The DOI matches its Crossref record; 167 of the 173 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 136 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence
Open accessAbstract
The incidence of depression and anxiety is amplified by obesity. Mounting evidence reveals that the psychiatric consequences of obesity stem from poor diet, inactivity, and visceral adipose accumulation. Resulting metabolic and vascular dysfunction, including inflammation, insulin and leptin resistance, and hypertension, have emerged as key risks to depression and anxiety development. Recent research advancements are exposing the important contribution of these different corollaries of obesity and their impact on neuroimmune status and the neural circuits controlling mood and emotional states. Along these lines, this review connects the clinical manifestations of depression and anxiety in obesity to our current understanding of the origins and biology of immunometabolic threats to central nervous system function and behavior.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that obesity raises the risk of depression and anxiety mainly through immunometabolic and neuroinflammatory consequences of poor diet, inactivity, and visceral adiposity, rather than body weight alone. It synthesizes human epidemiological and rodent mechanistic evidence linking adipose and gut inflammation, neuroinflammation, neuroplastic and monoamine changes, and endocrine dysfunction to mood disorders.
Key findings
- Obesity increases depression risk: a meta-analytic overview cited by the review reports that obese adults self-reporting symptoms have 23–36% increased odds of developing depressed mood versus nonobese controls, while clinically diagnosed MDD is elevated by 14–34%; obese adolescents have a 40% increased risk of being depressed.
- Obesity also increases anxiety risk: the review states obesity heightens the odds of an anxiety disorder or anxiety symptoms by 30% and 40%, respectively, with a stronger relationship for severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35); diabetes is associated with a 48% greater likelihood of anxiety symptoms and a 20% higher risk of developing an anxiety disorder.
- Sex and metabolic status matter: depression and anxiety disorder diagnoses are approximately double for obese women compared with obese men, and metabolically healthy obese individuals show either no increased risk or a modest elevated risk of depression diagnosis versus nonobese controls.
- Proposed mechanisms include saturated fat and sugar intake, visceral adipose expansion, gut dysbiosis, peripheral inflammation (e.g., CRP, IL-6, TNFα), insulin and leptin resistance, HPA dysregulation, neuroinflammation, altered corticolimbic circuits, monoamine imbalances, and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis.
Methods
- Narrative review; no primary data collection, systematic search, or meta-analysis is reported.
- Synthesizes clinical and epidemiological observations with rodent models of diet-induced obesity, high-fat/high-sugar feeding, and depressive- or anxiety-like behaviors.
- Main analysis is qualitative integration of evidence across immunometabolic, neuroinflammatory, neural circuit, monoamine, and endocrine domains.
Limitations
- Stated: the causal relationship of diet-induced obesity to depression and anxiety in human studies is indirect; the literature linking inflammation to anxiety is much sparser; microbiota alterations across studies are conflicting and mechanisms remain unclear; the precise contribution of HPA activity and insulin’s role in mood circuits remain to be established; and it remains poorly understood to what degree particular changes are causal or a consequence of mood and metabolic changes.
- Stated: human leptin studies are limited, and evidence for depression and obesity comorbidity is described as limited in the concluding remarks.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it does not systematically quantify or appraise the evidence, and much mechanistic support comes from rodent models, so human causality and effect sizes are not established by this paper itself.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 136 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
In the paper
“Emphasizing the importance of early detection and treatment, a longitudinal meta-analysis suggests that obese adolescents have a 40% increased risk of being depressed [19].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“A meta-analytic overview illustrates that obese adults self-reporting symptoms have 23-36% increased odds of developing depressed mood as compared with nonobese controls, whereas clinically diagnosed MDD is elevated by 14-34% [2].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Obesity is coupled to various structural and functional changes in the brain that are remarkably similar to those observed in depressive disorders, such as regionspecific increases in cell density and compromised neural connectivity and excitability [5,6].”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The odds of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety increase as a function of the number of coexisting metabolic impairments, such as those characteristic of metabolic syndrome [3,4].”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A similar positive relationship is observed with anxiety: obesity heightens the odds of an anxiety disorder or anxiety symptoms (e.g., dread, unease) by 30% and 40%, respectively [1,20].”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The odds of depression are higher when evaluating the waist-to-hip ratio [16,17] which provides a better estimate of visceral adiposity and metabolic dysfunction than BMI [18].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mounting evidence reveals that the psychiatric consequences of obesity stem from poor diet, inactivity, and visceral adipose accumulation.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This form of depression has stronger links to peripheral [10,11] and central [12] inflammation.”
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An elevated body mass index (BMI) is predictive of a chronic course of depressive and anxiety symptoms [1,2].”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The incidence of depression and anxiety is amplified by obesity.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 38
- Probably not a substantial claim. 4
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As atypical depression is predictive of overeating and weight gain, and metabolic risks can be intensified by antidepressant treatments that encourage weight gain, a vicious cycle can promote disease progression.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The odds of depression are higher when evaluating the waist-to-hip ratio [16,17] which provides a better estimate of visceral adiposity and metabolic dysfunction than BMI [18].”
- Also stated in: § Adipose expansion · plain
“Correspondingly, depression incidence is higher when assessing abdominal adiposity or the waist-to-hip ratio as compared with BMI [17].”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Adipose expansion · plain
In the paper
“There is a bidirectional association between being overweight (BMI ≥ 25-29.99)and depression in men and women, a relationship that is stronger for obesity (BMI ≥ 30) [15].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neuroinflammation alters structure, excitability, and connectivity in corticolimbic networks controlling mood, motivation, and emotion.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adipose-and gut-derived inflammation and changes in brain nutrient composition stimulate neuroinflammation.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
- Rests on an assumption: Gut microbiota alterations observed in diet-induced obese mice translate to human obesity-related mood dysfunction.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diets that include excess saturated fat and sugar intake promote metabolic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and mental health impairments.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals with atypical depression often have a more unrelenting course of depression [13], in part because they show a poorer response to antidepressants [14].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13]
- Not checked yetcites [14] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both EPA and DHA limit the inflammatory effect of eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid with plasma levels that positively correlate with MDD severity and reduced serotonin transporter binding in the brain [50].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, chronic saturated high-fat feeding increases saturated fatty acid levels and appreciably decreases PUFA levels in the brain of rodents [49], changes that are likely one means by which saturated dietary fats generate neuroinflammatory responses and mood deficits.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consumption of saturated fats [26] and plasma concentrations of the saturated fatty acid palmitate [27] positively correlate with depressive symptoms and plasma levels of the acute phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) in humans.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, low levels of blood n-3 PUFA correlate with heightened inflammatory status and depression risk in humans, whereas imposed dietary n-3 deficiency in rodents diminishes brain n-3 levels and stimulates neuroinflammation and anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors [47].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several reports link higher n-3 consumption with lower prevalence and severity of mood disturbances in humans [45] and demonstrate that n-3 supplementation dampens neuroinflammation and attenuates behavioral indices of mood deficits in rodents [46,47].”
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To this end, rodent research has revealed that prolonged high-fat diet (HFD) elicits metabolic dysfunction and increases anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], heightens stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses [37,38], and triggers neurobehavioral deficits associated with blunted mesolimbic dopamine function [39][40][41].”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
In the paper
“Correspondingly, the prevalence of MDD is nearly twice as high in people with type 2 diabetes [159] and more than threefold higher in people with type 1 diabetes than those without, with greater rates in diabetic women than men [160].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [160] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, low levels of blood n-3 PUFA correlate with heightened inflammatory status and depression risk in humans, whereas imposed dietary n-3 deficiency in rodents diminishes brain n-3 levels and stimulates neuroinflammation and anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors [47].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [47] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Oleate, a monounsaturated fatty acid enriched in olive oil, can improve glycemic control and plasma lipid profiles in humans and protect against inflammation, hyperphagia, and anxiodepressive behaviors in mice [34,42].”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Diet is the primary effector of microbiota composition, but psychological stress can also modulate flora in rodents and in patients with MDD [69,70].”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, individuals suffering from anxiety disorders can exhibit elevated circulating levels of inflammatory markers, including CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα [63]; however, the literature linking inflammation to anxiety is much sparser.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Notably, both the obese phenotype [73] and anxiodepressive behaviors [74] are transmissible by transplanting gut microbiota of DIO to normal-weight, germ-free mice.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Gut microbiota alterations observed in diet-induced obese mice translate to human obesity-related mood dysfunction.
In the paper
“Notably, large cohort studies report higher CRP concentrations in depressed patients, making heightened CRP levels in obesity one of the best predictors of depression onset, particularly atypical depression [66].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Hypertension is a leading risk factor for depression incidence in obesity and causes neurovascular changes that involve the actions of perivascular macrophages to stimulate oxidative stress and inflammation that lead to cognitive dysfunction [166].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [166] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several bacteria can produce other metabolites that can impact physiology and health, such as short-chain fatty acids, and several molecules with that can affect neural signaling and excitability in mood networks, including serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [69].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The breakdown of the BBB produced by peripheral immune challenge (LPS) permits passage of bone marrow-derived immune cells into the brain, a process enhanced by DIO [163] and that favors depressive behaviors [164,165].”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
In the paper
“Microglia dominate as contributors to neuroinflammation and several reports underscore their role in the neuroimmune pathogenesis of depression [77].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Deletion of T cell-dependent immunoglobulin A production enhances obesity, while reducing the abundance and diversity of Clostridium [75].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, in the absence of obesity development, these diets can still potentiate HPA reactivity [37] and feedback [38] and suppress behavioral responses to rewards [41].”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
In the paper
“Interestingly, significant reduction of Clostridium is also observed in MDD patients and its abundance is negatively correlated to the severity of anxiety and depression [70].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Obese individuals exhibiting elevated inflammation, particularly increases in CRP, are more likely to meet criteria for metabolic syndrome and to develop MDD and anxiety [65].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Excess fat and sugar consumption favor the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue, which comprises a higher concentration of saturated fatty acids and is especially vulnerable to immune insults as compared with subcutaneous fat [18].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, monocytes can infiltrate the brain and differentiate into microglia that produce an inflammatory response that contributes to anxiety-like behavior [78].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [78] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dietary-derived saturated fatty acids [26] and erythrocyte content of saturated fatty acids (indicator of long-term consumption) [27], positively correlate with circulating measures of CRP and can contribute to inflammation by favoring TLR4 signaling in macrophages [67].”
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, the microbiota from DIO mice can weaken endothelial tight junctions and trigger inflammation in both intestine and brain and promote brain insulin resistance [73,74].”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Gut microbiota alterations observed in diet-induced obese mice translate to human obesity-related mood dysfunction.
In the paper
“As these immunometabolic consequences heighten the risk of depression [3], abdominal adipose expansion plays a central role in the transmission of peripheral inflammation to the CNS.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Peripheral immune activation figures prominently in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and metabolic disorders and resonates as a prime instigator of depression onset in obesity.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In turn, both diet and serum indices of inflammation associate with indices of emotional distress.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“While changes in microbiota composition are reported in individuals with MDD and can correlate with disease severity, the nature of microbiota alterations across studies are conflicting [76].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [76] source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“chronic HFD exposure in rodents, leading to obesity, gives rise to impairments in prefrontal cortex-dependent functions that are accompanied by changes in dendritic spine density and synaptic remodeling [105].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [105] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“HPA dysregulation contributes to weight gain in stressed individuals via the actions of cortisol to trigger palatable food intake through brain GC receptors, an effect that leads to reduced HPA activity and short-term relief of negative affective states [119].”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These collective findings suggest that diabetes treatments could be repositioned to improve both depressive symptoms and diabetes concurrently and perhaps as an add-on strategy to improve the efficacy of other antidepressant drugs.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“obesity-induced increases in neuroinflammation were recently shown to suppress serotonin signaling by increasing its clearance from the synaptic cleft in the hippocampus [110], findings that provide a potential synaptic mechanism for reduced SSRI responsiveness in obese individuals with depression.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“leptin resistance can elicit depressive-like behaviors in rats [144] and is associated with atypical features of depression (increased appetite and weight) in humans [145].”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of obesity and depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors translate to human depression and anxiety.
“Clinical observations combined with rodent models of obesity exhibiting depressive-and anxiety-like behaviors are proving valuable for uncovering the immunometabolic and neural mechanisms”
“To this end, rodent research has revealed that prolonged high-fat diet (HFD) elicits metabolic dysfunction and increases anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], heightens stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses [37,38], and triggers neurobehavioral deficits associated with blunted mesolimbic dopamine function [39][40][41].”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gut microbiota alterations observed in diet-induced obese mice translate to human obesity-related mood dysfunction.
“Notably, both the obese phenotype [73] and anxiodepressive behaviors [74] are transmissible by transplanting gut microbiota of DIO to normal-weight, germ-free mice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from rodent models of diet-induced obesity and depressive/anxiety-like behaviors can be generalized to human obesity-induced depression and anxiety.
“The collective findings in rodents, along with reports of structural and functional changes in obese humans, support the clinical relevance of this mechanism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Obesity causally contributes to the development of depression and anxiety, rather than being solely a consequence or correlated.
“New research developments uncovering the metabolic and neurobiological mechanisms by which obesity heightens the risk of depression and anxiety will prove valuable for evaluating new treatment strategies”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Even if depression is known to be associated with obesity [56,57], evidences are lacking in SO.”
From Identification of factors associated with sarcopenic obesity development: Literature review and expert panel voting (2024) · cites this paper as [57]
Citations
Cites
Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 5,429 · cited 1×
“life stress presents a particular risk for the development of clinical depression or anxiety disorders in adulthood [117].”
BackgroundOverweight, Obesity, and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Longitudinal Studies
Luppino, F. S., de Wit, L. M., Bouvy, P. F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Zitman, F. G. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2 · Cited by 4,322 · cited 1×
“99) and depression in men and women, a relationship that is stronger for obesity (BMI ≥ 30) [15].”
BackgroundThe role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target
Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2015.5 · Cited by 3,942
TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
Shi, H., Kokoeva, M. V., Inouye, K., Tzameli, I., Yin, H., & Flier, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28898 · Cited by 3,690
Ross, R., Neeland, I. J., Yamashita, S., Shai, I., Seidell, J., Magni, P., Santos, R. D., Arsenault, B., Cuevas, A., Hu, F. B., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7 · Cited by 1,966 · cited 8×
“This sex distinction in incidence narrows considerably in conditions of severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40) [1].”
BackgroundInfluentialChronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk
Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Doyle, W. J., Miller, G. E., Frank, E., Rabin, B. S., & Turner, R. B. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1118355109 · Cited by 1,419 · cited 1×
“However, chronic stress is associated with downregulation of GC receptormediated transcriptional activity, resulting in GC insensitivity and loss of anti-inflammatory feedback [120].”
BackgroundEpidemiology of depression and diabetes: a systematic review
Roy, T., & Lloyd, C. E. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(12)70004-6 · Cited by 1,229
Depression and obesity: evidence of shared biological mechanisms
Milaneschi, Y., Simmons, W. K., van Rossum, E. F. C., & Penninx, B. W. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0017-5 · Cited by 1,073 · cited 2×
“A meta-analytic overview illustrates that obese adults self-reporting symptoms have 23–36% increased odds of developing depressed mood as compared with nonobese controls, whereas clinically diagnosed MDD is elevated by 14–34% [2].”
BackgroundSocial stress induces neurovascular pathology promoting depression
Menard, C., Pfau, M. L., Hodes, G. E., Kana, V., Wang, V. X., Bouchard, S., Takahashi, A., Flanigan, M. E., Aleyasin, H., LeClair, K. B., et al. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-017-0010-3 · Cited by 1,028
Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic
Ressler, K. J., & Mayberg, H. S. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1944 · Cited by 1,007 · cited 1×
“As targets of deep-brain stimulation therapy, both nucleus accumbens and ventral anterior cingulate cortex stimulation are associatedwith strong antidepressant effects in treatment-resistant MDD patients [83].”
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Psychosocial risks in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Åström, H., Lageborn, C. T., & Hagström, H. (2025) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1080/17474124.2025.2468297 · Cited by 3
“One such example is the complex and bidirectional association between obesity and depression, where obesity can promote neuroinflammation, thus altering the function of the cortico-limbic system that controls mood, motivation, and emotion [22].”
Xu, J., Cai, Z. H., Sun, M. J., Chen, M., Hu, Y. S., & Luo, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1541761 · Cited by 3
“…excessive obesity is usually accompanied by higher levels of depression (40), anxiety, and other psychological problems, which may act indirectly by reducing physical activity levels, altering dietary habits, and exacerbating chronic inflammation that further accelerates the onset of frailty (41).”
Street, M. E., Casadei, F., Bari, E. R. D., Ferraboschi, F., Montani, A. G., Mele, M. L., Shulhai, A.-M., & Esposito, S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17091487 · Cited by 3
“Current studies highlight the importance of probiotic supplements, as a high-calorie diet can lead to dysbiosis and affect emotional behavior in humans [111].”
Risk of Major Depression Associated with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Apneic Individuals
Conenna, M., Point, C., Wacquier, B., Lanquart, J., & Hein, M. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7020022 · Cited by 6
“However, obesity may promote the development of MDD following the activation of pathophysiological mechanisms (inflammation, insulin/leptin resistance, and hypertension) with a negative impact on the neuroimmune status and the neural circuits controlling mood/emotional states [49].”
Xu, Q., Lu, J., Gao, W., Chan, E., Zhang, Y., Huang, K., Xu, A., Wang, X., Sang, K., Gao, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.11.013 · Cited by 3
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“Based on available resources and time, clinical practices can consider identifying and referring to other care partners to support evidence-based counseling, such as psychologists, registered dietitian nutritionists, and other allied health professionals.”
Mela, V., Agüera, Z., Alvarez-Bermudez, M. D., Martín‐Reyes, F., Granero, R., García, A. M. S., Oliva‐Olivera, W., Tomé, M., Moreno‐Ruiz, F. J., Soler-Humanes, R., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15194109 · Cited by 6
“Also, plasma leptin has been negatively correlated, as in our case, with symptoms of anxiety and depression [50].”
BackgroundDoctor-patient communication in obesity disease - the perspective of Polish primary care physicians
Drozdowska, I., Doroszewska, A., & Pasierski, T. (2025) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-025-02797-y · Cited by 2
“The likelihood of developing major depressive disorder and anxiety rises in proportion to the number of comorbid metabolic disorders [8].”
de Lima, R. M. S., Barth, B., Arcego, D. M., Filho, E. J. D. M., Patel, S. H., Wang, Z., Elgbeili, G., Pokhvisneva, I., Parent, C. I., Levitan, R. D., et al. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.06.035 · Cited by 2
Li, Y., Yuan, Z., & Pan, Q. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23511-8 · Cited by 2
“…components of these dietary patterns, such as oleate found in olive oil and omega-3 fatty acids, possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that mitigate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, preventing these factors from impairing brain function and mood regulation [56, 57].”
Nanocarrier-enabled delivery of natural antiobesity agents
Chung, Y.-K., Hsu, C., Wang, Y., Tran, T. T. P., Alalaiwe, A. S., & Fang, J. Y. (2025) · Nanomedicine · doi:10.1080/17435889.2025.2534328 · Cited by 5
Samudio-Cruz, M. A., Cerqueda‐García, D., Cabrera-Ruiz, E., Luna‐Angulo, A. B., Canizales‐Quinteros, S., Landa‐Solís, C., Martínez‐Nava, G. A., Carrillo‐Mora, P., Rangel‐López, E., Ríos-Martínez, J., et al. (2025) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms13081828 · Cited by 2
Yan, Z., Chang, L., Sun, S., & Sun, Z. (2025) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000002213 · Cited by 2
Liu, P., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Du, J., Yang, N., & Dong, Q. (2025) · ALPHA PSYCHIATRY · doi:10.31083/ap45975 · Cited by 5
“The bidirectional link between obesity and depressive symptoms is well documented, as obesity increases the risk of depressive symptoms [ 23], while individuals with depression have a 70% higher likelihood of developing obesity [13].”
Sbert, P. R., López, P. J. T., López‐González, Á. A., Campayo, I. C., Busquets-Cortés, C., & Ramírez‐Manent, J. I. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1695705 · Cited by 2
Nakajima, S., Kabahizi, A., Aubailly, S., Naili-Douaouda, S., Tomita, A., Bosson, A., Alquier, T., Murphy‐Royal, C., & Fulton, S. E. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106154 · Cited by 4
Self-citationRen, H., Zhao, T., Lv, Z., Xie, G., & Sun, H. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103997 · Cited by 2
“Similarly, studies have shown that obesity, 20 diabetes, 21 polycystic ovary syndrome 22 and others are often associated with or exacerbate the risk of anxiety, and IR is known to be the common pathological basis of these diseases.”
Cohen, C., Zohar, J., Todder, D., & Cohen, H. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111596 · Cited by 1
Ortiz, G. G. R., Granero, R., Maraver-Capdevila, L., & Aguirre-Quejada, A. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18010145 · Cited by 3
“Stress raises cortisol levels, which increases cravings for unhealthy foods, while depression reduces the motivation to observe healthy habits [52].”
Kuckuck, S., van Gerwen, N., Oosterman, J. E., Savas, M., Kavousi, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Boon, M. R., & van Rossum, E. F. C. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.70393 · Cited by 2
“Obesity is a global health problem which affects more than 1 billion people worldwide 1 and poses a gateway disease to various physical and mental health conditions, 2 – 6 including depression and anxiety disorder.”
Ye, X.-R., Shi, D.-Q., Li, R. L., Li, Y., Zhang, L., Shi, L., & Xiao, Y. (2026) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2026.113044 · Cited by 2
Gudzune, K. A., Perreault, L., Apovian, C. M., Aroda, V. R., Aronne, L. J., Fitch, A., Fitzpatrick, S. L., Garvey, W. T., Kahan, S. I., Khunti, K., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Obesity and Cardiometabolic CARE · doi:10.2337/doci26-0003 · Cited by 7
Yasuno, F., Kimura, Y., Ogata, A., Ikenuma, H., Abe, J., Minami, H., Nihashi, T., Yokoi, K., Hattori, S., Shimoda, N., et al. (2024) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100795 · Cited by 3
“This dysregulated neuroinflammation, in turn, can alter the structure, excitability, and connectivity of the corticolimbic network, which controls emotions (Fulton et al., 2022).”
BackgroundBai, H., Yang, Q., Zuo, X., Yu, Q., Zhao, Q., Tian, Y., Xu, Y., Du, J., Zhao, X. J., & Feng, X. (2024) · Food Science and Human Wellness · doi:10.26599/fshw.2024.9250231 · Cited by 2
Abbasloo, F., Ebrahimi, P., Ghadimi, D. J., Sharifi, F., Ayati, A., Moodi, M., Khorashadizadeh, M., Fakhrzadeh, H., Zadeh, A. Z., Ramezani, P., et al. (2024) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02904-6 · Cited by 2
Sharma, O., Mykins, M., Bergee, R. E., Price, J. M., O’Neil, M. A., Mickels, N., Hagen, M. V., O’Connor, J., Baghdoyan, H. A., & Lydic, R. (2024) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00507.2024 · Cited by 2
Ziółkowska, A., Wojtaszek, S., & Fels, B. (2024) · Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.56782/pps.234 · Cited by 2
Relationship between weight-to-waist index and post-stroke depression
Li, J., Ma, L., Ma, X.-Y., & Gao, B. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i3.100909 · Cited by 2
Cortisol, cardiovascular risk, and anxiety in full-time workers in Cartagena, Colombia, 2023
Alayón, A. N., Arizal, N. O., Correa, M. N., Toro, J. L., & Rojas, F. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1491987 · Cited by 2
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Obesity: Insights from Transgenic Animal Models
Na, E. S. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15040653 · Cited by 2
“Mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety are also highly co-morbid with obesity [5], illustrating the pervasive effects of obesity not just on physiological health but on mental health as well.”
Duan, W., Ma, J., Qu, S., Zhang, J., Li, M., & Jiang, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1605449 · Cited by 2
Ahmed, S. K., Braim, F. M., & Mahmood, K. A. (2025) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-025-00559-1 · Cited by 3
“This was aligned with the previous studies which concluded that there is a strong relation between obesity and depression [14, 29].”
The effect of food packaging color on calorie estimation in virtual reality
Tian, Q., Duan, Y., Jiahui, G., & Ding, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-16468-6 · Cited by 3
Fructose malabsorption induces dysbiosis and increases anxiety in male human and animal models
Coursan, A., Polve, D., Leroi, A., Monnoye, M., Roussin, L., Benatar, C., Tavolacci, M., Quillard‐Muraine, M., Maccarone, M., Guérin, O., et al. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.106221 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSchladitz, K., Luppa, M., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Löbner, M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067930 · Cited by 2
Sulaiman, S. K., Tsiga-Ahmed, F. I., Arora, T., Faris, M. E., Musa, M. S., Kareem, Y. A., Dayyab, F. M., Hussein, A., Sale, S., & Khan, M. A. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1486892/v1 · Cited by 2
Song, Y., Li, L., Jiang, Y., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.01.30.24301991 · Cited by 2
Katzourou, I. K., Barroso, I., Clayton, J., Khandaker, G. M., Stow, D., Timpson, N. J., Tsang, R. S. M., Underwood, J. F. G., Wood, M. L., Kirov, G., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.05.13.25326577 · Cited by 2
“The reverse is also the case, with those with cardiometabolic conditions experiencing more depression and anxiety(7,10–12).”
BALKOCA, F., Çubukçu, M., & Yurt, N. Ş. (2023) · Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.25048/tudod.1323889 · Cited by 7
Associação entre níveis de ansiedade e depressão em adultos com obesidade
Cordeiro, D. C. T., Fernandes, C. A. M., Derenzo, N., Utrila, R. T., Westphal, G., & Nunes, M. S. Á. (2024) · Enfermería Global · doi:10.6018/eglobal.587821 · Cited by 4
Sun, J., & Tian, H. (2024) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v13.i9.97915 · Cited by 1
Machulsky, N. F., Colla, J., González, D., Fortuna, F., Ibar, C., Jamardo, J., Gagliardi, J., Fabre, B. R., & Berg, G. A. (2025) · Heart and Mind · doi:10.4103/hm.hm-d-24-00099 · Cited by 1
Bahadır, F. E., Demirel, Ö. Ü., Yavuz, M., Firat, O., Yogurtcu, I., Govdeli, Y., & Furuncuoğlu, Y. (2025) · Endocrine and Metabolic Science · doi:10.1016/j.endmts.2025.100231 · Cited by 1
Sun, Q., Jia, A., Zhang, Y., Liang, D., Song, K., & Shari, N. B. (2025) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2025.1614595 · Cited by 1
“…personalized psychological intervention plans based on the patients ’ physical and psychological conditions, helping them reduce negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, thus putting their bodies in a better stress state, which facilitates wound healing and physical recovery (10).”
Myles, E. M., O’Leary, M. E., Romkey, I. D., Hamm, S. I., Dauphinee, L., Piano, A., Bronner, S., & Perrot, T. S. (2025) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115030 · Cited by 1
“Thus, anxiety and obesity are intricately related, and this relationship is deeply rooted in individual differences in the physical and psychological responses to both conditions (reviewed by [21]).”
Folate deficiency mediates ovarian dysfunction through appetite and inflammatory pathways
Shaikh, A., Choudhary, B., Chhatpar, M., Panchakshari, D., Fefar, D. T., & Roy, H. (2025) · Reproductive Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2025.109016 · Cited by 1
Tian, X., Xia, X., Zhang, Y., Xu, Q., & Wang, A. (2025) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2025.05.007 · Cited by 2
Rabey, H. A. E., Attia, E. S., Bakry, N., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1663717 · Cited by 1
“…that treatment with saf fl ower increased antioxidant enzyme activity, calcium, and vitamin D, and decreased total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, liver function enzymes, adrenaline, troponin, and CK levels (Fulton et al., 2022; Alshareef et al., 2024; Deepika et al., 2025).”
InfluentialQiu, K., Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01971-7 · Cited by 1
“Within this context, individuals with obesity tend to exhibit greater vulnerability to depression [9], particularly when NHHR is abnormal, which further increases the likelihood of depressive symptoms [10].”
Kolb, T., Licht, L., Tam, F. I., Stender, E. M., Ohme, M., Borsini, A., Ehrlich, S., & Perakakis, N. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111576 · Cited by 2
“GIP levels are often elevated in obesity and the metabolic syndrome, both of which are associated with alterations in mood and an increased risk of depressive symptoms (Bădescu et al., 2016; Fulton et al., 2022; Toalson et al., 2004).”
Qi, P., Huang, M., & Zhu, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-31663-1 · Cited by 1
“Immunity and metabolism are major risk factors for depression and anxiety disorders 70 .”
Yang, Y., Zhang, J., Na, X., Tan, Y., Wu, C., Shi, X. Q., & Zhao, A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120987 · Cited by 1
Liang, F., & Yang, B. (2026) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171261417501 · Cited by 1
“21,22 Of particular interest, the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, which is a commonly used clinical marker of metabolic status, has been shown to be a better indicator of metabolic dysfunction than fasting glucose or tri-glyceride levels alone.”
Davey, M., Donlon, N. E., & Robb, W. B. (2026) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11695-026-08540-5 · Cited by 1
“For patients liv - ing with obesity, it is well recognised that obesity is associated with significant mental health issues such as anxiety and depression [27, 28], and metabolic surgery has been previously described to positively impact these conditions [29, 30 ].”
Bi, Z., Jiao, Z., Li, J., & Fang, Z. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08016-x · Cited by 1
Zhang, L., Jia, H., Pan, C., Xu, Z., & Liu, S. (2026) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-026-05776-1 · Cited by 1
Katzourou, I. K., van den Bree, M. B. M., George, K., Owen, M. J., Walters, J. T., Holmans, P., Lynch, J., Katzourou, I. K., Underwood, J. F. J., van Heel, D. A., et al. (2026) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2026.02.021 · Cited by 3
“9,10 12 Importantly, the lower life expectancy associated with depression 13 is partially attributable to co-morbid cardiovascular disease.”
Rodolpho, J. M. D. A., de Godoy, K. F., Fragelli, B. D. D. L., Bianchi, J., Duarte, F. O., Camillo, L., Silva, G. B., de Andrade, P. H. M., Prado, J. A., Ribeiro, E. T., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1800205 · Cited by 1
Popiołek, A. K., Brzoszczyk, B., Niemczuk, E., Borkowska, A., Jarzemski, P., & Bieliński, M. K. (2026) · Research and Reports in Urology · doi:10.2147/rru.s572735 · Cited by 1
“49 However, this relationship is bidirectional: anxiety and depression may impair dietary control and adherence to lifestyle modifications aimed at weight reduction.”
Choices of (in)action in obesity: Implications for research on treatment and prevention
Arend, I. C., Beeri, M. S., & Yuen, K. S. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.988495 · Cited by 1
“Obesity also increases the incidence of psychiatric conditions such as depression and anxiety (3).”
BackgroundGuangorena-Gómez, J. O., & Muñoz-Yáñez, C. (2022) · Journal of Food and Nutrition Science · doi:10.53043/2832-9457.jfns.2.003 · Cited by 1
Jung, F. U. C. E., Gerhards, S. K., Luppa, M., Löbner, M., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283089 · Cited by 1
“In general, individuals with overweight and obesity have been shown to suffer from several health impairments, such as coronary heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and mental health issues such as depression and anxiety [3, 4].”
The effects of bariatric surgery on sexual life, depression and quality of life in women
Öktemer, S., & Küçükakça, A. Ş. (2023) · Kastamonu Medical Journal · doi:10.51271/kmj-0102 · Cited by 1
Overweight, Obesity and its Associated Factors among Nurses at Tertiary Care Hospitals Karachi
Ali, J., Badil, Raja, R., Sami, F., Ali, Y., Ali, S., & Qadir, G. (2023) · Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.54393/pjhs.v4i07.907 · Cited by 1
Oluoha, R. U., Offiong, A. A., N., O. P., Nwaigbo, E., & Ifeanyi, N. (2023) · International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health · doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2023/v44i241507 · Cited by 1
Stefanovics, E. A., Grilo, C. M., Potenza, M. N., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115844 · Cited by 1
Gao, M., Doody, P., Koutoukidis, D. A., Yu, Y., Aveyard, P. N., Stevens, R., & Dixon, P. (2026) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.70156 · Cited by 2
Gonciarz, M. J., Adamiec, D. K., Dąbrowska, A., Paduszyńska, N., Zaliwska, D., Czach, M., Strojny, A. A., Kraszkiewicz, A., Kamińska, M. A., & Do, M. K. (2024) · Quality in Sport · doi:10.12775/qs.2024.16.52871 · Cited by 5
Nan, X., Dai, S., Zhao, S., Tian, T., & Gu, R. (2024) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000540094 · Cited by 1
“It reminded another possible pathway that obesity-related anxiety and depression may result in UI through in fl uencing sleep quality and OAB [27].”
Adolescent obesity and mental health: Narrative review of modulation factors
Singh, S. P., Srinivas, S., Sundaram, T., & Chockalingam, A. (2024) · International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases · doi:10.4103/jncd.jncd_36_24 · Cited by 1
Advances in energy balance & metabolism circuitry
Grajales‐Reyes, J. G. (2025) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2025.02.003 · Cited by 1
Li, L., Li, Y., Li, H., Zhou, Y., He, X., Yang, P., Wang, X., Zhu, J., Duan, Y., Xie, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119735 · Cited by 1
Cortisol, Anxiety, and TNFα Mediate the Relationship Between BMI and Executive Functions
Prunell‐Castañé, A., Jurado, M. Á., Caldú, X., Palacios, M. J. S., Sánchez‐Garre, C., Gómez‐Pablos, P. S., & Garolera, M. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70077 · Cited by 1
“…excess body weight: (i) microglial and astrocytic reactivity leading to neuroplastic changes, (ii) insulin and leptin resistance in neural cells, (iii) alterations in the kynurenine/serotonin pathway and associated glial dysfunction, and (iv) impaired hippocampal neurogenesis (Fulton et al. 2022).”
PREVALÊNCIA DE TRANSTORNO DEPRESSIVO EM PÓS OPERATÓRIO DE CIRURGIA BARIÁTRICA
dos Santos, L. B., Pitanga, F. H., de Souza, A. P., Lopes, E. B., Lopes, C. C. C., Daros, L. A., Marcondes, I. L., & Gregório, L. C. (2023) · Simpósio Internacional Interdisciplinar dos Cursos da Área da Saúde · doi:10.17648/siics-2022-159564
Jarnig, G. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202408.1651.v1 · Cited by 1
Huang, Q., Hu, Z., Liu, R., Li, X., Chen, Z., & Huang, D. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119405 · Cited by 1
The link between depression, eating behaviors and body mass index
Gasaneo, S., Sánchez, F., Guevara Cruz, R. S., Tabullo, Á. J., Delrieux, C., & Gasaneo, G. (2025) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2604272
Linking dietary fatty acids to mesocorticolimbic networks controlling appetite
Hryhorczuk, C., Nakajima, S., & Fulton, S. (2022) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100338
Self-citationWang, H., Fang, X., Ren, Q., Tan, X., Fan, J., & Xu, Y. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1571956/v1
Research Status of Related Influencing Factors of Depressive Disorder
孟, 繁. (2022) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2022.125615
La leptina y su papel en la neuroendocrinología de la obesidad
Diéguez-Campa, C. E., Ledón-Pretellini, J. C., Santos-Coyotl, J. A. D. L., Angel-Chávez, L. I., Flores-Apodaca, I. A., & Pérez‐Neri, I. (2022) · Archivos de Neurociencias · doi:10.31157/an.v1iinpress.323 · Cited by 3
“Los mecanismos neuroquímicos que controlan el peso corporal y el estado de ánimo son similares (35).”
BackgroundLama, A., Piano, F. D., Annunziata, C., Comella, F., Opallo, N., Melini, S., Grumetto, L., Pirozzi, C., Raso, G. M., Meli, R., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4157105
Ammar, Y. E., Lopes, C. C. C., da Silva, G. B., Lopes, E. B., Lopes, L. C., Santos, D. D. A. R., Dias, T. G., da Costa, M. M., Borges, L. S. D. S., Rodrigues, K. E. U., et al. (2022) · Recent Advances in Clinical Trials · doi:10.33425/2771-9057.1016
“However, to understand the risk factors for psychological disorders in these patients, treatment approaches should be changed in favor of integrated and multidisciplinary care [40,41].”
BackgroundDifferential effects of an obesogenic post-weaning diet on male and female behaviour in micePreprint
Mort, E. J., Fordington, S., Heritage, S., Fowden, A. L., Jones, S., & Camm, E. J. (2023) · doi:10.22541/au.167661732.22370393/v1
USO DA ACUPUNTURA NA MELHORA DA QUALIDADE SEMINAL E NA INFERTILIDADE MASCULINA
Xavier, A. F. F., do Prado, D. P. G., Bridi, V., & Rezende, H. H. A. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.14423280317
A medicina voltada à promoção da saúde e do bem-estar 4
Neto, B. R. D. S. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.144232803
REATIVAÇÃO DO VÍRUS DA HERPES ZOSTER APÓS VACINAÇÃO CONTRA COVID-19: REVISÃO NARRATIVA DE LITERATURA
Machado, A. C. O., Rigon, L. C. G., Hildebrando, I., Paulo, R. S. R., Cândido, N. B., Khouri, B. F., de Oliveira, A. E., & Belinetti, F. M. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.14423280315
O DILEMA ÉTICO EM “DECIDIR “ PELO PACIENTE “INCOMPETENTE”
Gomes, K. B. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.14423280312
Machado, E. R., de Assis, P. G., Bezerra, S. D. S. M., de Sant’Anna, J. B., Barbosa, L. L., & Affonso, R. D. S. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.14423280316
Rocha, C. R. R., de Assis, P. G., Bezerra, S. D. S. M., Affonso, R. D. S., de Sant’Anna, J. B., Barbosa, L. L., & Machado, E. R. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1442328038
BEM ESTAR SUBJETIVO EM PACIENTES COM ARTRITE REUMATOIDE: UMA REVISÃO DA LITERATURA
Gaudêncio, N. I. M., & Almeida, R. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1442328036
PREVALÊNCIA DE TRANSTORNO DEPRESSIVO NO PÓS-OPERATÓRIO DE CIRURGIA BARIÁTRICA
dos Santos, L. B., Lopes, C. C. C., Lopes, E. B., Lopes, L. C., Lopes, M. E. C., dos Santos, D. L., Dias, T. G., da Costa, M. M., da Silva, P. S., Borges, L. S. D. S., et al. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.14423280314
Piai, A. B. U., Nardi, A. R., Piai, A. U., de Marqui, S. V., Bueno, C. E., & Bueno, P. C. D. S. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1442328034
ABORDAGEM CLÍNICA DA HIPERTENSÃO ARTERIAL SISTÊMICA PRIMÁRIA
Melo, S. M. C., de Sousa, A. P., Brilhante, B. M. L., Bevilaqua, D. V., Araújo, D. D. C., Cavalcante, E. G., Portela, H. F., de Menezes, I. C., TEIXEIRA, J. V. C., de Alexandria, P. H. A., et al. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1442328033
SISTEMA DE VIGILANCIA EPIDEMIOLÓGICA: ASMA POR CONTAMINACIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA
Rojas-Sánchez, O. A. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1442328031
LONGITUDINAL EVALUATION OF PULMONARY FUNCTION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA USING OSCILLOMETRY
Medeiros, D., Correia, M. A. D. V., SARINHO, E. S. C., Bianca, A. C. D., Peixoto, P. H. T. M., Soares, M. L. T. D. S. L., Rizzo, J. Â., Wandalsen, G. F., & Solé, D. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.14423280310
VITILIGO: UMA ABORDAGEM SOBRE OS FATORES AGRAVANTES DA PATOLOGIA
Franco, I. O., Bizerril, J. E., Guimarães, L. A., Fernandes, A. L., DUARTE, A. C. M., Calaça, A. L. F., Martini, A. D. C., Villar, A. D. O., Vieira, D. A., Neves, K. T. A. P., et al. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1442328032
Silva, D. T. D. R. E., Silva, G. V. D. S., da Silva, K. E. T., Esposti, M. J. P. D., Zandonade, M. M., Tizziani, D., & Tombini, L. H. T. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.14423280313
ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS E COMORBIDADES ASSOCIADAS EM PACIENTES COM DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2
Daniele, T. M. D. C., Frota, M. A., da Costa, M. M. M., Rebouças, D. N. E., Ficagna, S., & Pinheiro, M. H. N. P. (2023) · doi:10.22533/at.ed.1442328035
Profile of Risk Factors for Hypertension Among Overweight Patients
Потаскалова, В. С., Селюк, М. М., Kleban, Y., & Savchuk, M. (2023) · Family medicine European practices · doi:10.30841/2786-720x.1.2023.277482
Metadata
- Authors
- Fulton, S., Décarie-Spain, L., Fioramonti, X., Guiard, B., & Nakajima, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CA)
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Fulton, Stephanie
- Venue
- Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 18-35
- ISSN
- 1043-2760 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3213132689
- Semantic Scholar
- 7810f6a48f94176d175f9ea2f8ab49f150c84578
- Cited by
- 441
- References
- 173
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 135 · 2024: 100 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 39
- FWCI
- 5.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- obesity, depression, anxiety, neuroinflammation, insulin resistance, leptin resistance, visceral adipose tissue, hypertension, metabolic dysfunction, neuroimmune dysfunction, mood regulation
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Inflammation, Obesity, Prevalence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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