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“Economic man” in cross-cultural perspective: Behavioral experiments in 15 small-scale societies
Abstract
Researchers from across the social sciences have found consistent deviations from the predictions of the canonical model of self-interest in hundreds of experiments from around the world. This research, however, cannot determine whether the uniformity results from universal patterns of human behavior or from the limited cultural variation available among the university students used in virtually all prior experimental work. To address this, we undertook a cross-cultural study of behavior in ultimatum, public goods, and dictator games in a range of small-scale societies exhibiting a wide variety of economic and cultural conditions. We found, first, that the canonical model - based on self-interest - fails in all of the societies studied. Second, our data reveal substantially more behavioral variability across social groups than has been found in previous research. Third, group-level differences in economic organization and the structure of social interactions explain a substantial portion of the behavioral variation across societies: the higher the degree of market integration and the higher the payoffs to cooperation in everyday life, the greater the level of prosociality expressed in experimental games. Fourth, the available individual-level economic and demographic variables do not consistently explain game behavior, either within or across groups. Fifth, in many cases experimental play appears to reflect the common interactional patterns of everyday life.
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“Typically, more traditional variables such as individuals' gender, income, wealth, or education have shown little predictive power (Camerer, 2003;Henrich et al., 2005)”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E., Gintis, H., McElreath, R., Alvard, M., Barr, A., Ensminger, J., Henrich, N. S., Hill, K., Gil-White, F., Gurven, M., Marlowe, F. W., Patton, J. Q., & Tracer, D.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of Siena (IT)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Santa Fe Institute (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Texas A&M University (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORC Macro (United States) (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- California State University, Fullerton (US)
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Corresponding author
- Henrich, Joseph
- Boyd, Robert
- Bowles, Samuel
- Camerer, Colin
- Fehr, Ernst
- Gintis, Herbert
- McElreath, Richard
- Alvard, Michael
- Barr, Abigail
- Ensminger, Jean
- Henrich, Natalie Smith
- Hill, Kim
- Gil-White, Francisco
- Gurven, Michael
- Marlowe, Frank W.
- Patton, John Q.
- Tracer, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 795-815
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2125976408
- Cited by
- 1,898
- References
- 373
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 158 · 2018: 119 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 91 · 2013: 99 · 2012: 93
- FWCI
- 172.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- Emory University
- California Institute of Technology
- Harvard University
- Santa Fe Institute
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- University of Oxford
- Central European University
- Universität Zürich
- University of California, Los Angeles
- University of California, Davis
- California State University, Fullerton
- Economic and Social Research Council (M571255001)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Cross-Cultural and Social Analysis
- Keywords
- homo economicus, self-interest, small-scale societies, ultimatum game, public goods game, dictator game, prosocial behavior, market integration, experimental games, everyday social interaction
- MeSH terms
- Altruism, Cooperative Behavior, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Humans, Psychological Theory, Social Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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