Space and Time: The Hippocampus as a Sequence Generator
Open accessAbstract
Neural computations are often compared to instrument-measured distance or duration, and such relationships are interpreted by a human observer. However, neural circuits do not depend on human-made instruments but perform computations relative to an internally defined rate-of-change. While neuronal correlations with external measures, such as distance or duration, can be observed in spike rates or other measures of neuronal activity, what matters for the brain is how such activity patterns are utilized by downstream neural observers. We suggest that hippocampal operations can be described by sequential activity of neuronal assemblies and their internally defined rate of change without resorting to the concept of space or time.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Anomalies have been accumulating over the simple view that place cells represent just locations.
“However, anomalies have been accumulating over the simple view that place cells represent just locations (8, 9, 32, 45, 46).”
From Space is a latent sequence: A theory of the hippocampus (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
The sequence-centric paradigm developed in this paper resolves these anomalies by re-interpreting space as a sequence.
“In contrast, the sequence-centric paradigm (45) we develop in this paper resolves these anomalies by re-interpreting space as a sequence.”
From Space is a latent sequence: A theory of the hippocampus (2024) · cites this paper as [45]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1978) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8,010 · see citing works
LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS
Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 · Cited by 7,322 · see citing works
Cognitive maps in rats and men
Tolman, E. C. (1948) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0061626 · Cited by 6,641 · see citing works
The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat
O'Keefe, J., & Dostrovsky, J. (1971) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1 · Cited by 6,151 · see citing works
(1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,051 · see citing works
Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.
Squire, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.2.195 · Cited by 5,376 · see citing works
The hippocampus as a cognitive map
Passingham, R. E. (1979) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(79)90015-0 · Cited by 5,128 · see citing works
Buzsáki, G. (2006) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195301069.001.0001 · Cited by 4,873 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrostructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex
Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Moser, M.-B., & Moser, E. I. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03721 · Cited by 4,068 · see citing works
Theta oscillations in the hippocampus
Buzsáki, G. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00586-x · Cited by 3,332 · see citing works
Self-citationSimple memory: a theory for archicortex
Marr, D. (1971) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1971.0078 · Cited by 2,771 · see citing works
A mesoscale connectome of the mouse brain
Oh, S. W., Harris, J. A., Ng, L., Winslow, B., Cain, N., Mihalas, S., Wang, Q., Lau, C., Kuan, L., Henry, A. M., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13186 · Cited by 2,612 · see citing works
Phase relationship between hippocampal place units and the EEG theta rhythm
O'Keefe, J. M., & Recce, M. L. (1993) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.450030307 · Cited by 2,561 · see citing works
The three-dimensional organization of the hippocampal formation: A review of anatomical data
Amaral, D. G., & Witter, M. P. (1989) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(89)90424-7 · Cited by 2,180 · see citing works
Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the hippocampal complex
Nadel, L., & Moscovitch, M. (1997) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0959-4388(97)80010-4 · Cited by 1,924 · see citing works
Taube, J., Muller, R., & Ranck, J. (1990) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.10-02-00420.1990 · Cited by 1,809 · see citing works
Hippocampal sharp wave-ripple: A cognitive biomarker for episodic memory and planning
Buzsáki, G. (2015) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22488 · Cited by 1,759 · see citing works
Self-citationGamma (40-100 Hz) oscillation in the hippocampus of the behaving rat
Bragin, A., Jando, G., Nadasdy, Z., Hetke, J., Wise, K., & Buzsaki, G. (1995) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-01-00047.1995 · Cited by 1,527 · see citing works
Storage of 7 +/- 2 short-term memories in oscillatory subcycles
Lisman, J. E., & Idiart, M. A. P. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7878473 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
Two cortical systems for memory-guided behaviour
Ranganath, C., & Ritchey, M. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3338 · Cited by 1,377 · see citing works
Internally Generated Cell Assembly Sequences in the Rat Hippocampus
Pastalkova, E., Itskov, V., Amarasingham, A., & Buzsáki, G. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1159775 · Cited by 1,301 · see citing works
Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep
Lee, A. K., & Wilson, M. A. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01096-6 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
Hippocampal ‘time cells’ bridge the gap in memory for discontiguous events
MacDonald, C. J., Lepage, K. Q., Eden, U. T., & Eichenbaum, H. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.07.012 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
A Distributed Representation of Temporal Context
Howard, M. W., & Kahana, M. J. (2002) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1006/jmps.2001.1388 · Cited by 1,174 · see citing works
Replay of neuronal firing sequences in rat hippocampus during sleep following spatial experience
Skaggs, W. E., & McNaughton, B. L. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5257.1870 · Cited by 1,173 · see citing works
Geometric determinants of the place fields of hippocampal neurons
O'Keefe, J., & Burgess, N. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381425a0 · Cited by 1,166 · see citing works
The connections of the septal region in the rat
Swanson, L. W., & Cowan, W. M. (1979) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.901860408 · Cited by 1,136 · see citing works
The Hippocampus, Memory, and Place Cells
Eichenbaum, H., Dudchenko, P., Wood, E., Shapiro, M., & Tanila, H. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80773-4 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
The Basal Ganglia and Chunking of Action Repertoires
Graybiel, A. M. (1998) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1006/nlme.1998.3843 · Cited by 1,042 · see citing works
Time and the observer: The where and when of consciousness in the brain
Dennett, D. C., & Kinsbourne, M. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00068229 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
The hippocampus as a predictive map
Stachenfeld, K. L., Botvinick, M. M., & Gershman, S. J. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4650 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Replay and Time Compression of Recurring Spike Sequences in the Hippocampus
Nádasdy, Z., Hirase, H., Czurkó, A., Csicsvari, J., & Buzsáki, G. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-21-09497.1999 · Cited by 932 · see citing works
Self-citationLondon taxi drivers and bus drivers: A structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis
Maguire, E. A., Woollett, K., & Spiers, H. J. (2006) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20233 · Cited by 918 · see citing works
Choice-specific sequences in parietal cortex during a virtual-navigation decision task
Harvey, C. D., Coen, P., & Tank, D. W. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10918 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Deciphering The Hippocampal Polyglot: the Hippocampus as a Path Integration System
McNaughton, B. L., Barnes, C. A., Gerrard, J. L., Gothard, K. M., Jung, M. W., Knierim, J. J., Kudrimoti, H. S., Qin, Y., Skaggs, W. E., Suster, M. S., et al. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.199.1.173 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Critical role of the hippocampus in memory for sequences of events
Fortin, N. J., Agster, K. L., & Eichenbaum, H. B. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn834 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
The hippocampal memory indexing theory.
Teyler, T. J., & DiScenna, P. (1986) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.100.2.147 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Organization of cell assemblies in the hippocampus
Harris, K. D., Csicsvari, J. L., Hirase, H., Dragoi, G., & Buzsáki, G. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01834 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Self-citationLoss of Hippocampal Theta Rhythm Results in Spatial Memory Deficit in the Rat
Winson, J. (1978) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.663646 · Cited by 857 · see citing works
Viewpoints: how the hippocampus contributes to memory, navigation and cognition
Lisman, J., Buzsáki, G., Eichenbaum, H., Nadel, L., Ranganath, C., & Redish, A. D. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4661 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Self-citationTime cells in the hippocampus: a new dimension for mapping memories
Eichenbaum, H. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3827 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Evidence for grid cells in a human memory network
Doeller, C. F., Barry, C., & Burgess, N. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08704 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Comparison of spatial firing characteristics of units in dorsal and ventral hippocampus of the rat
Jung, M. W., Wiener, S. I., & McNaughton, B. L. (1994) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.14-12-07347.1994 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit
Aronov, D., Nevers, R., & Tank, D. W. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21692 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Finite scale of spatial representation in the hippocampus
Kjelstrup, K. B., Solstad, T., Brun, V. H., Hafting, T., Leutgeb, S., Witter, M. P., Moser, E. I., & Moser, M.-B. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1157086 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Conservation of hippocampal memory function in rats and humans
Bunsey, M. D., & Eichenbaum, H. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/379255a0 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Temporal Encoding of Place Sequences by Hippocampal Cell Assemblies
Dragoi, G., & Buzsáki, G. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.02.023 · Cited by 727 · see citing works
Self-citationAn oscillatory interference model of grid cell firing
Burgess, N., Barry, C., & O'Keefe, J. M. (2007) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20327 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Behavior-dependent short-term assembly dynamics in the medial prefrontal cortex
Fujisawa, S., Amarasingham, A., Harrison, M. T., & Buzsáki, G. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2134 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Self-citationConnections of the rat lateral septal complex 1Published on the World Wide Web on 2 June 1997. 1
Risold, P. Y., & Swanson, L. W. (1997) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00009-x · Cited by 671 · see citing works
The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations
Dusek, J. A., & Eichenbaum, H. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.13.7109 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Representation of Time by Neurons in the Posterior Parietal Cortex of the Macaque
Leon, M. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00185-5 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
A representation of the hazard rate of elapsed time in macaque area LIP
Janssen, P., & Shadlen, M. N. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1386 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Fast-Forward Playback of Recent Memory Sequences in Prefrontal Cortex During Sleep
Euston, D. R., Tatsuno, M., & McNaughton, B. L. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1148979 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Spike avalanches in vivo suggest a driven, slightly subcritical brain state
Priesemann, V. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00108 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
O'Keefe, J. M., & Burgess, N. (2005) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20115 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Hippocampal theta oscillations are travelling waves
Lubenov, E. V., & Siapas, A. G. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08010 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Hippocampal “Time Cells”: Time versus Path Integration
Kraus, B. J., Robinson, R. J., White, J. A., Eichenbaum, H., & Hasselmo, M. E. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.015 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
On the Integration of Space, Time, and Memory
Eichenbaum, H. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.036 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Basal ganglia subcircuits distinctively encode the parsing and concatenation of action sequences
Jin, X., Tecuapetla, F., & Costa, R. M. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3632 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Hippocampus-independent phase precession in entorhinal grid cells
Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Bonnevie, T., Moser, M., & Moser, E. I. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06957 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Hippocampal sequence-encoding driven by a cortical multi-item working memory buffer
Jensen, O. B., & Lisman, J. E. (2004) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.12.001 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Gothard, K. M., Skaggs, W. E., & McNaughton, B. L. (1996) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-24-08027.1996 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
McKenzie, S., Frank, A. J., Kinsky, N. R., Porter, B., Rivière, P. D., & Eichenbaum, H. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.019 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Hippocampal theta sequences reflect current goals
Wikenheiser, A. M., & Redish, A. D. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3909 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Distinct Representations and Theta Dynamics in Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus
Royer, S., Sirota, A., Patel, J., & Buzsáki, G. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4681-09.2010 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampal Activity Patterns Carry Information about Objects in Temporal Context
Hsieh, L., Gruber, M. J., Jenkins, L. J., & Charan Ranganath, A. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.015 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Vectorial representation of spatial goals in the hippocampus of bats
Sarel, A., Finkelstein, A., Las, L., & Ulanovsky, N. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aak9589 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Grid cells and cortical representation
Moser, E. I., Roudi, Y., Witter, M. P., Kentros, C., Bonhoeffer, T., & Moser, M.-B. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3766 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Cannabinoids reveal importance of spike timing coordination in hippocampal function
Robbe, D., Montgomery, S. M., Thome, A., Rueda-Orozco, P. E., McNaughton, B. L., & Buzsaki, G. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1801 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
How the hippocampus preserves order: the role of prediction and context
Davachi, L., & DuBrow, S. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.12.004 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Sustained activation of hippocampal pyramidal cells by ‘space clamping’ in a running wheel
Czurkó, A., Hirase, H., Csicsvari, J. L., & Buzsáki, G. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00446.x · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial Selectivity of Rat Hippocampal Neurons: Dependence on Preparedness for Movement
Foster, T. C., Castro, C. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2740902 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Ezzyat, Y., & Davachi, L. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.042 · Cited by 321 · see citing works
Theta sequences are essential for internally generated hippocampal firing fields
Wang, Y., Romani, S., Lustig, B. R., Leonardo, A. M., & Pastalkova, E. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3904 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Maurer, A. P., VanRhoads, S. R., Sutherland, G. R., Lipa, P., & McNaughton, B. L. (2005) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20114 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Sinha, C., Sinha, V. D. S., Zinken, J., & Sampaio, W. B. D. A. (2011) · Language and Cognition · doi:10.1515/langcog.2011.006 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire Septotemporal Axis of the Hippocampus
Patel, J., Fujisawa, S., Berényi, A., Royer, S., & Buzsáki, G. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.015 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Self-citationLateralized human hippocampal activity predicts navigation based on sequence or place memory
Iglói, K., Doeller, C. F., Berthoz, A., Rondi‐Reig, L., & Burgess, N. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1004243107 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
GLO-Roots: an imaging platform enabling multidimensional characterization of soil-grown root systems
Rellán‐Álvarez, R., Lobet, G., Lindner, H., Pradier, P., Sebastián, J., Yee, M., Geng, Y., Trontin, C., LaRue, T., Schrager‐Lavelle, A., et al. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.07597 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Howard, L. R., Javadi, A. H., Yu, Y., Mill, R. D., Morrison, L. C., Knight, R., Loftus, M. M., Staskute, L., & Spiers, H. J. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.001 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
The influence of context boundaries on memory for the sequential order of events
DuBrow, S., & Davachi, L. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0034024 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Wolbers, T., Wiener, J. M., Mallot, H. A., & Büchel, C. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2146-07.2007 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Internally organized mechanisms of the head direction sense
Peyrache, A., Lacroix, M. M., Petersen, P. C., & Buzsáki, G. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3968 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationHippocampal place cell assemblies are speed-controlled oscillators
Geisler, C. E., Robbe, D., Zugaro, M., Sirota, A., & Buzsáki, G. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0610121104 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Self-citationSpace, time, and episodic memory: The hippocampus is all over the cognitive map
Ekstrom, A. D., & Ranganath, C. (2017) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22750 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Reality is not what it seems : the journey to quantum gravity
Rovelli, C. (2016) · International Linear Collider · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Object-Centered Direction Selectivity in the Macaque Supplementary Eye Field
Olson, C. R., & Gettner, S. N. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7638625 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Theta Phase Precession in Rat Ventral Striatum Links Place and Reward Information
van der Meer, M. A. A., & Redish, A. D. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4869-10.2011 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Herring, E. (2016) · Annals of Science · doi:10.1080/00033790.2016.1231342 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
An event map of memory space in the hippocampus
Deuker, L., Bellmund, J. L. S., Schröder, T. N., & Doeller, C. F. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.16534 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Reversible inactivation of the medial septum differentially affects two forms of learning in rats
Mizumori, S. J. Y., Perez, G. M., Alvarado, M. C., Barnes, C. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90188-h · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Human hippocampus represents space and time during retrieval of real-world memories
Nielson, D. M., Smith, T. A., Sreekumar, V., Dennis, S. J., & Sederberg, P. B. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1507104112 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Cortical Representation of Motion during Unrestrained Spatial Navigation in the Rat
McNaughton, B. L., Mizumori, S. J. Y., Barnes, C. A., Leonard, B. W., Marquis, M., & Green, E. (1994) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/4.1.27 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Self-Motion and the Hippocampal Spatial Metric
Terrazas, A., Krause, M., Lipa, P., Gothard, K. M., Barnes, C. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0693-05.2005 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Phase precession of medial prefrontal cortical activity relative to the hippocampal theta rhythm
Jones, M. W., & Wilson, M. A. (2005) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20119 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Effective modulation of male aggression through lateral septum to medial hypothalamus projection
Wong, L. C., Wang, L., D’Amour, J. A., Yumita, T., Chen, G., Yamaguchi, T., Chang, B. C., Bernstein, H., You, X., Feng, J. E., et al. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.065 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Tracking Route Progression in the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Nitz, D. A. (2006) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.037 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Mau, W., Sullivan, D. W., Kinsky, N. R., Hasselmo, M. E., Howard, M. W., & Eichenbaum, H. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.051 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Temporal and Rate Coding for Discrete Event Sequences in the Hippocampus
Terada, S., Sakurai, Y., Nakahara, H., & Fujisawa, S. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.024 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Time cells in hippocampal area CA3
Salz, D. M., Tiganj, Z., Khasnabish, S., Kohley, A., Sheehan, D., Howard, M. W., & Eichenbaum, H. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0087-16.2016 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Itskov, V., Curto, C., Pastalkova, E., & Buzsáki, G. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3773-10.2011 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Functional Anatomy of Time: What and When in the Brain
Friston, K. J., & Buzsáki, G. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.05.001 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationBuzsáki, G., & Llinás, R. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aan8869 · Cited by 175 · cited 4× · see citing works
“If distance and duration are defined and understood with the help of human-made measuring instruments, one may wonder how space and time are computed and comprehended by other animals who cannot read those instruments [9].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationGrid-cell representations in mental simulation
Bellmund, J. L. S., Deuker, L., Schröder, T. N., & Doeller, C. F. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.17089 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Decoding of temporal intervals from cortical ensemble activity.
Lebedev, M., O'Doherty, J. E., & Nicolelis, M. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00734.2007 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Epigenomic landscapes of retinal rods and cones
Mo, A., Luo, C., Davis, F. P., Mukamel, E. A., Henry, G. L., Nery, J. R., Urich, M. A., Picard, S., Lister, R., Eddy, S. R., et al. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.11613 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Valiullina, F., Akhmetshina, D., Nasretdinov, A., Mukhtarov, M. R., Valeeva, G. R., Khazipov, R., & Rozov, A. V. (2016) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00001 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Diba, K., & Buzsáki, G. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3824-08.2008 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationWittner, L., Henze, D. A., Záborszky, L., & Buzsáki, G. (2007) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-007-0148-y · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationMorphological characteristics of layer II projection neurons in the rat medial entorhinal cortex
Klink, R., & Alonso, Á. (1997) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(1997)7:5 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Abstract Representations of Location and Facing Direction in the Human Brain
Vass, L. K., & Epstein, R. A. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3873-12.2013 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Transformation of a Spatial Map across the Hippocampal-Lateral Septal Circuit
Tingley, D., & Buzsáki, G. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.04.028 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrelated Evolution of Two Copulatory Organs via a Single Cis-Regulatory Nucleotide ChangePreprint
Nagy, O., Nuez, I., Savisaar, R., Peluffo, A. E., Yassin, A., Lang, M., Stern, D. L., Matute, D. R., David, J. R., & Courtier‐Orgogozo, V. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3188440 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Chafee, M. V., Averbeck, B. B., & Crowe, D. A. (2007) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhm017 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Finnerty, G. T., Shadlen, M. N., Jazayeri, M., Nobre, A. C., & Buonomano, D. V. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2654-15.2015 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Learning and remembering real-world events after medial temporal lobe damage
Dede, A. J. O., Frascino, J. C., Wixted, J. T., & Squire, L. R. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617025113 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Local transformations of the hippocampal cognitive map
Krupic, J., Bauža, M., Burton, S., & O'Keefe, J. M. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aao4960 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Kyle, C. T., Stokes, J. D., Lieberman, J. S., Hassan, A. S., & Ekstrom, A. D. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.10499 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Nitz, D. A. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.08.007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Emergence of Cognition from ActionPreprint
Buzsáki, G., Peyrache, A., & Kubie, J. L. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.2014.79.024679 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationGreater running speeds result in altered hippocampal phase sequence dynamics
Maurer, A. P., Burke, S. N., Lipa, P., Skaggs, W. E., & Barnes, C. A. (2011) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20936 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Canales, J. (2015) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mnemonic networks in the hippocampal formation: From spatial maps to temporal and conceptual codes.
Milivojevic, B., & Doeller, C. F. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0033746 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Dynamics of the Brain
Buzsáki, G., Christen, Y., & Publishing, S. I. (2016) · Research and perspectives in neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28802-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationContext-specific spatial representations by lateral septal cells
Leutgeb, S., & Mizumori, S. J. Y. (2002) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00101-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Phase precession and phase‐locking of hippocampal pyramidal cells
Bose, A., & Recce, M. L. (2001) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.1038 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Multiplexed oscillations and phase rate coding in the basal forebrain
Tingley, D., Alexander, A. S., Quinn, L. K., Chiba, A. A., & Nitz, D. A. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aar3230 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationCell Assemblies of the Basal Forebrain
Tingley, D., Alexander, A. S., Quinn, L. K., Chiba, A. A., & Nitz, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4432-14.2015 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationTask-phase-specific dynamics of basal forebrain neuronal ensembles
Tingley, D., Alexander, A. S., Kolbu, S., de Sa, V. R., Chiba, A. A., & Nitz, D. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00174 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatial firing properties of lateral septal neurons
Takamura, Y., Tamura, R., Zhou, T. L., Kobayashi, T., Tran, A. H., Eifuku, S., & Ono, T. (2006) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20196 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Art of Grid Fields: Geometry of Neuronal Time
SHILNIKOV, A. L., & Maurer, A. P. (2016) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2016.00012 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Precise spike timing dynamics of hippocampal place cell activity sensitive to cholinergic disruption
Newman, E. L., Venditto, S. J. C., Climer, J. R., Petter, E. A., Gillet, S. N., & Levy, S. J. (2017) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22753 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Minkina, O., & Desplan, C. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.027 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Phencyclidine Discoordinates Hippocampal Network Activity But Not Place Fields
Kao, H.-Y., Dvořák, D., Park, E., Kenney, J., Kelemen, E., & Fenton, A. A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0630-17.2017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hippocampal Mechanisms for the Segmentation of Space by Goals and Boundaries
McKenzie, S., & Buzsáki, G. (2016) · Research and perspectives in neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28802-4_1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationGhribi, O., Lapierre, L., Girard, M., Ohayon, M. M., Nalbantoglu, J. N., & Massicotte, G. (1999) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(1999)9:3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [3]Borges JL (1994) Ficciones, Grove Press.
- [6]Kant I (1781) Critique of pure reason, Penguin.
- [22]Amaral DG and Lavenex P (2006) Hippocampal Neuroanatomy. In The Hippocampus Book pp. 45– 66
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Whittington, J. C. R., Muller, T. H., Mark, S., Chen, G., Barry, C., Burgess, N., & Behrens, T. E. J. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.024 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Fields, C., & Levin, M. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24060819 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
George, D., Rikhye, R. V., Gothoskar, N., Guntupalli, J. S., Dedieu, A., & Lázaro-Gredilla, M. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22559-5 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Interoception as modeling, allostasis as control
Sennesh, E., Theriault, J., Brooks, D., van de Meent, J.-W., Barrett, L. F., & Quigley, K. S. (2022) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108242 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Do hippocampal pyramidal cells respond to nonspatial stimuli?
O’Keefe, J., & Krupic, J. (2021) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00014.2020 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Neurophysiology of Remembering
Buzsáki, G., McKenzie, S., & Davachi, L. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-021721-110002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationAllostasis as a core feature of hierarchical gradients in the human brain
Katsumi, Y., Theriault, J. E., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2022) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00240 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Naïve to expert: Considering the role of previous knowledge in memory
Alonso, A., van der Meij, J., Tse, D., & Genzel, L. (2020) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/2398212820948686 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Space is a latent sequence: A theory of the hippocampus
Raju, R. V., Guntupalli, J. S., Zhou, G., Wendelken, C., Lázaro-Gredilla, M., & George, D. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adm8470 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Katsumi, Y., Kamona, N., Zhang, J., Bunce, J. G., Hutchinson, J. B., Yarossi, M., Tunik, E., Quigley, K. S., Dickerson, B. C., & Barrett, L. F. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.01.456844 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“A compressed representation of spatial distance in the rodent hippocampus’’
Sheehan, D. J., Charczynski, S., Fordyce, B. A., Hasselmo, M. E., & Howard, M. W. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.02.15.431306 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Vaisvaser, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1726099 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Why does time feel the way it does? Towards a principled account of temporal experience
Comolatti, R., Grasso, M., & Tononi, G. (2024) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2412.13198 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Place and behavioral modulation of hippocampal neurons during immobility
Sartorato, N., Zouridis, I. S., Narantsatsralt, U.-U., Blanco-Hernández, E., & Burgalossi, A. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-75492-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Buzsáki, G., & Tingley, D.
- Affiliations
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Buzsáki, György
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-10
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 853-869
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6166479
- OpenAlex
- W2893325263
- Semantic Scholar
- d7250fa71da9cc41df86b40a2652f661c6c3d576
- Cited by
- 461
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 5.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- US National Institute of Health (MH107396, NS099705, NS104590)
- Mathers Foundation
- Simons Foundation
- US National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- hippocampus, sequence generation, neural computation, rate of change, cell assemblies, spike frequency, time and space, neural observer
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hippocampus, Humans, Neurons, Space Perception, Theta Rhythm, Time Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review