EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: The diagnosis and management of patients with primary biliary cholangitis.
Open accessAbstract
Clinical practice guidelines summarising diagnosis, risk stratification, and management of PBC including ursodeoxycholic acid, obeticholic acid, and off-label therapies.
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Claims the paper makes
18 of 48 cited sources checked · 7 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Background§ Standard serum liver tests
Serum bilirubin has been recognized since the 1970s as a major predictor of poor PBC outcome.
“Serum bilirubin has been recognised since the 1970s as a major predictor of poor outcome in PBC [72,7].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 2 sources checked- cites [72] 72. Shapiro JM, Smith H, Schaffner F. Serum bilirubin: a prognostic factor in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut 1979;20:137-140. source
- cites [7] 7. Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Hirschfield GM, Janssen HL, Invernizzi P, Mason AL, et al. Levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are surrogate end points of outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an international follow-up study. Gastroenterology 2014;147:1338-1349. source
- Background§ Demographics
Male sex is linked to later diagnosis, more advanced disease at presentation, poorer biochemical response to UDCA, and higher HCC risk.
“Male sex is associated with later diagnosis, more advanced disease at presentation, poorer biochemical response to UDCA therapy, and higher risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [6,8,65].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 3 sources checked- cites [6] 6. Carbone M, Mells GF, Pells G, Dawwas MF, Newton JL, Heneghan MA, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic Acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569. source
The Results and Discussion (page not provided) report that men with PBC presented at an older age, had signs suggesting more advanced disease and delayed diagnosis, and were less likely to meet UDCA response criteria. The passages found do not address whether men have a higher risk of developing HCC, so this source does not support that part of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [8] 8. Trivedi PJ, Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Pares A, Floreani A, Janssen HL, et al. Stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma risk in primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicentre international study. Gut 2016;65:321-329. source
- cites [65] 65. Cheung A, Lammers WJ, Hirschfield GM, Invernizzi P, Mason A, Ponsioen CY, et al. Age, bilirubin and albumin, regardless of sex, are the strongest independent predictors of biochemical response and transplantation-free survival in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2015;62: S798-S799. source
- Background§ Demographics
Patients diagnosed younger than 45 are often symptomatic and less likely to respond well to standard UDCA treatment.
“Patients who present at a younger age (\45 years) are often symptomatic and less likely to respond well to standard treatment with UDCA [6].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] 6. Carbone M, Mells GF, Pells G, Dawwas MF, Newton JL, Heneghan MA, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic Acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569. source
- Background§ Introduction
PBC is chronic and often progressive, leading to end-stage liver disease and related complications.
“The disease is chronic and often progressive, resulting in end-stage liver disease and its associated complications [6][7][8].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 3 sources checked- cites [6] 6. Carbone M, Mells GF, Pells G, Dawwas MF, Newton JL, Heneghan MA, et al. Sex and age are determinants of the clinical phenotype of primary biliary cirrhosis and response to ursodeoxycholic Acid. Gastroenterology 2013;144:560-569. source
The Additional information section defines PBC-related failure to include liver transplantation or death from liver failure, supporting the possibility of severe outcomes. But the Discussion describes a potentially aggressive course particularly in younger patients, while characterizing the typical patient's course as relatively benign; it does not establish that PBC is often progressive to end-stage disease. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [7] 7. Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Hirschfield GM, Janssen HL, Invernizzi P, Mason AL, et al. Levels of alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin are surrogate end points of outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an international follow-up study. Gastroenterology 2014;147:1338-1349. source
- cites [8] 8. Trivedi PJ, Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Pares A, Floreani A, Janssen HL, et al. Stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma risk in primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicentre international study. Gut 2016;65:321-329. source
- Finding§ Liver transplantation
Recurrent PBC after liver transplantation has been reported in about 20% of patients on average, with histological recurrence likely higher.
“PBC recurrence has been reported in 20% of patients on average [253,258] but the rate of histological recurrence is likely higher [259].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 2 sources checked- cites [253] 253. Carbone M, Neuberger JM. Autoimmune liver disease, autoimmunity and liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2014;60:210-223. source
In the section on recurrence after liver transplantation (page unavailable), the paper reports recurrent PBC prevalence of 0–35% and 10-year incidence of 21–37%, but does not give a 20% average. It says recurrence can occur with normal liver tests and that biopsy practices affect reported rates, supporting the possibility of missed histological recurrence without quantifying how much higher its rate is. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [258] 258. Silveira MG, Talwalkar JA, Lindor KD, Wiesner RH. Recurrent primary biliary cirrhosis after liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2010;10:720-726. source
- Finding§ Ursodeoxycholic acid
OCA causes dose-dependent pruritus exacerbation and led to discontinuation in 4-10% of patients.
“Treatment with OCA is associated with a dose dependent exacerbation in pruritus, leading to treatment discontinuation in 4-10% of patients [130,131].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 2 sources checked- cites [130] 130. Hirschfield GM, Mason A, Luketic V, Lindor K, Gordon SC, Mayo M, et al. Efficacy of obeticholic acid in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and inadequate response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Gastroenterology 2015;148:751-761. source
The Discussion describes pruritus as clearly OCA dose-related, and Study Patients reports that pruritus was the principal reason for discontinuation (10%). The cited 4–10% range is not established by these passages: Adverse Events reports 13% discontinuation due to pruritus in the open-label extension. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [131] 131. Nevens F, Andreone P, Mazzella G, Strasser SI, Bowlus C, Invernizzi P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis. N Engl J Med 2016;375:631-643. source
- Background§ Serological profiles
PBC-specific ANA against gp210 and sp100 are seen more often in severe PBC and may predict an unfavorable course independent of serum bilirubin.
“PBC-specific ANA (antibodies against gp210 and sp100 antigens) are more frequently observed in patients with severe PBC and their presence may also be predictive of an unfavourable course, irrespective of serum bilirubin [75][76][77]63,78].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 3 sources checked- cites [75] 75. Muratori P, Muratori L, Ferrari R, Cassani F, Bianchi G, Lenzi M, et al. Characterization and clinical impact of antinuclear antibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:431-437. source
- cites [76] 76. Rigopoulou EI, Davies ET, Pares A, Zachou K, Liaskos C, Bogdanos DP, et al. Prevalence and clinical significance of isotype specific antinuclear antibod- ies in primary biliary cirrhosis. Gut 2005;54:528-532. source
The Results and Discussion (page not available in our copy) associate PBC-specific ANA with more severe disease and worse outcomes, particularly for the multiple-nuclear-dot pattern. The study tested immunofluorescence patterns rather than separately establishing these findings for anti-gp210 and anti-sp100, and it does not show that the outcome association is independent of serum bilirubin. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [77] 77. Wesierska-Gadek J, Penner E, Battezzati PM, Selmi C, Zuin M, Hitchman E, et al. Correlation of initial autoantibody profile and clinical outcome in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006;43:1135-1144. source
The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies gp210 and Sp100 as PBC-specific ANA targets and says PBC-specific ANA correlate with disease severity in cross-sectional studies. The Results (page unavailable) link anti-NPC antibodies, including anti-gp210, to poorer outcomes, but do not establish that anti-Sp100 predicts outcome. Anti-NPC added independent prognostic information only in patients with baseline bilirubin below 1 mg/dL, so the claim is too broad about prediction irrespective of bilirubin. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Method§ Defining inadequate response to treatment
Treatment failure should be defined using validated surrogate endpoints with reproducible prognostic performance across cohorts.
“Treatment failure must be defined on validated surrogate endpoints to account for the slow progression of disease, i.e. endpoints that have significant reproducible prognostic performance in different cohorts of patients [100].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [100] 100. Silveira MG, Brunt EM, Heathcote J, Gores GJ, Lindor KD, Mayo MJ. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases endpoints conference: design and endpoints for clinical trials in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010;52:349-359. source
The Endpoints of Clinical Trials in PBC section says slow progression makes death or transplantation impractical trial endpoints, and the Biochemical Markers section recommends biochemical markers as primary endpoints. But the paper does not say treatment failure must be defined by validated surrogates with reproducible prognostic performance across different cohorts; it allows several ways to assess response. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding§ Clinical Practice Guidelines
The GLOBE and UK-PBC scores predict death or liver transplantation better than the Paris-I criteria, which perform best among binary models.
“continuous scoring systems incorporating both measures of treatment response and parameters of disease severity [106,107].Thus, both the GLOBE score and the UK-PBC score have shown better performance for the prediction of death or liver transplantation than the Paris-I criteria, which have the best performance among binary models.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified2 of 2 sources checked- cites [106] 106. Lammers WJ, Hirschfield GM, Corpechot C, Nevens F, Lindor KD, Janssen HL, et al. Development and validation of a scoring system to predict outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis receiving ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. Gastroenterology 2015;149:1804-1812. source
The Performance of the GLOBE Score Compared With Other Criteria section says GLOBE discriminated outcomes better than the earlier criteria; Table 3 reports higher C-statistics for GLOBE than Paris-1 and the other binary criteria. The paper also describes Paris-1 as generally having the best predictability among those criteria. It does not evaluate the UK-PBC score, so it cannot support that score’s claimed superiority to Paris-1; its mention of the UK-PBC consortium is not a comparison of scores. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [107] 107. Carbone M, Sharp SJ, Flack S, Paximadas D, Spiess K, Adgey C, et al. The UK- PBC risk scores: Derivation and validation of a scoring system for long-term prediction of end-stage liver disease in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatol- ogy 2016;63:930-950. source
The Validation of the PBC Risk Score section reports higher AUCs for UK-PBC than for Paris I, and Paris I has the highest AUCs among the four binary models compared. The paper does not report a GLOBE-score comparison, so it does not support that part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding§ Serum markers of fibrosis
The ELF score, based on hyaluronic acid, procollagen III peptide, and TIMP-1, has similar predictive capacity.
“The enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score, which is computed from the simultaneous measurements of serum concentrations of hyaluronic acid, procollagen III peptide and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, have shown similar predictive capacity [74].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [74] 74. Mayo MJ, Parkes J, Adams-Huet B, Combes B, Mills AS, Markin RS, et al. Prediction of clinical outcomes in primary biliary cirrhosis by serum enhanced liver fibrosis assay. Hepatology 2008;48:1549-1557. source
- Finding§ Direct measurement of portal pressure
Direct HVPG measurement in PBC correlates with the probability of death or liver transplantation.
“The direct measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) in PBC has been shown to correlate with the probability of death or liver transplant [99].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [99] 99. Huet PM, Vincent C, Deslaurier J, Cote J, Matsutami S, Boileau R, et al. Portal hypertension and primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of long-term ursodeoxy- cholic acid treatment. Gastroenterology 2008;135:1552-1560. source
The Long-Term Follow-Up Data section reports that patients grouped by their initial pressure gradient differed significantly in survival free of liver transplantation. But the Measurement of the PHG section says the study measured the portohepatic gradient (PHG), using portal-vein and hepatic-vein pressures, not the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). The paper distinguishes those measures and notes that HVPG may underestimate PHG in PBC. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding§ Ursodeoxycholic acid
In the POISE trial, biochemical response occurred in 47% and 46% of the 10 mg and 5-10 mg titrated OCA groups versus 10% with placebo.
“In an intention-to-treat analysis, biochemical response was met in 10% of the placebo group relative to 47% and 46% in the 10 mg and 5-10 mg dose-titrated OCA groups, respectively (p \0.0001 for both).”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [131] 131. Nevens F, Andreone P, Mazzella G, Strasser SI, Bowlus C, Invernizzi P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis. N Engl J Med 2016;375:631-643. source
The Primary End Point section reports a 12-month response rate of 47% in the 10-mg group, 46% in the 5–10-mg group, and 10% with placebo. The Statistical Analysis section confirms that response was analyzed in the intention-to-treat population. However, the paper reports P<0.001 for both comparisons, not the citing sentence’s more stringent P<0.0001. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Finding§ Clinical Practice Guidelines
The GLOBE score improves risk classification by nearly 10% versus Paris-I, and about 40% of UDCA-treated patients are expected to have shorter transplant-free survival than matched healthy people.
“Compared to the Paris-I criteria, the GLOBE score improves the global classification of patients into low-and high-risk groups by nearly 10% [106].According to the GLOBE score, approximately 40% of patients under UDCA are expected to have shorter transplant-free survival times than matched healthy individuals [106].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified1 of 1 sources checked- cites [106] 106. Lammers WJ, Hirschfield GM, Corpechot C, Nevens F, Lindor KD, Janssen HL, et al. Development and validation of a scoring system to predict outcomes of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis receiving ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. Gastroenterology 2015;149:1804-1812. source
- Finding§ Hepatocellular carcinoma
Male sex and inadequate UDCA response are confirmed HCC risk factors in PBC; men without advanced disease who are UDCA non-responders have higher HCC risk than women with cirrhosis who respond to UDCA.
“This internationally representative cohort demonstrated that male sex was a confirmed risk factor for HCC development in PBC, as well as inadequate response to UDCA; indeed, men without advanced disease who are UDCA non-responders are at a higher risk of developing HCC than women with cirrhosis who respond to UDCA, highlighting the importance of risk stratification in the management of PBC [8].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [8] 8. Trivedi PJ, Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Pares A, Floreani A, Janssen HL, et al. Stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma risk in primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicentre international study. Gut 2016;65:321-329. source
- Finding§ Hepatocellular carcinoma
HCC incidence in PBC is estimated at 0.36 per 100 person-years, and a large multicentre study found 3.4 cases per 1,000 patient-years.
“The incidence of HCC among patients with diagnosed PBC is estimated at 0.36 per 100 person years.Higher histological stage on liver biopsy denotes an increased risk for HCC in patients with PBC [249].A recent multicentre study from North America and Europe, based on prolonged observation of 4,565 patients with PBC, showed an incidence rate of 3.4 HCC cases for every 1,000 patient-years [8].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked- cites [249] 249. Jones DE, Metcalf JV, Collier JD, Bassendine MF, James OF. Hepatocellular carcinoma in primary biliary cirrhosis and its impact on outcomes. Hepatology 1997;26:1138-1142. source
- cites [8] 8. Trivedi PJ, Lammers WJ, van Buuren HR, Pares A, Floreani A, Janssen HL, et al. Stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma risk in primary biliary cirrhosis: a multicentre international study. Gut 2016;65:321-329. source
- Finding§ Histological features
Advanced histological stage is consistently associated with poor prognosis in PBC.
“Advanced histological stages are consistently associated with a poor prognosis in PBC [93,94,47,63,95].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 5 sources checked- cites [93] 93. Roll J, Boyer JL, Barry D, Klatskin G. The prognostic importance of clinical and histologic features in asymptomatic and symptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1983;308:1-7. source
- cites [94] 94. Poupon RE, Bonnand AM, Chretien Y, Poupon R. Ten-year survival in ursodeoxycholic acid-treated patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 1999;29:1668-1671. source
- cites [47] 47. Poupon R, Chazouilleres O, Balkau B, Poupon RE. Clinical and biochemical expression of the histopathological lesions of primary biliary cirrhosis, UDCA-PBC Group. J Hepatol 1999;30:408-412. source
- cites [63] 63. Corpechot C, Abenavoli L, Rabahi N, Chretien Y, Andreani T, Johanet C, et al. Biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid and long-term prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2008;48:871-877. source
- cites [95] 95. Carbone M, Sharpe SJ, Heneghan MA, Neuberger J, Hirschfield GM, Burroughs A, et al. Histological stage is relevant for risk-stratification in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2015;62:S805. source
- Finding§ Clinical Practice Guidelines
APRI has been validated across cohorts as predicting adverse events independently of and additively with UDCA response.
“cohorts as a predictor of adverse events, independently and additively of UDCA-response [83].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83] 83. Trivedi PJ, Bruns T, Cheung A, Li KK, Kittler C, Kumagi T, et al. Optimising risk stratification in primary biliary cirrhosis: AST/platelet ratio index predicts outcome independent of ursodeoxycholic acid response. J Hepatol 2014;60:1249-1258. source
- Background§ Introduction
PBC, previously called primary biliary cirrhosis, is an uncommon condition that mainly affects women.
“Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC; formerly known as primary biliary cirrhosis [1]) is an important but uncommon disease that predominantly affects women.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1] 1. Beuers U, Gershwin ME, Gish RG, Invernizzi P, Jones DE, Lindor K, et al. Changing nomenclature for PBC: from 'cirrhosis' to 'cholangitis'. J Hepatol 2015;63:1285-1287. source
- Background§ Immunological markers
Nuclear dot and perinuclear rim immunofluorescence patterns help diagnose PBC in the 5-10% of patients who lack AMA.
“Immunofluorescent staining of nuclear dots (suggesting anti-sp100 reactivity) and perinuclear rims (suggesting anti-gp210 reactivity) are useful in the diagnosis of PBC in the 5-10% (depending on the assay) of patients with PBC who are AMA negative [37,[51][52][53][54].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 3 sources checked- cites [37] 37. European Association for the Study of the L. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2009;51:237-267. source
- cites [51] 51. Vergani D, Alvarez F, Bianchi FB, Cancado EL, Mackay IR, Manns MP, et al. Liver autoimmune serology: a consensus statement from the committee for autoimmune serology of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. J Hepatol 2004;41:677-683. source
- cites [52] 52. Invernizzi P, Lleo A, Podda M. Interpreting serological tests in diagnosing autoimmune liver diseases. Semin Liver Dis 2007;27:161-172. source
- Background§ Introduction
The guideline calls PBC a globally recognized autoimmune cholestatic liver disease, with features including cholestasis, AMA or specific ANA reactivity, and histologic chronic non-suppurative granulomatous lymphocytic small bile duct cholangitis.
“It is a globally recognised autoimmune cholestatic liver disease [2][3][4][5] with several characteristics, including: cholestasis, serologic reactivity to antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) or specific antinuclear antibody (ANA) reactivity, with accompanying histologic evidence of chronic non-suppurative, granulomatous, lymphocytic small bile duct cholangitis.”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 3 sources checked- cites [2] 2. Selmi C, Bowlus CL, Gershwin ME, Coppel RL. Primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet 2011;377:1600-1609. source
- cites [3] 3. Hirschfield GM, Gershwin ME. The immunobiology and pathophysiology of primary biliary cirrhosis. Annu Rev Pathol 2013;8:303-330. source
- cites [4] 4. Beuers U, Trauner M, Jansen P, Poupon R. New paradigms in the treatment of hepatic cholestasis: from UDCA to FXR, PXR and beyond. J Hepatol 2015;62:S25-S37. source
- Background§ Immunological markers
AMA positivity alone is not enough to diagnose PBC; among six people with AMA and normal ALP, only one develops PBC within five years.
“Only one patient out of six with AMA positivity and normal ALP develops PBC within 5 years [17].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] 17. Dahlqvist G, Gaouar F, Carrat F, Meurisse S, Chazouilleres O, Poupon R, et al. Large-scale characterization study of patients with antimitochondrial antibodies but nonestablished primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 2017;65:152-163. source
- Background§ Immunological markers
More than 90% of PBC patients test positive for AMA, and immunofluorescence at 1/40 or immunoenzymatic reactivity during cholestatic liver testing is highly disease-specific.
“AMA positivity is observed in more than 90% of patients with PBC [51]; immunofluorescence [1/40, or immunoenzymatic reactivity observed during cholestatic serum liver testing, is highly specific to the disease [52].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked- cites [51] 51. Vergani D, Alvarez F, Bianchi FB, Cancado EL, Mackay IR, Manns MP, et al. Liver autoimmune serology: a consensus statement from the committee for autoimmune serology of the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group. J Hepatol 2004;41:677-683. source
- cites [52] 52. Invernizzi P, Lleo A, Podda M. Interpreting serological tests in diagnosing autoimmune liver diseases. Semin Liver Dis 2007;27:161-172. source
- Background§ Standard serum liver tests
Combining baseline bilirubin and albumin separates UDCA-treated patients into low, medium, and high risk groups.
“Baseline bilirubin and albumin values, considered together, are able to discriminate UDCA-treated patients efficiently into low (both normal bilirubin and albumin), medium (abnormal bilirubin or albumin), and high (both abnormal bilirubin and albumin) risk groups [61].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] 61. ter Borg PC, Schalm SW, Hansen BE, van Buuren HR. Prognosis of ursodeoxycholic Acid-treated patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Results of a 10-yr cohort study involving 297 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2044-2050. source
- Background§ Serum markers of fibrosis
Hyaluronic acid was the first serum marker linked to clinical outcomes in PBC.
“Hyaluronic acid was the first marker to show significant association with clinical outcomes [81,82].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 2 sources checked- cites [81] 81. Nyberg A, Engstrom-Laurent A, Loof L. Serum hyaluronate in primary biliary cirrhosis-a biochemical marker for progressive liver damage. Hepatology 1988;8:142-146. source
- cites [82] 82. Poupon RE, Balkau B, Guechot J, Heintzmann F. Predictive factors in ursodeoxycholic acid-treated patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: role of serum markers of connective tissue. Hepatology 1994;19:635-640. source
- Method§ Ursodeoxycholic acid
AASLD and EASL already recommend UDCA for all PBC patients, as does this guideline.
“Its use is already recommended for all patients with PBC by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) and EASL, as well as in this new guideline [35,[112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121].”
Quote in the paperNot yet classified0 of 3 sources checked- cites [35] 35. Corpechot C, Carrat F, Bonnand AM, Poupon RE, Poupon R. The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on liver fibrosis progression in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2000;32:1196-1199. source
- cites [112] 112. Poupon RE, Poupon R, Balkau B. Ursodiol for the long-term treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. The UDCA-PBC Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1342-1347. source
- cites [113] 113. Lindor KD, Dickson ER, Baldus WP, Jorgensen RA, Ludwig J, Murtaugh PA, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1994;106:1284-1290. source
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis is made if patients meet at least two of the following criteria: have biochemical evidence of chronic cholestasis, positive anti-mitochondrial antibodies in sera, and histological features compatible with primary biliary cholangitis.
“A diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis is made if patients meet at least two of the following criteria: have biochemical evidence of chronic cholestasis, positive anti-mitochondrial antibodies in sera, and histological features compatible with primary biliary cholangitis.[3][4][5]”
From Primary biliary cholangitis. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
The guideline’s diagnostic recommendations support diagnosing PBC in adults with cholestasis and positive AMA, and its Histology section discusses biopsy when PBC-specific antibodies are absent. They do not state a general rule that any two of the three listed findings suffice; the Immunological markers section says AMA must be interpreted with abnormal liver tests, and the recommendations limit when biopsy is used. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTreatment response to ursodeoxycholic acid is incomplete in about 20-40% of patients with primary biliary cholangitis after 1 year, as judged by various biochemical criteria.
“the treatment response to ursodeoxycholic acid was incomplete in about 20-40% of patients with primary biliary cholangitis after 1 year, as judged by various biochemical criteria, either binary or continuously.3”
From Primary biliary cholangitis. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
The “Qualitative binary definitions” section says inadequate biochemical response occurs in 25–50% of patients in most cohorts, depending on the definition used, and that most definitions were validated at 12 months. The “Defining inadequate response to treatment” section describes both binary criteria and continuous scoring systems. The cited guideline therefore supports the general point, but not the stated 20–40% range. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClinically, primary biliary cholangitis is characterised by persistent elevation of cholestatic liver enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase and GGT, and detection of antimitochondrial antibodies or PBC-specific anti-nuclear antibodies (anti-sp100 or anti-gp210).
“Clinically, primary biliary cholangitis is characterised by persistent elevation of cholestatic liver enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and detection of antimitochondrial antibodies or primary biliary cholangitis-specific anti-nuclear antibodies (anti-sp100 or anti-gp210).[3][4][5]”
From Primary biliary cholangitis. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Non-invasive liver stiffness measurement (LSM) has proven useful as an alternative to invasive liver biopsy for the evaluation of liver fibrosis, and LSM using transient elastography is recommended at the time of diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis.
“Non-invasive liver stiffness measurement (LSM) has proven useful as an alternative to invasive liver biopsy for the evaluation of liver fibrosis, and LSM using transient elastography is recommended at the time of diagnosis.3,4,55”
From Primary biliary cholangitis. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Clinical practice guidelines from EASL, AASLD, and APASL recommend ursodeoxycholic acid treatment (13-15 mg/kg per day) for all patients with primary biliary cholangitis and elevated cholestatic enzymes.
“Clinical practice guidelines from the European Association for the Study of the Liver, the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), and the Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver recommend ursodeoxycholic acid treatment (13-15 mg/kg per day) for all patients with primary biliary cholangitis and elevated cholestatic enzymes.[3][4][5]”
From Primary biliary cholangitis. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Ursodeoxycholic acid is standard-of-care treatment for primary biliary cholangitis.
“Ursodeoxycholic acid is standard-of-care treatment for primary biliary cholangitis.”
From Primary biliary cholangitis. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Clinical indices have been developed to establish ursodeoxycholic acid treatment response at 1-2 years by biochemical tests, either binary or continuously.
“For treatment, clinical indices have been developed to establish ursodeoxycholic acid treatment response at 1-2 years by biochemical tests, either binary or continuously.3”
From Primary biliary cholangitis. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in stratifying the risk for progression has been confirmed.
“In addition, the liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in stratifying the risk for progression has been confirmed.3,4,55”
From Primary biliary cholangitis. (2024) · cites this paper as [3]
Ursodeoxycholic acid is currently the standard first-line therapy for primary biliary cholangitis.
“Ursodeoxycholic acid, a hydrophilic bile acid with choleretic and liver-protective properties, is currently the standard firstline therapy for primary biliary cholangitis.2,3”
From A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Bezafibrate in Primary Biliary Cholangitis (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
For sertraline as fourth-line treatment, no sufficient data for sclerosing cholangitis-associated itch exist.
“For sertraline as fourth-line treatment, no sufficient data for sclerosing cholangitis-associated itch exist.20,51”
From EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
Rifampicin may induce drug-induced hepatitis after 4-12 weeks in up to 12% of cholestatic patients, while the first 2 weeks are regarded as safe.
“Rifampicin was so far regarded as the most effective evidence-based treatment of cholestasis-associated pruritus, but it may induce drug-induced hepatitis after 4-12 weeks in up to 12% of cholestatic patients while the first 2 weeks are regarded as safe.20,51”
From EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
The evidence for the antipruritic effectiveness of cholestyramine in sclerosing cholangitis is limited compared to PBC, and evidence for colesevelam is non-existent.
“The evidence for the antipruritic effectiveness of the non-absorbable anion exchange resin cholestyramine in sclerosing cholangitis is limited when compared to PBC, 20,51 and that of the more potent anion exchange resin colesevelam is non-existent.217”
From EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
Anion exchange resins cause abdominal discomfort.
“Abdominal discomfort | 20,51”
From EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
Sertraline (50-75 mg/d) has no evidence for use in PSC.
“| No evidence for PSC | Sertraline (50-75 mg/d) | | 20,51 |”
From EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
Anion exchange resins (cholestyramine, colesevelam) have no evidence for use in PSC.
“| No evidence for PSC | Anion exchange resins (cholestyramine [4 g once to four | Abdominal discomfort | 20,51 |”
From EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
Rifampicin (150-300 mg/d) has the potential side effect of hepatitis.
“| 2 nd line | Rifampicin (150-300 mg/d) | Hepatitis | 20,51 |”
From EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
Naltrexone (12.5-50 mg/d) has the potential side effect of opioid withdrawal syndrome.
“| 3 rd line | Naltrexone (12.5-50 mg/d) | Opioid withdrawal syndrome | 20,51 |”
From EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis (2022) · cites this paper as [51]
UDCA is used as first-line treatment for PBC with proven survival benefit, but 30%-50% of patients respond insufficiently based on biochemical criteria.
“In PBC, UDCA is used as first-line treatment,2 66 67 but 30%–50% of patients respond insufficiently (based on biochemical criteria)”
From Novel therapeutic targets for cholestatic and fatty liver disease (2022) · cites this paper as [66]
Guideline-recommended drugs for cholestatic pruritus, including cholestyramine, rifampicin, naltrexone, and sertraline, have limited efficacy and/or tolerability.
“Current guideline-recommended medical treatment options for pruritus of cholestasis include the anion exchange resin cholestyramine, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist rifampicin, the opioid antagonist naltrexone, and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline.4,7 Efficacy or tolerability of these drugs, or both, are limited.8,9”
From Fibrates for Itch (FITCH) in Fibrosing Cholangiopathies: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Studies investigating the association between bone diseases and chronic liver disease have mainly focused on cholestatic liver diseases.
“Studies investigating the association between bone diseases and chronic liver disease have mainly focused on cholestatic liver diseases [20].”
From Bone diseases in patients with chronic liver disease (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Transplant-assessment bilirubin threshold has conflicting units
MinorThe recommendation pairs a bilirubin threshold of 50 mmol/L with 3 mg/dl, while the transplantation discussion pairs a threshold of 50-85 lmol/L with 3-5 mg/dl. The two passages give incompatible units for the same approximate threshold.
“persistent elevated bilirubin values [50 mmol/L or 3 mg/dl]”
“bilirubin values are rising progressively above 50-85 lmol/L (3-5 mg/dl)”
LDL is described as both elevated and not elevated
MinorThe hyperlipidaemia section reports elevated LDL in early disease and says it may rise further, but later states that LDL cholesterol is not elevated.
“In early disease, elevated very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL concentrations are reported, as well as significantly elevated HDL values.As disease progresses, LDL may increase further”
“It is clinically significant that HDL cholesterol is elevated whilst LDL cholesterol is not”
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“3,4,55 A large multicentre retrospective study involving 3985 patients showed that LSM assessed by vibration-controlled transient elastography provided a better prognostic ability than biochemical response.”
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Self-citationEASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of autoimmune hepatitis
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Self-citationEASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of liver diseases in pregnancy
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Self-citationAutoimmune biliary diseases: primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis
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Current and potential treatments for primary biliary cholangitis
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Self-citationCholestatic Liver Disease: Current Treatment Strategies and New Therapeutic Agents
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Self-citationEASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of cystic liver diseases
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The Gut-Liver Axis in Cholestatic Liver Diseases
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Self-citationEpithelia-Sensory Neuron Cross Talk Underlies Cholestatic Itch Induced by Lysophosphatidylcholine
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Self-citationCalcium Signaling in Liver Injury and Regeneration
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“Among the 28 patients with PBC-AIH overlap syndrome,24 82% had incomplete response to immunosuppression therapy with elevated transaminase (and ALP) despite stable immunosuppression and UDCA.”
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Self-citationThe Role of Gut Microbiota in Some Liver Diseases: From an Immunological Perspective
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Self-citationRecent advances on FXR-targeting therapeutics
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Antimitochondrial Antibodies: from Bench to Bedside
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“Of note, AMA detection is often associated with a non-specific elevation of serum IgM concentration [10, 17].”
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Self-citationPPAR agonists for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis: Old and new tales
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Drug Therapies for Chronic Cholestatic Liver Diseases
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Hirschfield, G. M., Beuers, U., Corpechot, C., Invernizzi, P., Jones, D., Marzioni, M., & Schramm, C.
- Affiliations
- European Association for the Study of the Liver (CH)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Hepatology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-07
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 145-172
- ISSN
- 0168-8278 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2605729742
- Semantic Scholar
- a6a2b9566f65a4e01153b95ecdcd0d4106d9fed9
- Cited by
- 1,480
- References
- 274
- Citations by year
- 2026: 166 · 2025: 207 · 2024: 205 · 2023: 178 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 131 · 2018: 111 · 2017: 30 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 68.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Hepatology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion)
- Università Politecnica delle Marche (Università Politecnica delle Marche) (submittedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Association for the Study of the Liver
- DFG
- Helmut and Hannelore Greve Foundation
- YAEL-Foundation
- NIHR
- Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Centre
- EU Marie Curie scheme
- Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pediatric Hepatobiliary Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › IgG4-Related and Inflammatory Diseases
- Keywords
- primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune cholestatic liver disease, antimitochondrial antibodies, cholestatic hepatitis, risk stratification, ursodeoxycholic acid, obeticholic acid, fibrates, budesonide, off-label therapy, individualized care, diagnosis, management
- MeSH terms
- Cholangitis, Female, Humans, Male, Prognosis, Ursodeoxycholic Acid, Liver Transplantation, Practice Guidelines as Topic
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