The Use of Alternative Strategies for Enhanced Nanoparticle Delivery to Solid Tumors
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Nanomaterial (NM) delivery to solid tumors has been the focus of intense research for over a decade. Classically, scientists have tried to improve NM delivery by employing passive or active targeting strategies, making use of the so-called enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. This phenomenon is made possible due to the leaky tumor vasculature through which NMs can leave the bloodstream, traverse through the gaps in the endothelial lining of the vessels, and enter the tumor. Recent studies have shown that despite many efforts to employ the EPR effect, this process remains very poor. Furthermore, the role of the EPR effect has been called into question, where it has been suggested that NMs enter the tumor via active mechanisms and not through the endothelial gaps. In this review, we provide a short overview of the EPR and mechanisms to enhance it, after which we focus on alternative delivery strategies that do not solely rely on EPR in itself but can offer interesting pharmacological, physical, and biological solutions for enhanced delivery. We discuss the strengths and shortcomings of these different strategies and suggest combinatorial approaches as the ideal path forward.
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Tumors in humans are poorly diagnosed in the initial stages, which is mainly responsible for the limiting effects of EPR after drug release.
“Tumors in humans are poorly diagnosed in the initial stages, which is mainly responsible for the limiting effects of EPR after drug release [102].”
From Approaches to Improve EPR-Based Drug Delivery for Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
The Personalized Medicine section (page unavailable) says that EPR effects vary substantially among patients, limiting the clinical translation of nanomedicines. It also identifies drug release as one factor affecting treatment response. It does not say that human tumors are poorly diagnosed at initial stages or that late diagnosis is the main reason for EPR’s limitations after drug release. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Flagged first, then by citations
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“Tumors in humans are poorly diagnosed in the initial stages, which is mainly responsible for the limiting effects of EPR after drug release [102].”
BackgroundColak, B., & Ertas, Y. N. (2024) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.3c17024 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
- Authors
- Izci, M., Maksoudian, C., Manshian, B. B., & Soenen, S. J.
- Affiliations
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Soenen, Stefaan J.
- Venue
- Chemical Reviews
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2021-01-14
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 1746-1803
- ISSN
- 0009-2665 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6890
- PMC
- PMC7883342
- OpenAlex
- W3118474372
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 527
- Citations by year
- 2026: 81 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 94 · 2021: 35
- FWCI
- 5.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Chemical Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- H2020 European Research Council (757398)
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (G0B2919N)
- Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (3M180306)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers
- Keywords
- nanoparticle delivery, solid tumors, enhanced permeability and retention effect, tumor vasculature, active targeting, passive targeting, tumor endothelium
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Neoplasms, Peptides, Drug Delivery Systems, Nanoparticles, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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