Building consensus on definition and nomenclature of hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary organoids
Open accessAbstract
Hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary (HPB) organoids are powerful tools for studying development, disease, and regeneration. As organoid research expands, the need for clear definitions and nomenclature describing these systems also grows. To facilitate scientific communication and consistent interpretation, we revisit the concept of an organoid and introduce an intuitive classification system and nomenclature for describing these 3D structures through the consensus of experts in the field. To promote the standardization and validation of HPB organoids, we propose guidelines for establishing, characterizing, and benchmarking future systems. Finally, we address some of the major challenges to the clinical application of organoids.
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Organoid technology shows great promise for regenerative medicine due to its ability to differentiate, self-organize, and proliferate in high and stable capacity without losing the desirable cholangiocyte phenotype.
“Recently, organoid technology has shown great promise for regenerative medicine due to its ability to differentiate, self-organize, and proliferate in high and stable capacity without losing the desirable cholangiocyte phenotype [248,249].”
From Liver tissue engineering using decellularized scaffolds: Current progress, challenges, and opportunities (2024) · cites this paper as [248]
The section on primary-tissue organoids describes self-renewing, genetically stable cultures that can be passaged for months and are attractive for therapeutic applications. The Extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids section reports retained cholangiocyte features and functions, while the Gallbladder cholangiocyte organoids section reports bile-duct regeneration after transplantation. The paper does not establish that organoids generally retain a cholangiocyte phenotype while differentiating; it also describes differentiation toward hepatocyte functions and culture-dependent changes in cell identity. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn vivo transplantation helps in organoid maturation.
“One strategy that helps is in vivo transplantation233.”
From Organoids (2022) · cites this paper as [233]
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Self-citationClinical applications of human organoids
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Self-citationPatient‐derived organoids for personalized gallbladder cancer modelling and drug screening
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Self-citationHuman branching cholangiocyte organoids recapitulate functional bile duct formation
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Pre-clinical Models of Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer
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“Recently, organoid technology has shown great promise for regenerative medicine due to its ability to differentiate, self-organize, and proliferate in high and stable capacity without losing the desirable cholangiocyte phenotype [248,249].”
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- Authors
- Marsee, A., Roos, F. J. M., Verstegen, M. M. A., Marsee, A., Roos, F., Verstegen, M., Clevers, H., Vallier, L., Takebe, T., Huch, M., Peng, W. C., Forbes, S., Lemaigre, F., de Koning, E., Gehart, H., van der Laan, L., Spee, B., Boj, S., Baptista, P., Schneeberger, K., Soroka, C., Heim, M., Nuciforo, S., Zaret, K., Saito, Y., Lutolf, M., Cardinale, V., Simons, B., van IJzendoorn, S., Kamiya, A., Chikada, H., Wang, S., Mun, S. J., Son, M. J., Onder, T. T., Boyer, J., Sato, T., Georgakopoulos, N., Meneses, A., Broutier, L., Boulter, L., Grün, D., IJzermans, J., Artegiani, B., van Boxtel, R., Kuijk, E., Carpino, G., Peltz, G., Banales, J., Man, N., Aloia, L., LaRusso, N., George, G., Rimland, C., Yeoh, G., Grappin-Botton, A., Stange, D., Prior, N., Tirnitz-Parker, J. E. E., Andersson, E., Braconi, C., Hannan, N., Lu, W.-Y., Strom, S., Sancho-Bru, P., Ogawa, S., Corbo, V., Lancaster, M., Hu, H., Fuchs, S., Hendriks, D., Gehart, H., de Koning, E., Lemaigre, F., Forbes, S. J., Peng, W. C., Huch, M., Takebe, T., Vallier, L., Clevers, H., van der Laan, L. J. W., & Spee, B.
- Affiliations
- Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (NL)
- Wellcome/MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute (GB)
- Tokyo Medical and Dental University (JP)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (DE)
- Princess Máxima Center (NL)
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine (GB)
- de Duve Institute (BE)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- ORCID
- Boj, Sylvia
- Baptista, Pedro
- Schneeberger, Kerstin
- Heim, Markus
- Nuciforo, Sandro
- Zaret, Kenneth
- Saito, Yoshimasa
- Cardinale, Vincenzo
- Kamiya, Akihide
- Wang, Shuyong
- Mun, Seon Ju
- Son, Myung Jin
- Boyer, James
- Sato, Toshiro
- Georgakopoulos, Nikitas
- Broutier, Laura
- Boulter, Luke
- Grün, Dominic
- IJzermans, Jan
- Artegiani, Benedetta
- Kuijk, Ewart
- Carpino, Guido
- Peltz, Gary
- Aloia, Luigi
- LaRusso, Nicholas
- Rimland, Casey
- Yeoh, George
- Stange, Daniel
- Prior, Nicole
- Andersson, Emma
- Braconi, Chiara
- Hannan, Nicholas
- Lu, Wei-Yu
- Strom, Stephen
- Ogawa, Shinichiro
- Corbo, Vincenzo
- Lancaster, Madeline
- Hu, Huili
- Fuchs, Sabine
- Hendriks, Delilah
- Venue
- Cell Stem Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 816-832
- ISSN
- 1875-9777 (ISSN-L)
- 1934-5909
- PMC
- PMC11699540
- OpenAlex
- W3159466615
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 18
- FWCI
- 4.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 370 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Cell stem cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- European Commission
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver physiology and pathology
- Keywords
- hepatic organoids, pancreatic organoids, organoid characterization, liver regeneration, pancreatic development
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Liver, Organoids, Pancreas, Consensus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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