The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The validity of the PANAS has been well-documented (Watson, 2000; Watson et al., 1988).”
From An examination of mindfulness skills in terms of affect tolerance among individuals with elevated levels of health anxiety. (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The PANAS consists of two subscales measuring positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) and is a widely used instrument with good reliability and validity (Mackinnon et al., 1999; Watson et al., 1988).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
From The role of negative affectivity and negative reactivity to emotions in predicting outcomes in the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders (2012) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency for both the positive affect (α = .89) and negative affect (α = .85) scales and has demonstrated validity (Watson et al., 1988).”
From Difficulties in emotion regulation in treatment-seeking alcoholics with and without co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders. (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The short form of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Thompson, 2007; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) is a 10-item measure of positive (e.g., “Inspired”) and negative (e.g., “Upset”) affectivity. The PANAS is scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = Never to 5 = Always) and has demonstrated good internal reliability (α=.74–82; Thompson, 2007).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders (2013) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“Cronbach’s alphas in our study at baseline and 3-month follow-up, respectively, were 0.90 and 0.91 for PANAS-P and 0.88 and 0.85 for PANAS-N.”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Additionally, average values for the psychological and cognitive measures at intake were comparable to those observed in previously published studies of similarly aged subjects and were balanced across Sequence (Table 2) [61,62,63,64,65,67,69].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“The final score is derived from the sum of 10 items for each of the positive and negative describing mood, stress, and spirituality, and they may reflect to some extent changes in the subject’s mood (48).”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) is a simple and easy-to-administer version of the most widely and commonly used scale for assessing positive and negative affect, originally developed and designed in North America by Watson et al. in 1988, and has since been validated in many cities and shown excellent psychometric properties in several studies (48)”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The scale is designed to measure positive and negative emotions in a person’s current state.”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Higher values of the items indicate a higher level of emotion in the subject; for example, a higher positive emotion score indicates a higher level of positive emotion in youths, while a higher negative emotion score also reflects a high level of negative emotion in youths (48).”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Trait positive affect can be measured using the Positive Affect Scale of the Positive and Negative Affective Schedule (PANAS) 222 , a widely used 20-item tool.”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
In the citing paper
“The other wellbeing measures used scales which were context free, for example Watson et al.'s (1988) positive and negative affect scale”
From What do we know about interventions to improve educator wellbeing? A systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“However, a sizeable body of evidence suggests that PA and NA are indeed independent dimensions with distinct underlying neurological and psychological constructs, and an individual can concurrently experience, for example, heightened PA and NA (Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999; Cook et al., 2004; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; Watson & Tellegen, 1985).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, there appears to be similar conceptual overlap between vitality and some of the other high arousal positive emotions included in measures such as the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (e.g., excited, enthusiastic, alert, attentive, and active; Watson et al., 1988).”
From The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Positive and negative affective states were measured using the PANAS88.”
From Physiological and Behavioral Synchrony Predict Group Cohesion and Performance (2020) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Several standardization strategies were used and reported earlier including monitoring word counts generated by the interviewer vs. participant, and periodic assessments of changes in negative and positive effects of participants using the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (PANAS) (Crawford & Henry, 2004; Watson et al., 1988), immediately before and after the 30-minute”
From Internet-Based Conversational Engagement Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (I-CONECT) Among Socially Isolated Adults 75+ Years Old With Normal Cognition or Mild Cognitive Impairment: Topline Results (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Although widely-used indicators of positive and negative affect were employed50,59, corroborating measures of emotion were not available from the parent study, and findings may differ for clinical indicators of mood, particularly depression, which shows a sex difference and link to hormonal contraceptive use60,61.”
From Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“participants completed the reliable and externally valid Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS50”
From Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Psychoeducation programmes and cognitive–behavioural therapy have shown very limited effects in the treatment of personality disorders.2,3”
From Recovery-focused self-help intervention using vodcasts for patients with personality disorder: Feasibility randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“PANAS has good reliability and validity in its versions in English (Watson et al., 1988), Spanish (Ortuño-Sierra et al., 2015), Brazilian Portuguese (De Carvalho et al., 2013), and Dutch (De Engelen et al., 2006).”
From Internet-based self-administered intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and improve well-being in 7 countries: protocol of a randomized control trial (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The alpha internal consistency reliability indices were shown to be acceptably high, ranging from 0.86 to 0.90 for positive affect and from 0.84 to 0.87 for negative affect. Test–retest reliability showed no significant differences across an 8-week interval74.”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention increases well-being and decreases stress after Covid-19 lockdown (2022) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Both affect subscales showed adequate internal consistency: PANAS-P (α =0.89) and PANAS-N (α =0.91).”
From Spanish Adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Participants With Cancer: Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“The scale has adequate convergent and discriminant validity, good internal consistency, and sensitivity to change. Cronbach's alpha is 0.91 for the PANAS-PA and 0.87 for the PANAS-NA.”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The limited amount of pressure/stress experienced in a Positive Climate might result in improved affect (Watson et al., 1988).”
From A dancer's well-being: The influence of the social psychological climate during adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“our measure of stress was a simple 10-point Likert scale rather than a multi-item validated questionnaire (e.g., PSS, PANAS, SSSQ)36–38.”
From Effects of app delivered self hypnosis on stress management (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The PANAS is a 20-item mood adjective checklist designed to measure the Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) factors and has shown satisfactory psychometric properties in previous research (Watson et al., 1988).”
From What Does the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) Really Measure? (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Simulated IPIP-NEO Extraversion scores for all but base PaLM models sufficiently correlated with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scales40, supporting their criterion validity.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“These criterion measures were drawn from widely used instruments developed and psychometrically validated for human research, including PANAS scales40, Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)43, Revised Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-RR)44 and Short Scale of Creative Self (SSCS)47.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [36] is a 20-item self-report measure of current positive and negative affect.”
From Using Psychological Artificial Intelligence (Tess) to Relieve Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint) (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The positive (α = .94) and negative affect subscales (α = .93) from the 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) were used to assess the frequency of positive and negative affect “over the past week.””
From Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial (2016) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“participants were 52 (27 female) paid volunteers (mean age = 19.42 years, SD = 1.72) selected based on a range of levels of trait positive and negative affect using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al. 1988).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al. 1988
In the citing paper
“father's affect was measured before and 40 minutes after administration and no differences were found in fathers' self-reported emotions in either session (42).”
From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Another popular approach is to place a particular emotion into a space having a limited set of dimensions [15], [16], [17]. These dimensions include valence (how pleasent or unpleasent a feeling is) activation2 (how likely is the person to take action under the emotional state) and control (the sense of control over the emotion).”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Internal consistency of the negative affect subscale is adequate, with a Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.80 to 0.84.”
From Exposure to a Standardized Catastrophic Scenario in Virtual Reality or a Personalized Scenario in Imagination for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“The positive and negative subscales are internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha for negative affect = .084–0.87 and positive affect = .86–.90) with good test-retest reliability of r = .48 and .42 for positive and negative affect, respectively (Watson et al. 1988).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al. 1988
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [21] is a 20-item self-report measure of current positive and negative affect.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 2,645
An Italian Adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
Balzarotti, S., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000009 · Cited by 446
Optimal recall periods for patient-reported outcomes: challenges and potential solutions
Stull, D. E., Leidy, N. K., Parasuraman, B. M., & Chassany, O. (2009) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007990902774765 · Cited by 415
The nature and assessment of perfectionism: A critical analysis.
Enns, M. W., & Cox, B. J. (2002) · Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. · doi:10.1037/10458-002 · Cited by 406
Flourishing via Workplace Relationships: Moving Beyond Instrumental Support
Colbert, A. E., Bono, J. E., & Purvanova, R. K. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2014.0506 · Cited by 466
Depression biases the recognition of emotionally neutral faces
Leppänen, J. M., Milders, M., Bell, J. S., Terrière, E., & Hietanen, J. K. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.05.020 · Cited by 436
Mitchell, M. S., Greenbaum, R. L., Vogel, R. M., Mawritz, M. B., & Keating, D. J. (2018) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2016.0646 · Cited by 438
The Hopelessness Depression Symptom Questionnaire
Metalsky, G. I., & Joiner, T. E. (1997) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1021882717784 · Cited by 403
Jennings, P. A. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0312-4 · Cited by 478
Williams, L. J., & McGonagle, A. K. (2015) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-015-9422-9 · Cited by 427
Functional neuroanatomy of aversion and its anticipation
Nitschke, J. B., Sarinopoulos, I., Mackiewicz, K. L., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.068 · Cited by 398
Resilience: A Meta‐Analytic Approach
Lee, M., Nam, S. K., Kim, A., Kim, B., Lee, M. Y., & Lee, S. M. (2013) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00095.x · Cited by 479
Exploring the relationship between work-related rumination, sleep quality, and work-related fatigue
Querstret, D., & Cropley, M. (2012) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028552 · Cited by 401
Development of an ovarian cancer symptom index
Goff, B. A., Mandel, L. S., Drescher, C. W., Urban, N. D., Gough, S., Schurman, K. M., Patras, J., MAHONY, B. S., & Andersen, M. R. (2006) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.22371 · Cited by 406
Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (1997) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00246-2 · Cited by 401
A prospective population-based study of triggers of symptomatic flares in IBD
Bernstein, C. N., Singh, S., Graff, L. A., Walker, J. R., Miller, N., & Cheang, M. (2010) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.140 · Cited by 400
The Welfare Effects of Nudges: A Case Study of Energy Use Social Comparisons
Allcott, H., & Kessler, J. B. (2019) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20170328 · Cited by 400
The nature of satisfaction: An updated examination and analysis
Babin, B. J., & Griffin, M. (1998) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(97)00001-5 · Cited by 405
Emotional intelligence mediates the relationship between mindfulness and subjective well-being
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.037 · Cited by 461
Social support and emotional intelligence as predictors of subjective well-being
Gallagher, E., & Vella-Brodrick, D. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.011 · Cited by 398
Kubzansky, L. D., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P., & Kawachi, I. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200111000-00009 · Cited by 400
Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., & Shah, D. M. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012590 · Cited by 400
Decreased responsiveness to reward in depression
Henriques, J. B., & Davidson, R. J. (2000) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930050117684 · Cited by 399
Mindfulness meditation for younger breast cancer survivors: A randomized controlled trial
Bower, J. E., Crosswell, A. D., Stanton, A. L., Crespi, C. M., Winston, D., Arevalo, J., Ma, J., Cole, S. W., & Ganz, P. A. (2015) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.29194 · Cited by 390
Hui, C., Law, K. S., & Chen, Z. X. (1999) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.1998.2812 · Cited by 397
Characterisation of music-evoked autobiographical memories.
Janata, P., Tomic, S. T., & Rakowski, S. K. (2007) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210701734593 · Cited by 406
The dynamics of threat and challenge appraisals prior to stressful achievement events.
Skinner, N., & Brewer, N. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.678 · Cited by 432
Positive emotion regulation in emotional disorders: A theoretical review
Carl, J. R., Soskin, D. P., Kerns, C., & Barlow, D. H. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.01.003 · Cited by 391
Mitchell, R. L. C., & Phillips, L. H. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.030 · Cited by 422
Fixing our focus: Training attention to regulate emotion
Wadlinger, H. A., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310365565 · Cited by 396
Positive Interpretation Training: Effects of Mental Imagery Versus Verbal Training on Positive Mood
Holmes, E. A., Mathews, A., Dalgleish, T., & Mackintosh, B. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.02.002 · Cited by 391
McRae, K., Jacobs, S. E., Ray, R. D., John, O. P., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2011.10.003 · Cited by 486
The Relationship between Job and Life Satisfaction: Evidence from a Remote Mining Community
Iverson, R. D., & Maguire, C. (2000) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726700536003 · Cited by 403
Neural Correlates of Processing Valence and Arousal in Affective Words
Lewis, P., Critchley, H., Rotshtein, P., & Dolan, R. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhk024 · Cited by 391
Psychological interventions to foster resilience in healthcare professionals
Kunzler, A. M., Helmreich, I., Chmitorz, A., König, J., Binder, H., Wessa, M., & Lieb, K. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012527.pub2 · Cited by 390
Patterns of tourists' emotional responses, satisfaction, and intention to recommend
Hosany, S., & Prayag, G. (2011) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.09.011 · Cited by 413
Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD among victims of bullying at work
Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. V. (2004) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069880410001723558 · Cited by 395
Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Improves Language Learning
Flöel, A., Rösser, N., Michka, O., Knecht, S., & Breitenstein, C. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20098 · Cited by 443
Desenvolvimento de uma escala de bem-estar subjetivo
Albuquerque, A. S., & Tróccoli, B. T. (2004) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/s0102-37722004000200008 · Cited by 426
Eaten up by boredom: consuming food to escape awareness of the bored self
Moynihan, A. B., van Tilburg, W. A. P., Igou, E. R., Wisman, A., Donnelly, A., & Mulcaire, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00369 · Cited by 415
Contemplative/emotion training reduces negative emotional behavior and promotes prosocial responses.
Kemeny, M. E., Foltz, C., Cavanagh, J. F., Cullen, M., Giese-Davis, J., Jennings, P., Rosenberg, E. L., Gillath, O., Shaver, P. R., Wallace, B. A., et al. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026118 · Cited by 391
Harmon‐Jones, E., & Gable, P. A. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12879 · Cited by 443
The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults
Ma, X., Yue, Z.-Q., Gong, Z.-Q., Zhang, H., Duan, N.-Y., Shi, Y.-T., Wei, G.-X., & Li, Y.-F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874 · Cited by 509
Relationships Between Housing and Healthy Aging in Very Old Age
Oswald, F., Wahl, H., Schilling, O. K., Nygren, C., Fänge, A. M., Sixsmith, A. J., Sixsmith, J., Széman, Z., Tomsone, S., & Iwarsson, S. (2007) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/47.1.96 · Cited by 391
Ababneh, O. M. A. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2020.1814708 · Cited by 477
Verplanken, B., Marks, E., & Dobromir, A. I. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101528 · Cited by 414
Motivation, Interest, and Positive Affect in Traditional and Nontraditional Undergraduate Students
Bye, D., Pushkar, D., & Conway, M. A. (2007) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713606294235 · Cited by 439
Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01691.x · Cited by 392
Estrogen Shapes Dopamine-Dependent Cognitive Processes: Implications for Women's Health
Jacobs, E., & D'Esposito, M. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6394-10.2011 · Cited by 342
Cosmetic Use of Botulinum Toxin-A Affects Processing of Emotional LanguagePreprint
Havas, D. A., Glenberg, A. M., GUTOWSKI, K. A., Lucarelli, M. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2009) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1177/0956797610374742 · Cited by 413
The brain on art: intense aesthetic experience activates the default mode network
Vessel, E. A., Starr, G. G., & Rubin, N. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00066 · Cited by 418
“It doesn’t matter what you are!” Explaining social effects of agents and avatars
von der Pütten, A. M., Krämer, N. C., Gratch, J., & Kang, S.-H. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.06.012 · Cited by 389
The Symbolic Power of Money: Reminders of Money Alter Social Distress and Physical Pain
Zhou, X., Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02353.x · Cited by 388
Making Sense of Life: The Existential Self Trying to Deal with Personal Uncertainty
van den Bos, K. (2009) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/10478400903333411 · Cited by 395
Fleeson, W., Malanos, A. B., & Achille, N. M. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1409 · Cited by 419
Self-Supervised ECG Representation Learning for Emotion Recognition
Sarkar, P., & Etemad, A. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2020.3014842 · Cited by 411
Preller, K. H., Herdener, M., Pokorny, T., Planzer, A., Kraehenmann, R., Stämpfli, P., Liechti, M. E., Seifritz, E., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.030 · Cited by 402
Sagioglou, C., & Greitemeyer, T. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.003 · Cited by 387
Thau, S., Bennett, R. J., Mitchell, M. S., & Marrs, M. B. (2008) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.06.003 · Cited by 409
Measuring aesthetic emotions: A review of the literature and a new assessment tool
Schindler, I., Hosoya, G., Menninghaus, W., Beermann, U., Wagner, V., Eid, M., & Scherer, K. R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178899 · Cited by 449
Measures of self-perceived well-being
McDowell, I. (2010) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.002 · Cited by 388
LePine, M. A., Zhang, Y., Crawford, E. R., & Rich, B. L. (2016) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0778 · Cited by 459
Examining the role of drinking motives in college student alcohol use and problems
Read, J. P., Wood, M. D., Kahler, C. W., Maddock, J. E., & Palfai, T. P. (2003) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.17.1.13 · Cited by 384
Mikolajczak, M., Luminet, O., Leroy, C., & Roy, E. (2007) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890701333431 · Cited by 436
Dispositional Affect and Job Satisfaction: A Review and Theoretical Extension
Judge, T. A., & Larsen, R. J. (2001) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2973 · Cited by 385
Burrow, A. L., & Rainone, N. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.09.005 · Cited by 385
Attaining personal goals: Self-concordance plus implementation intentions equals success.
Koestner, R., Lekes, N., Powers, T. A., & Chicoine, E. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.231 · Cited by 526
Coordination as Energy-in-Conversation
Quinn, R. W., & Dutton, J. E. (2005) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2005.15281422 · Cited by 381
Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Fernandez-Robin, C., Hartmann, P., & Yañez-Martinez, D. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110455 · Cited by 383
EXQ: a multiple‐item scale for assessing service experience
Klaus, P., & Maklan, S. (2012) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/09564231211208952 · Cited by 396
On Braggarts and Gossips: A Self-Enhancement Account of Word-of-Mouth Generation and Transmission
Angelis, M. D., Bonezzi, A., Peluso, A. M., Rucker, D. D., & Costabile, M. (2012) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.11.0136 · Cited by 402
Eppmann, R., Bekk, M., & Klein, K. (2018) · Journal of Interactive Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2018.03.002 · Cited by 420
Lent, R. W., Singley, D. B., Sheu, H., Gainor, K. A., Brenner, B. R., Treistman, D., & Ades, L. (2005) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.429 · Cited by 418
Sheldon, K., & Filak, V. F. (2008) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466607x238797 · Cited by 397
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., Habke, M., Parkin, M., Lam, R. W., McMurtry, B., Ediger, E., Fairlie, P., & Stein, M. B. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1303 · Cited by 504
How chronic self-views influence (and potentially mislead) estimates of performance.
Ehrlinger, J., & Dunning, D. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.5 · Cited by 480
Antecedents and consequences of employee organizational cynicism: A meta-analysis
Chiaburu, D. S., Peng, A. C., Oh, I., Banks, G. C., & Lomeli, L. C. (2013) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2013.03.007 · Cited by 417
A Reconsideration of the Self-Compassion Scale’s Total Score: Self-Compassion versus Self-Criticism
López, A., Sanderman, R., Smink, A., Zhang, Y., van Sonderen, E., Ranchor, A., & Schroevers, M. J. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0132940 · Cited by 380
Linley, P. A., Nielsen, K. M., Wood, A. M., Gillett, R., & Biswas‐Diener, R. (2010) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2010.5.1.6 · Cited by 396
The effect of consumption emotions on satisfaction and word‐of‐mouth communications
Ladhari, R. (2007) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20195 · Cited by 399
Barsade, S. G., & O’Neill, O. A. (2014) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839214538636 · Cited by 385
Dispositional anxiety and risk-avoidant decision-making
Maner, J. K., Richey, J. A., Timpano, K. R., Mallott, M., Lejuez, C. W., Joiner, T. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2006) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.08.016 · Cited by 380
Acute stress reduces reward responsiveness: Implications for depression
Bogdan, R., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.037 · Cited by 364
The multidimensional existential meaning scale: a tripartite approach to measuring meaning in life
George, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2017) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1209546 · Cited by 379
A Brain Mechanism for Facilitation of Insight by Positive Affect
Subramaniam, K., Kounios, J., Parrish, T. B., & Beeman, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21057 · Cited by 394
Smith, Y. R., Stohler, C. S., Nichols, T. E., Bueller, J. A., Koeppe, R. A., & Zubieta, J. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5223-05.2006 · Cited by 386
Reschly, A. L., Huebner, E. S., Appleton, J. J., & Antaramian, S. (2008) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20306 · Cited by 513
Wu, L., Yim, F. H., Kwan, H. K., & Zhang, X. (2011) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01017.x · Cited by 388
Regulation of Human Affective Responses by Anterior Cingulate and Limbic µ-Opioid Neurotransmission
Zubieta, J., Ketter, T. A., Bueller, J. A., Xu, Y., Kilbourn, M. R., Young, E. A., & Koeppe, R. A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.11.1145 · Cited by 390
Job Burnout and Employee Engagement
Cole, M. S., Walter, F. H., Bedeian, A. G., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2011) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206311415252 · Cited by 392
Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., Yamaguchi, S., Fukuzawa, A., & Abela, J. (2012) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0026681 · Cited by 393
A question of balance: Time perspective and well-being in British and Russian samples
Boniwell, I., Osin, E., Alex Linley, P., & Ivanchenko, G. V. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903271181 · Cited by 376
Affect, Travel Motivation, and Travel Intention: a Senior Market
Jang, S. S., Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C.-M. E. (2009) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348008329666 · Cited by 404
Occupational moral injury and mental health: systematic review and meta-analysis
Williamson, V., Stevelink, S. A. M., & Greenberg, N. L. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.55 · Cited by 395
Dechesne, M., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Ransom, S., Sheldon, K. M., van Knippenberg, A., & Janssen, J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.722 · Cited by 375
A systematic review of stress and stress management interventions for mental health nurses
Edwards, D. J., & Burnard, P. (2003) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02600.x · Cited by 390
Sachdev, P. S., Brodaty, H., Reppermund, S., Kochan, N. A., Trollor, J. N., Draper, B., Slavin, M. J., Crawford, J., Kang, K., Broe, G. A., et al. (2010) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610210001067 · Cited by 383
Mindfulness and coping with dysphoric mood: contrasts with rumination and distraction
Broderick, P. C. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-3888-0 · Cited by 374
Self-compassion and Psychological Distress in Adolescents—a Meta-analysis
Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W. Y., & MacBeth, A. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0850-7 · Cited by 465
Extraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative mood induction procedures
Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1989) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90233-x · Cited by 374
Kring, A. M., & Neale, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.2.249 · Cited by 374
Metadata
- Authors
- Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1063-1070
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4292994367
- Cited by
- 32,433
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1683 · 2025: 1974 · 2024: 1870 · 2023: 2052 · 2022: 2195 · 2021: 2327 · 2020: 2096 · 2019: 1807 · 2018: 1786 · 2017: 1682 · 2016: 1593 · 2015: 1394 · 2014: 1307 · 2013: 1248 · 2012: 1086
- FWCI
- 23.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- positive affect, negative affect, PANAS, scale development, scale validation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
