kubota, T. Horiba, T. Chafik, K. Hida, T. Matsuyama, S. Komaba, Synthesis of hard carbon from argan shells for Na-ion batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain. 5 (20) (2017) 9917-9928. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Zhao et al. reported the highest CO2 capacity was 2.54 mmol/g at 296 K and 1 bar in dry condition.

    “the highest CO 2 capacity was 2.54 mmol.g -1 at 296 K and 1 bar in the dry condition [214].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [214] 214. D.-S. Kim, Activated carbon from peach stones using phosphoric acid activation at medium temperatures, J. Environ. Sci. Heal. A 39 (5) (2004) 1301-1318. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Derived carbon samples from peanut shells upon activation with chemical agent generally show high pore volume and specific surface volume, nominating them as excellent candidates for gas capture and sequestration.

    “Derived carbon samples from the peanut shells upon activated with chemical agent, generally show a high pore volume and specific surface volume, which nominate them as an excellent candidate for gas capture and sequestration [221,222].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [221] 221. X.-L. Zhu, P.-Y. Wang, C. Peng, J. Yang, X.-B. Yan, Activated carbon produced from paulownia sawdust for high-performance CO 2 sorbents, Chin. Chem. Lett. 25 (6) (2014) 929-932. source
    • cites [222] 222. N.P. Wickramaratne, M. Jaroniec, Importance of small micropores in CO 2 capture by phenolic resin-based activated carbon spheres, J. Mater. Chem. A 1 (1) (2013) 112-116. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Aminated almond shells represented higher volumetric CO2 adsorption capacity than aminated olive stones, selectivity, and admissible adsorption kinetics.

    “In this case, aminated almond shells represented higher volumetric CO 2 adsorption capacity (than aminated olive stones), selectivity, and admissible adsorption kinetics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [211] 211. J. Ding, H. Wang, Z. Li, K. Cui, D. Karpuzov, X. Tan, A. Kohandehghan, D. Mitlin, Peanut shell hybrid sodium ion capacitor with extreme energy-power rivals lithium ion capacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (3) (2015) 941-955. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Plaza and Rubiera designed a VTCSA process to separate 85% of emitted CO2 and obtain a product stream with 95% CO2 in a dry stream.

    “The cyclic process was designed to separate 85 % of the emitted CO 2 and obtain a product stream with 95 % of CO 2 in a dry stream.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] 218. K. Zakaria, N. Sumri, K. Salleh, N. Balu, S. Cho, G. Han, I. Yang, Competitiveness of malaysian and indonesian palm oil export in the Balkans: a constant market share analysis, Oil Palm Ind. Econ. J. 18 (2) (2018) 18-26.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Yorgun and Yildiz reported that 400°C is the most effective final carbonization temperature, and the impregnation ratio of 4 was optimal.

    “Yorgun and Yildiz reported that 400 ᵒC is the most effective final carbonization temperature, also the impregnation ratio of 4 was achieved as optimal impregnation ratio.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] 73. A. Heidari, H. Younesi, A. Rashidi, A. Ghoreyshi, Adsorptive removal of CO2 on highly microporous activated carbons prepared from Eucalyptus camaldulensis wood: effect of chemical activation, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 45 (2) (2014) 579-588. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Nasri et al. reported PKS activated carbon as an interesting and sustainable adsorbent for gas adsorption purposes.

    “They reported the PKS activated carbon as an interesting and sustainable adsorbent for gas adsorption purposes [75].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] 75. S.-J. Son, J.-S. Choi, K.-Y. Choo, S.-D. Song, S. Vijayalakshmi, T.-H. Kim, Development of carbon dioxide adsorbents using carbon materials prepared from coconut shell, Korean J. Chem. Eng. 22 (2) (2005) 291-297. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The sample activated chemically by KOH then physical activation at 800 °C for 1 h had the highest BET surface area of 1806 m2/g and total pore volume of 0.87 cm3/g, showing textural properties in the range of commercial carbon materials.

    “Also it was reported that the sample activated chemically by KOH afterwards through a physical activation at 800 ᵒC for 1 h had the highest S BET with 1806 m 2 .g -1 and total pore volume of 0.87 cm 3 .g -1 , which showed a textural properties in the range of commercial carbon materials [274].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [274] 274. S. He, Y. Hu, T. Hu, A. Ma, Q. Jia, H. Su, S. Shan, Investigation of CaO-based sorbents derived from eggshells and red mud for CO 2 capture, J. Alloys. Compd. 701 (2017) 828-833. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Pre-deashing of raw rice husk can significantly improve nitrogen-enriched biochar (N-Char).

    “Zhang et al. [260] also reported that pre-deashing of the raw rice husk can significantly improve the nitrogen-enriched biochar (N-Char).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [260] 260. R.I.L. Ázar, T. Morgan, M.H. Barbosa, V.M. Guimarães, E. Ximenes, M. Ladisch, Impact of protein blocking on enzymatic saccharification of bagasse from sugarcane clones, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 116 (7) (2019) 1584-1593. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The adsorption capacity varied in the order CeO2(5%)/NaZSM-5 > CeO2(3%)/NaZSM-5 > CeO2(7%)/NaZSM-5 > CeO2(11%)/NaZSM-5.

    “Their observations showed the adsorption capacity varied in order of CeO 2 (5%)/NaZSM-5 > CeO 2 (3%)/NaZSM-5 > CeO 2 (7%)/NaZSM-5 > CeO 2 (11 %)/NaZSM-5.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [257] 257. S. Al Arni, Extraction and isolation methods for lignin separation from sugarcane bagasse: a review, Ind, Crops Prod. 115 (2018) 330-339. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The sample prepared with KOH/precursor = 4 had larger pore size and surface area than the sample prepared with KOH/precursor = 2.

    “According to textural properties, the sample prepared with KOH/precursor = 4 represented the larger pore size and the surface area; however, the sample prepared with KOH/precursor = 2 showed higher CO 2 capacity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [242] 242. A. Basta, V. Fierro, H. El-Saied, A. Celzard, 2-Steps KOH activation of rice straw: an efficient method for preparing high-performance activated carbons, Bioresour. Technol. 100 (17) (2009) 3941-3947. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Jang et al. reported 1024 m2/g as the BET surface area for prepared samples with a structure-directing template of mesoporous MCM-48.

    “They reported 1024 m 2 .g -1 as the S BET for the prepared samples with a structure-directing template of mesoporous MCM-48 (mesoporous silica compounds).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [252] 252. A. Kumar, V. Kumar, B. Singh, Cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of sugarcane bagasse: potential, challenges and future perspective, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 169 (2021) 564-582.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At PEI content <20 wt%, the adsorption process was controlled thermodynamically; at higher PEI content (30 wt%), CO2 adsorption was controlled by kinetics.

    “Witoon reported [256] that at PET content<20 wt%, the adsorption process was controlled thermodynamically, while in the higher PEI content (30 wt%), the CO 2 adsorption was controlled by the kinetic of process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [256] 256. S. Yao, S. Nie, Y. Yuan, S. Wang, C. Qin, Efficient extraction of bagasse hemicelluloses and characterization of solid remainder, Bioresour. Technol. 185 (2015) 21-27. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Jang et al. observed very fast kinetics of CO2 adsorption with maximum loading of 0.069 mmol/g at 323 K and atmospheric pressure.

    “They observed a very fast kinetic of CO 2 adsorption with maximum loading of 0.069 mmol.g -1 at 323 K and atmospheric pressure.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [252] 252. A. Kumar, V. Kumar, B. Singh, Cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of sugarcane bagasse: potential, challenges and future perspective, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 169 (2021) 564-582.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Ekhlasi et al. estimated that AC production from populus wood biomass in industrial scale requires about 25 $ per kg investment.

    “Finally, they estimated that AC production from the populus wood biomass in the industrial scale requires about 25 $ per kg investment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [239] 239. J. Rantes, K. Kalo, R. Pakoasongi, Baseline Study for the National Green Export Review for VANUATU, 2014.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Heidari et al. reported activated carbons obtained through KOH activation showed the largest surface area (2594 m2/g) and the maximum micropore content (98%).

    “the activated carbons obtained through KOH activation showed the largest surface area (2594 m 2 .g -1 ) and the maximum micropore content (98 %)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] 74. N.S. Nasri, U.D. Hamza, S.N. Ismail, M.M. Ahmed, R. Mohsin, Assessment of porous carbons derived from sustainable palm solid waste for carbon dioxide capture, J. Clean. Prod. 71 (2014) 148-157. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEI-loaded bimodal porous silica materials are economical, eco-friendly, and high-efficient for carbon capture.

    “Finally, Witoon concluded that PEI-loaded bimodal porous silica materials are economical, eco-friendly, and high-efficient for carbon capture.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [256] 256. S. Yao, S. Nie, Y. Yuan, S. Wang, C. Qin, Efficient extraction of bagasse hemicelluloses and characterization of solid remainder, Bioresour. Technol. 185 (2015) 21-27. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The maximum CO2 uptake for CRHA-Li4SiO4 was around 6.92 mmol/g at 680 °C and atmospheric pressure.

    “They reported the maximum CO 2 uptake around 6.92 mmol.g -1 at 680 ᵒC and atmospheric pressure for CRHA--Li 4 SiO 4 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [258] 258. S.C. Rabelo, A.C. da Costa, C.E.V. Rossel, Industrial waste recovery, in: F. Santos, a. Borém, in: C. Caldas (Ed.), Sugarcane, Elsevier, 2015, pp. 365-381. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The highest reported BET surface area and total pore volume were 2806 m2/g and 1.746 cm3/g, respectively.

    “The highest reported BET surface area and total pore volume were 2806 m 2 .g -1 and 1.746 cm 3 .g -1 , respectively [73].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] 73. A. Heidari, H. Younesi, A. Rashidi, A. Ghoreyshi, Adsorptive removal of CO2 on highly microporous activated carbons prepared from Eucalyptus camaldulensis wood: effect of chemical activation, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 45 (2) (2014) 579-588. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    700 °C was the optimal calcination temperature, at which activated carbon with 1104 m2/g BET surface area was developed.

    “Accordingly, 700 ᵒC was opted as the optimal temperature of calcination, in which, AC with 1104 m 2 .g -1 of BET surface area was developed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [278] 278. B. Daryayehsalameh, M. Nabavi, B. Vaferi, Modeling of CO 2 capture ability of [Bmim][BF4] ionic liquid using connectionist smart paradigms, Environ. Technol. Innov. 22 (2021), 101484. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    H3PO4 as an activating agent showed a more effective impact on the adsorbent pore size.

    “In a similar way of [277], H 3 PO 4 was employed as the activating agent of prepared sample that showed more effective impact on the adsorbent pore size [277].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [277] 277. D. Iranshahi, S. Amiri, M. Karimi, R. Rafiei, M. Jafari, M.R. Rahimpour, Modeling and simulation of a novel membrane reactor in a continuous catalytic regenerative naphtha reformer accompanied with a detailed description of kinetics, Energ Fuel 27 (7) (2013) 4048-4070.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Increasing pyrolysis temperature enhances weight loss and decreases the yield of char.

    “They declared that increasing pyrolysis temperature enhances the weight loss and decreases the yield of char.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [277] 277. D. Iranshahi, S. Amiri, M. Karimi, R. Rafiei, M. Jafari, M.R. Rahimpour, Modeling and simulation of a novel membrane reactor in a continuous catalytic regenerative naphtha reformer accompanied with a detailed description of kinetics, Energ Fuel 27 (7) (2013) 4048-4070.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Activated carbons prepared by KOH from coffee grounds have higher adsorption capacity for carbon capture than physically activated samples, with maximum CO2 loading capacity 4.9 mmol/g at 298 K and 1 bar.

    “They illustrated activated carbons prepared by KOH have a higher adsorption capacity for carbon capture (which the maximum CO 2 loading capacity was 4.9 mmol.g -1 at 298 K and 1 bar), while physically activated samples showed a higher selectivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [118] 118. S. Shahkarami, R. Azargohar, A.K. Dalai, J. Soltan, Breakthrough CO 2 adsorption in bio-based activated carbons, J. Environ. Sci. 34 (2015) 68-76. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A pre-treatment process is an effective method to prepare a valuable adsorbent from abundant and economical tobacco waste.

    “They concluded that a pre-treatment process is an effective method to prepare a valuable adsorbent from abundant and economical tobacco waste.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [278] 278. B. Daryayehsalameh, M. Nabavi, B. Vaferi, Modeling of CO 2 capture ability of [Bmim][BF4] ionic liquid using connectionist smart paradigms, Environ. Technol. Innov. 22 (2021), 101484. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Physically and chemically activations significantly increase the textural properties of biomass samples including porosity, surface active sites and BET surface area, which results in activated carbons with uptake capacity in the range of commercial adsorbents.

    “The represented results showed physically and chemically activations significantly increase the textural properties of biomass samples including porosity, surface active sites and BET surface area, which results in activated carbons with uptake capacity in the range of commercial adsorbents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Raw fly ash sample activated by steam at 850 °C led to an adsorbent with higher surface area of 1075 m2/g.

    “To this end, raw sample was activated by steam at 850 ᵒC, which led to an adsorbent with higher surface area of 1075 m 2 .g -1 .”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [300] 300. Z. Zhang, W. Zhang, X. Chen, Q. Xia, Z. Li, Adsorption of CO 2 on zeolite 13X and activated carbon with higher surface area, Sep. Sci. Technol. 45 (5) (2010) 710-719. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Evaluation of developed cyclic adsorption processes for CO2 capture and low capital investment for synthesis of these sorbents nominate derived activated carbon from sustainable sources as an attractive candidate for large scale applications.

    “Also, the evaluation of developed cyclic adsorption processes for CO 2 capture as well as the low capital investment for synthesis of these sorbents nominate the derived activated carbon from sustainable sources as an attractive candidate for large scale applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The adsorption capacity of MCM-48/TREN is greater than that of MCM-41/TREN, which is greater than that of SBA-15/TREN.

    “around 70 mg.g-1 (at 25 ᵒC and 1 atm) in which the adsorption capacity was in order of MCM-48/TREN > MCM-41/TREN > SBA-15/TREN.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bhagiyalakshmi et al.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    All studied parameters had significant impact on the microporosity of the synthesized CO2 adsorbents from carpet waste.

    “They concluded that all studied parameters had significant impact on the microporosity of the synthesized CO 2 adsorbents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [291] 291. M.M. Maroto-Valer, Z. Lu, Y. Zhang, Z. Tang, Sorbents for CO 2 capture from high carbon fly ashes, Waste Manage. 28 (11) (2008) 2320-2328. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The maximum CO2 loading could be enhanced to 1.87 mmol/g by replacing PVC 62 with PVC 43 at the same temperature.

    “They developed a rigid pellet of PVC/FA/sorbet network, which the most efficient combination of the pellet components adsorbed 1.33 mmol CO 2 .g -1 at 55 ᵒC (20 %wt of FA; PVC with molecular weight of 62,000 g.mol -1 ), also it was accessible to enhance the maximum CO 2 loading to 1.87 mmol.g -1 by PVC 62 replacement with PVC 43 at the same temperature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [301] 301. F. Gao, Y. Li, Z. Bian, J. Hu, H. Liu, Dynamic hydrophobic hindrance effect of zeolite@ zeolitic imidazolate framework composites for CO 2 capture in the presence of water, J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. Energy Sustain. 3 (15) (2015) 8091-8097. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Amines solution had a significant impact on CO2 capture in the structure of microporous CO2 adsorbents, unlike pyridinic-N, pyridonic/pyrrolic-N and quaternary-N.

    “They observed that amines solution had a significant impact on CO 2 capture in the structure of microporous CO 2 adsorbents, unlike the pyridinic-N, pyridonic/pyrrolic-N and quaternary-N.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [292] 292. W.C. Wilfong, M.L. Gray, B.W. Kail, B.H. Howard, Pelletization of immobilized amine carbon dioxide sorbents with fly ash and poly (vinyl chloride), Energy Technol. 4 (5) (2016) 610-619. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Agaricus-based sorbents have features including CO2/N2 selectivity, high stability, and ease of adsorbent regeneration, making them more interesting in carbon capture processes.

    “Afterwards, they indicated some features including CO 2 /N 2 selectivity, high stability, and ease of adsorbent regeneration, which made Agaricus-based sorbents more interesting in carbon capture processes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [285] 285. Z. Zhang, K. Wang, J.D. Atkinson, X. Yan, X. Li, M.J. Rood, Z. Yan, Sustainable and hierarchical porous Enteromorpha prolifera based carbon for CO 2 capture, J. Hazard. Mater. 229 (2012) 183-191. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The maximum CO2 uptake of fly ash-derived samples was 3.75 μmol/g at 30 °C, 1 atm, and 10 wt% moisture contents.

    “They found that the maximum CO 2 uptake was 3.75 μmol.g -1 at 30 ᵒC, 1 atm, and 10 wt% moisture contents.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [302] 302. V.M. Georgieva, E.L. Bruce, M.C. Verbraeken, A.R. Scott, W.J. Casteel Jr., S. Brandani, P.A. Wright, Triggered gate opening and breathing effects during selective CO 2 adsorption by merlinoite zeolite, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141 (32) (2019) 12744-12759. source
87 of 87

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Performance of biomass/biochar adsorbents in bench- or pilot-scale cyclic adsorption tests is indicative of their performance at industrial scale.

    “The results proved that AC-SC sample had an excellent potential for large scale applications of CO 2 adsorption in a broad range of pressure up to 30 bar [64].”
1 of 1

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Babassu selectivity differs between prose and table

    Minor

    The prose reports a selectivity of 0.90 for babassu, but Table 3 lists 4.2 for both babassu and coconut shell.

  • Peanut-shell sample code disagrees with its stated ratio

    Minor

    The sample code P-973-1.00 indicates a ratio of 1.00 under the naming convention given for the adjacent sunflower sample, but the peanut-shell sample is described as having a ratio of 1.25.

  • Coconut-shell CO2 uptake differs for the same conditions

    Minor

    For the coconut-shell VSA study at 1.20 bar and 20 °C, the prose reports approximately 3.1 mmol/g, whereas Table 3 reports 3.5 mmol/g.

  • Coconut-shell and babassu surface areas are reversed

    Minor

    The prose assigns 1452 m2/g to babassu and 809 m2/g to coconut shell, while Table 4 assigns those values to the opposite materials.

  • Xu study points to a different bibliography entry

    Minor

    The text attributes the cited 2013 VSA study to Xu et al., but bibliography entry [196] is a 2011 paper by Plaza et al.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. F.G. Kerry, Industrial gas handbook: gas separation and Purification (1st ed.), CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/97814200082652006. · DOI
  2. Sudibandriyo, 2018, Betung bamboo-based activated carbon bioadsorbent for the separation of hydrogen-methane gas mixture, E3S Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 02039
  3. Jayaprakash, 2016, Drying butanol using biosorbents in a pressure swing adsorption process, University of Saskatchewan SK, Canada
  4. Zakaria, 2018, Competitiveness of malaysian and indonesian palm oil export in the Balkans: a constant market share analysis, Oil Palm Ind. Econ. J., 18, 18
  5. Maroto-Valer, 2008, Sorbents for CO2capture from high carbon fly ashes, Waste Manage., 28, 2320, 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.10.012 · DOI · Paper page
  6. Ruthven, 1993, Report of PSA discussion, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 80, 788

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Karimi, M., Shirzad, M., Silva, J. A. C., & Rodrigues, A. E.
Affiliations
  • Universidade do Porto (PT)
  • University of Tehran (IR)
  • Universidade Politécnica de Bragança (PT)
Corresponding author
  • Karimi, Mohsen
  • Rodrigues, Alírio E.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of CO2 Utilization
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-03
Volume
57
Pages
101890
ISSN
2212-9820 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101890
OpenAlex
W4205173149
Cited by
237
References
298
Citations by year
2026: 46 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 59 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 20
FWCI
17.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of CO2 Utilization (publishedVersion)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • European Regional Development Fund
  • Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (SFRH/BD/140550/2018, UID/AGR/00690/2020)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Keywords
biomass-derived biochar, CO2 capture, CO2 sequestration, cyclic adsorption, pressure swing adsorption, temperature swing adsorption, vacuum swing adsorption, carbon adsorbents, carbon activation, solid waste management, greenhouse gas emissions reduction

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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