The DOI matches its Crossref record; 206 of the 218 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 71 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience
Open accessAbstract
A growing body of research has examined the impact of childhood adversity on neural structure and function. Advances in our understanding of the neurodevelopmental consequences of adverse early environments require the identification of dimensions of environmental experience that influence neural development differently and mechanisms other than the frequently-invoked stress pathways. We propose a novel conceptual framework that differentiates between deprivation (absence of expected environmental inputs and complexity) and threat (presence of experiences that represent a threat to one’s physical integrity) and make predictions grounded in basic neuroscience principles about their distinct effects on neural development. We review animal research on fear learning and sensory deprivation as well as human research on childhood adversity and neural development to support these predictions. We argue that these previously undifferentiated dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development that cannot be fully explained by prevailing models focusing only on stress pathways. Our aim is not to exhaustively review existing evidence on childhood adversity and neural development, but to provide a novel framework to guide future research.
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37 Not checked yet · 19 Own interpretation · 6 No basis given · 1 Supported · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The exposures that give rise to experiences of deprivation and threat co-occur at high rates in children and adolescents”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Recommendations for Future Research
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Green et al., 2010 source
The Methods (Childhood Adversities) include neglect and economic adversity alongside violence and abuse among exposures before age 18. The Results (The prevalence and co-occurrence of childhood adversities) report that multiple adversities were the norm for respondents reporting any one of them, supporting the claim of high co-occurrence. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites McLaughlin et al., 2012 source
The Methods (Measures; page unavailable) include neglect and economic adversity alongside abuse and family violence among the adversities studied. The Results (Prevalence and co-occurrence of childhood adversities; page unavailable) report that the vast majority of exposed adolescents experienced multiple adversities. The paper does not use the labels “deprivation” and “threat,” but its findings support the broad co-occurrence claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is also possible—and we argue, likely—that alternative mechanisms explain these effects of childhood adversity on neural development.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Threat is a primary dimension of experience for children exposed to physical and sexual abuse, domestic violence, and other types of interpersonal violence (Figure 1).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Distinguishing between Deprivation and Threat
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“children exposed to institutional rearing exhibit widespread cortical thinning in the superior and inferior parietal cortex (McLaughlin et al., 2013)”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McLaughlin et al., 2013
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in the release of glucocorticoids, which can lead to structural and functional changes in brain regions with high concentrations of glucocorticoid receptors, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) (McEwen, 2012).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McEwen, 2012 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Extensive evidence suggests that early exposure to adverse environments can disrupt the development and functioning of the HPA axis (Gunnar and Quevedo, 2007)”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gunnar and Quevedo, 2007 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dimension of deprivation is central for children exposed to institutionalization, neglect, and poverty (Figure 1).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Distinguishing between Deprivation and Threat
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current conceptualization of the impact of childhood adversity on neural development has focused almost exclusively on stress pathways and allostatic load (Burghy et al., 2012; Cohen et al., 2013).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals who have been exposed to adverse childhood experiences are at elevated risk of developing a wide range of mental disorders, including mood, anxiety, behavior, and substance use disorders.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The fundamental lesson from this research has been that as childhood adversities increase, the likelihood of psychopathology increases.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Evidence from population-based epidemiological studies indicates that childhood adversity is common and associated strongly with the subsequent onset of psychopathology not only in childhood, but also in adolescence and adulthood (Cohen et al., 2001; Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 1997; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Green et al., 2010 source
The Results section reports that 53.4% of NCS-R respondents experienced at least one childhood adversity. Its life-course analysis examines disorder onset in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood and finds that significant associations for some adversities persist throughout those stages. The Conclusions describe the associations with disorder onset throughout the life course as powerful, while noting possible recall bias. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites McLaughlin et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract’s Conclusions state that childhood adversities are common and strongly associated with the onset of mental disorders among US adolescents. The introduction also reports strong associations with adult mental disorders, but the paper does not separately establish the claimed association with onset during childhood. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“children exposed to neglect and poverty often have deficits in language abilities (Farah et al., 2006; Hildyard and Wolfe, 2002) and accompanying differences in neural function supporting language function (Raizada, Richards, Meltzoff, & Kuhl, 2008).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we do not propose that exposure to deprivation and threat experiences occurs independently for children, as most of the exposures described above co-occur. Instead we propose that they can be measured separately and have unique effects on neurodevelopment.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Distinguishing between Deprivation and Threat
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that these dimensions of experience can be assessed across different forms of childhood adversity (e.g., physical and sexual abuse, domestic violence, institutionalization, neglect) and will differentially predict aspects of neurodevelopment and ultimately behavior.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Distinguishing between Deprivation and Threat
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“different types of adverse experiences frequently co-occur, meaning that most individuals exposed to childhood adversity have experienced multiple adverse experiences (Dong et al., 2004; Finkelhor et al., 2007; Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it is important to acknowledge that the effects of stress are not fully mediated by cortisol (the most common marker of HPA axis activation in human research) and that cortisol actions on their own do not explain how stress affects gene expression or neuronal plasticity (Gray et al., 2013).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gray et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“exposure to childhood adversity has been shown to explain more than 30% of mental disorders in the U.S. population (Green et al., 2010; McLaughlin et al., 2012)”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We argue that these previously undifferentiated dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development that cannot be fully explained by prevailing models focusing only on stress pathways.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
“we propose that these are two dimensions of experience that have not previously been clearly differentiated or explained by prevailing models focused on stress pathways and argue that these dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · boosted
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Focusing only on this mechanism is problematic as adversity sometimes appears to have a remarkably broad impact on neurodevelopment.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“We suggest that early threat exposure leads to novel learning, resulting in the pairing of threat cues with previous neutral stimuli, a reduced threshold for experiencing fear, and heightened vigilance to detect other potential threats”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Predictions based on Animal Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Marle et al., 2009 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The vmPFC is activated during retrieval of extinction learning and down-regulates the amygdala”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Predictions based on Animal Literature
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“learned fear continues to be represented in the amygdala and hippocampus, and previously extinguished fear can be re-activated following exposure to situations where fear learning initially occurred or to other threatening contexts”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Predictions based on Animal Literature
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, we predict that early threat exposure leads to changes in hippocampal morphology and function, including reduced dendritic spines and arborization and poor function in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory tasks.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Predictions based on Animal Literature
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behaviorally, this results in heightened attention to threat-related cues, generalization of learned fear to previously neutral stimuli, and elevated emotional responses to a wide range of emotional cues.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Predictions based on Animal Literature
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“extinguished fear can be re-activated through a variety of processes, including spontaneous recovery, exposure to novel threats, exposure to the CS in novel contexts, or re-exposure to the US”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Fear Learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We expect that reductions in cortical thickness should be most pronounced in regions of association cortex that are recruited for processing complex social and cognitive inputs, including prefrontal cortex (PFC), superior and inferior parietal cortex, and superior temporal cortex.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Deprivation > Predictions based on Animal Literature
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Fear is a defensive mechanism that activates behavioral and neurobiological responses to danger that promote survival, including freezing and activation of sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Fear Learning
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites LeDoux, 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When neglect is directly compared to abuse, children exposed to neglect are at greater risk for cognitive deficits than children exposed to abuse (Hildyard & Wolfe, 2002) and these deficits are similar to those observed in severe poverty and institutionalization (Dubowitz et al., 2002; Spratt et al., 2012), consistent with our conceptualization of neglect as a form of deprivation.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Deprivation > Consistency with Evidence from Human Studies
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The vmPFC is thus essential for retention of extinction learning and inhibition of fear”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Predictions based on Animal Literature
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Together, these changes result in elevated amygdala activation to emotional stimuli due to the increased salience of such information, and potentially as a result of up-regulation of CRH receptors in the amygdala”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Predictions based on Animal Literature
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hatalski et al., 1998 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“low SES is associated with decreased performance on complex cognitive tasks, including those tapping executive function and long-term memory (Evans and Schamberg, 2009; Farah et al., 2006; Hackman et al., 2010; Kishiyama et al., 2009; Noble et al., 2007), language ability (Fernald et al., 2013; Weisleder and Fernald, 2013), and overall cognitive and academic achievement (Brooks-Gunn and Duncan, 1”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Deprivation > Consistency with Evidence from Human Studies
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An extensive literature in rodents has characterized the neural circuitry that underlies fear learning using Pavlovian fear conditioning tasks”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Fear Learning
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“potential threats activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to enhanced expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in the hippocampus and damage to hippocampal neurons (Brunson et al., 2001; Ivy et al., 2010).”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Predictions based on Animal Literature
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“early threat exposure has consistently been associated with reduced hippocampal volume in adults (Andersen and Teicher, 2008; Hart and Rubia, 2012; Teicher et al., 2012), studies of children have generally not found a relationship between threat exposure and hippocampal volume”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Consistency with Human Studies
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the rodent literature suggests that early exposure to uncontrollable threat results in long-term changes in hippocampal and amygdala structure and function as well as deficits in inhibitory control of these regions by the mPFC.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Effects of Early Threat on Fear Learning Circuits
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These environments share the characteristic of being significant threats to survival and therefore activate the neural circuitry underlying fear learning.”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Consistency with Human Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Extinction of conditioned fear initially requires the amygdala, whereas retrieval of extinction memory on subsequent days additionally requires the vmPFC”
§ Childhood Adversity and Neural Development: Deprivation and Threat as Distinct Dimensions of Early Experience > Threat > Fear Learning
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Childhood adversity causally affects neural development and psychopathology, rather than being only correlated with them.
“the pathways through which childhood adversity impacts neural development and, ultimately, psychopathology.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, neglect, which is particularly prevalent in those with a history of institutional care, has been linked to distinct stress physiology, including dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (Humphreys et al., 2015; McLaughlin et al., 2014), especially in ways that could affect metabolic regulation.”
From Long-term cardiometabolic effects of early institutionalization and foster care: Evidence from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (2026) · cites this paper as McLaughlin et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Deprivation is the core feature of neglect that distinguishes it from other forms of adversity, such as trauma and abuse, where the most prominent feature is harm or threat of harm to the child.”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“Although experiences of deprivation often co-occur with experiences of threat (i.e., abuse), the developmental consequences of deprivation and threat are at least partially distinct.(7–9)”
From Neglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences (2017) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“evidence is accumulating that ELA influences mental health by altering the developing brain in ways that contribute to the onset of psychopathology,1,17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Evidence is accumulating that different types of adversities have at least partially distinct associations with brain development. Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Threat and deprivation are two dimensions of ELA that provide a framework for conceptualizing the neural impact of these experiences.17,18”
From Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Early life abuse (ELAb) is a significant environmental event that alters the developmental trajectory of neurobiological systems that regulate stress, arousal and emotion.(5,6)”
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“In the service of focusing explicitly on models of threat, we do not review paradigms that elicit more complex emotional and neural responses, including early maternal separation (Liu et al., 1997), which involves both high threat as well as high degrees of deprivation resulting from”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity
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“Exposure to traumatic stressors, particularly when they occur early in life (e.g., prenatal, childhood), appears to affect the brain in important ways (Lupien et al., 2009; McLaughlin et al., 2014b), including how the brain perceives and reacts to future threats and stressors.”
BackgroundBeyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity
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“Experiences of threat are expected to have strong influences on neural systems that are involved in threat detection and learning, salience processing, and emotion regulation (McLaughlin et al. 2014a, Sheridan & McLaughlin 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationAdversity in childhood is linked to mental and physical health throughout life
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“, rearing in single-occupancy cages) [35].”
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“…the type of maltreatment or deviation from an expectable environment are differentially associated with depression (including neglect versus abuse; see Humphreys & Zeanah, 2015; McLaughlin & Sheridan, 2016; McLaughlin et al., 2014; or emotional maltreatment versus physical or sexual maltreatment).”
BackgroundAn active inference theory of allostasis and interoception in depression
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Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology
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“Thus, fear learning mechanisms and their downstream consequences explain, in part, the association of threatening environments with alterations in emotional processing (McLaughlin et al., 2014; Sheridan & McLaughlin, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEarly Adverse Experiences and the Developing Brain
Bick, J., & Nelson, C. A. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.252 · Cited by 559
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“Many of these behavioral sequelae appear to be mediated by a variety of changes in the brain, such as increased/ decreased cortical volume [51,52], increased/decreased cortical thinning [12,53], perturbations in WM integrity [54–56], and increased/decreased brain activity [57,58].”
BackgroundEarly life stress and development: potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes
Smith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2020) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-020-09337-y · Cited by 500
“different variants of this approach [41, 44, 45], an increas-”
BackgroundEnvironmental influences on the pace of brain development
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The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly About Concepts and Categories
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Humphreys, K. L., Belsky, J., & Ellis, B. J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621992346 · Cited by 423
“These arguments are puzzling, as advocates of dimensional models have long made clear that alterations in these stress-response systems are at least one common pathway influenced by many forms of adversity (McLaughlin, 2020; McLaughlin & Sheridan, 2016; McLaughlin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSmith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620920725 · Cited by 379
Stress and adolescence: vulnerability and opportunity during a sensitive window of development
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“Frameworks identifying certain features of stress exposure as particularly salient, such as threat and deprivation [67] or unpredictability [68], have already proved fruitful in understanding how the brain may be shaped by distinct aspects of stress exposure.”
BackgroundEllis, B. J., Sheridan, M. A., Belsky, J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001838 · Cited by 406
Self-citationSumner, J. A., Colich, N. L., Uddin, M., Armstrong, D., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.09.008 · Cited by 315
Self-citationNeglect as a violation of species-expectant experience: neurodevelopmental consequences
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Nelson, C. A. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.1096 · Cited by 295
Self-citationMaltreatment Exposure, Brain Structure, and Fear Conditioning in Children and Adolescents
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Gold, A. L., Duys, A., Lambert, H. K., Peverill, M., Heleniak, C. M., Shechner, T., Wojcieszak, Z. K., & Pine, D. S. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.365 · Cited by 310
Self-citationDissociation in victims of childhood abuse or neglect: a meta-analytic review
Vonderlin, R., Kleindienst, N., Alpers, G. W., Bohus, M., Lyssenko, L., & Schmahl, C. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718000740 · Cited by 280
Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Finn, A. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001390 · Cited by 276
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Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: Proposed psychological and neural mechanisms
Duffy, K. A., McLaughlin, K. A., & Green, P. A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13928 · Cited by 237
Self-citationDeviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology
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Miller, A. B., Sheridan, M. A., Hanson, J. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Bates, J. E., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000331 · Cited by 250
Self-citationRosen, M. L., Hagen, M. P., Lurie, L. A., Miles, Z. E., Sheridan, M. A., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13315 · Cited by 251
“Recent work has sought to disentangle how distinct dimension of childhood adversity, including deprivation and threat, may be associated with different cognitive and neural outcomes (McLaughlin et al., 2014; Sheridan & McLaughlin, 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTaylor, R. L., Cooper, S. R., Jackson, J. J., & Barch, D. M. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23774 · Cited by 231
Hidden talents in harsh environments
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“…maltreatment tend to exhibit enhanced abilities for detecting and memorizing anger relative to other emotions, a skill set that is presumably adaptive under hostile conditions (e.g., McLaughlin et al., 2014), such as by enabling one to detect threat at an earlier stage in a social interaction.”
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Adverse Childhood Experiences and Executive Function Difficulties in Children: A Systematic Review
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“In line with our proposed framework, different types of stressors differentially impact neuroplasticity (Teicher & Samson, 2013), specifically in the limbic system (Cohen et al., 2013; Wilson et al., 2015), and specifically with regard to processing of threat and rewards (McLaughlin et al., 2014b).”
Association of Childhood Adversity With Morbidity and Mortality in US Adults
Grummitt, L. R., Kreski, N. T., Kim, S. G., Platt, J., Keyes, K. M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2320 · Cited by 217
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Self-citationMechanisms linking childhood adversity with psychopathology: Learning as an intervention target
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Childhood maltreatment and DNA methylation: A systematic review
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“Focusing exclusively on the CTQ abuse subscales, Mehta et al. (2013) examined differential transcriptomic and epigenetic patterns between individuals in three different groups (i) patients with PTSD and exposure to abuse (n = 32), (ii) patients with PTSD and no exposure to abuse (n = 29), and (iii)…”
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Self-citationThe complex neurobiology of resilient functioning after childhood maltreatment
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“may impact on differential brain mechanisms [193].”
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“, adversity characterized by the absence of an expected environmental input, such as cognitive or social stimulation, as in neglect or caregiver deprivation) (117, 118).”
BackgroundEmerging depression in adolescence coincides with accelerated frontal cortical thinning
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Amygdala hyper-connectivity in a mouse model of unpredictable early life stress
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“These ideas have been discussed extensively [7,9,17,27,79].”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpact of Early Life Stress on Reward Circuit Function and Regulation
Hanson, J. L., Williams, A. V., Bangasser, D. A., & Peña, C. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.744690 · Cited by 133
“More recently, starting frameworks (10, 188) argue for the examination of differences between dimensions of adversity (i.”
BackgroundWeissman, D. G., Lambert, H. K., Rodman, A. M., Peverill, M., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23062 · Cited by 130
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“We tailored the dimensional model of childhood adversity and psychopathology (DMAP; McLaughlin et al., 2014; Sheridan and McLaughlin, 2020) to illustrate how restrictive immigration policies and enforcement—and threat of enforcement—function as anticipatory stressors that can become chronic stressors (Garcia, 2018), a…”
MethodDumornay, N. M., Lebois, L. A. M., Ressler, K. J., & Harnett, N. G. (2023) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.21090961 · Cited by 132
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“…several conceptual models suggest that childhood stressors can be organized into core underlying dimensions, such as threat versus deprivation (McLaughlin et al., 2014), harshness versus unpredictability (Belsky et al., 2012), and physical trauma versus disrupted caregiving versus…”
BackgroundEvidence for a sensitive period in the effects of early life stress on hippocampal volume
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., Sacchet, M. D., Camacho, M. C., Colich, N. L., Ordaz, S. J., Ho, T. C., & Gotlib, I. H. (2018) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12775 · Cited by 129
Early Adversity and the Neotenous Human Brain
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“Though we focus much of this article on the “stress” pathway, prominent models and empirical studies also high-light a low resource pathway through which poverty influences brain development in regions supporting cognitive development (Johnson et al., 2016; McLaughlin, Sheridan, & Lambert, 2014).”
Sensitive periods in human development: charting a course for the future
Gabard-Durnam, L. J., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.09.003 · Cited by 111
“Not only do these different dimensions of adversity have distinct influences on neurocognitive development [37,44], but they also likely have divergent influences on sensitive period mechanisms.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEarly Social Adversity, Altered Brain Functional Connectivity, and Mental Health
Holz, N. E., Berhe, O., Sacu, S., Schwarz, E., Tesarz, J., Heim, C. C., & Tost, H. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.019 · Cited by 114
“threat-related adverse experiences) (40).”
Neurobiological models of the impact of adversity on education
Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.05.013 · Cited by 116
Self-citationObserved Measures of Negative Parenting Predict Brain Development during Adolescence
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Jenness, J. L., Peverill, M., Miller, A. B., Heleniak, C. M., Robertson, M. M., Sambrook, K., Sheridan, M. A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000641 · Cited by 121
Self-citationHawkins, M. A. W., Layman, H. M., Ganson, K. T., Tabler, J., Ciciolla, L. M., Tsotsoros, C. E., & Nagata, J. M. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105008 · Cited by 108
Mechanisms of neuroplasticity linking early adversity to depression: developmental considerations
Ho, T. C., & King, L. S. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01639-6 · Cited by 117
Lurie, L. A., Hagen, M. P., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Meltzoff, A. N., & Rosen, M. L. (2021) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101045 · Cited by 125
“Recent models draw a distinction between the effects of different dimensions of adversity on cognitive and neural development, namely experiences of threat (e.g. violence) and deprivation (e.g. a lack of social and cognitive stimulation; McLaughlin et al., 2014).”
Self-citationSchäfer, J., McLaughlin, K. A., Manfro, G. G., Pan, P. M., Rohde, L. A., Miguel, E. C., Simioni, A., Hoffmann, M. S., & Salum, G. A. (2022) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.13267 · Cited by 121
“This study examined theoretical predictions of a dimensional model of childhood adversity (McLaughlin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMeasuring early life adversity: A dimensional approach
Berman, I. S., McLaughlin, K. A., Tottenham, N., Godfrey, K. M., Seeman, T. E., Loucks, E. B., Reiss, D., Suomi, S., Danese, A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001826 · Cited by 132
“These include dimensions of threat and harshness that reflect experiences of harm, or threat of harm, to the physical integrity of the child, such as experiences of violence (e.g., physical and sexual abuse, domestic violence, and community violence; McLaughlin et al., 2014); deprivation, which reflects reductions in…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTozzi, L., Garczarek, L., Janowitz, D., Stein, D. J., Wittfeld, K., Dobrowolny, H., Lagopoulos, J., Hatton, S. N., Hickie, I. B., Carballedo, A., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171900093x · Cited by 99
Ellis, B. J., Horn, A. J., Carter, C. S., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101985 · Cited by 103
Toward understanding the impact of trauma on the early developing human brain
Thomason, M. E., & Marusak, H. A. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.022 · Cited by 101
ACEs and mental health outcomes
Sheffler, J., Stanley, I. H., & Sachs‐Ericsson, N. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816065-7.00004-5 · Cited by 138
Lawson, G. M., Camins, J. S., Wisse, L. E. M., Wu, J., Duda, J., Cook, P. A., Gee, J. C., & Farah, M. J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175690 · Cited by 96
Rakesh, D., Lee, P. A., Gaikwad, A., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.14082 · Cited by 165
“…cognitive and social inputs, rather than other types of adversities (e.g. threat), is associated with cognitive outcomes like EF and language ability (McLaughlin, Sheridan, & Lambert, 2014) – an idea that has been supported using network analyses (Sheridan, Shi, Miller, , & McLaughlin, 2020).”
Self-citationFunctional and Structural Brain Correlates of Socioeconomic Status
Yaple, Z. A., & Yu, R. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz080 · Cited by 103
Post‐separation abuse: A concept analysis
Spearman, K. J., Hardesty, J. L., & Campbell, J. (2023) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15310 · Cited by 100
“Given the implications of fear and threat on children's neurodevelopment (McLaughlin et al., 2014), understanding the implications of post-separation abuse on children's health and well-being is an important area for future study.”
BackgroundResilience and young people’s brain structure, function and connectivity: A systematic review
Eaton, S., Cornwell, H., Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. E., & Fairchild, G. F. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.001 · Cited by 98
Stinson, E. A., Sullivan, R. M., Peteet, B. J., Tapert, S. F., Baker, F. C., Breslin, F. J., Dick, A. S., Gonzalez, M. R., Guillaumé, M., Marshall, A. T., et al. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.08.007 · Cited by 94
“ACEs have been linked with negative physical health outcomes (24,25) and alterations in biological stress response (26,27) and neural development (28,29).”
Metadata
- Authors
- McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- McLaughlin, Katie A.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 47
- Pages
- 578-591
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4308474
- OpenAlex
- W2015671245
- Semantic Scholar
- 69b7150efee4a482268406c084c223669bbe9868
- Cited by
- 1,389
- References
- 218
- Citations by year
- 2026: 247 · 2025: 184 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 177 · 2022: 157 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 67 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Mental Health (K01-MH092625, K01-MH092555)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- childhood adversity, neural development, deprivation, threats, early life experience, sensory deprivation, fear learning, stress response pathways, neurodevelopmental outcomes, conceptual framework
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Fear, Humans, Life Change Events, Maternal Deprivation, Sensory Deprivation, Stress, Psychological, Models, Animal, Neurogenesis
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