The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The validity of the PANAS has been well-documented (Watson, 2000; Watson et al., 1988).”
From An examination of mindfulness skills in terms of affect tolerance among individuals with elevated levels of health anxiety. (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The PANAS consists of two subscales measuring positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) and is a widely used instrument with good reliability and validity (Mackinnon et al., 1999; Watson et al., 1988).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
From The role of negative affectivity and negative reactivity to emotions in predicting outcomes in the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders (2012) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency for both the positive affect (α = .89) and negative affect (α = .85) scales and has demonstrated validity (Watson et al., 1988).”
From Difficulties in emotion regulation in treatment-seeking alcoholics with and without co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders. (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The short form of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Thompson, 2007; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) is a 10-item measure of positive (e.g., “Inspired”) and negative (e.g., “Upset”) affectivity. The PANAS is scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = Never to 5 = Always) and has demonstrated good internal reliability (α=.74–82; Thompson, 2007).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders (2013) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“Cronbach’s alphas in our study at baseline and 3-month follow-up, respectively, were 0.90 and 0.91 for PANAS-P and 0.88 and 0.85 for PANAS-N.”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Additionally, average values for the psychological and cognitive measures at intake were comparable to those observed in previously published studies of similarly aged subjects and were balanced across Sequence (Table 2) [61,62,63,64,65,67,69].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“The final score is derived from the sum of 10 items for each of the positive and negative describing mood, stress, and spirituality, and they may reflect to some extent changes in the subject’s mood (48).”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) is a simple and easy-to-administer version of the most widely and commonly used scale for assessing positive and negative affect, originally developed and designed in North America by Watson et al. in 1988, and has since been validated in many cities and shown excellent psychometric properties in several studies (48)”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The scale is designed to measure positive and negative emotions in a person’s current state.”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Higher values of the items indicate a higher level of emotion in the subject; for example, a higher positive emotion score indicates a higher level of positive emotion in youths, while a higher negative emotion score also reflects a high level of negative emotion in youths (48).”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Trait positive affect can be measured using the Positive Affect Scale of the Positive and Negative Affective Schedule (PANAS) 222 , a widely used 20-item tool.”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
In the citing paper
“The other wellbeing measures used scales which were context free, for example Watson et al.'s (1988) positive and negative affect scale”
From What do we know about interventions to improve educator wellbeing? A systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“However, a sizeable body of evidence suggests that PA and NA are indeed independent dimensions with distinct underlying neurological and psychological constructs, and an individual can concurrently experience, for example, heightened PA and NA (Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999; Cook et al., 2004; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; Watson & Tellegen, 1985).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, there appears to be similar conceptual overlap between vitality and some of the other high arousal positive emotions included in measures such as the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (e.g., excited, enthusiastic, alert, attentive, and active; Watson et al., 1988).”
From The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Positive and negative affective states were measured using the PANAS88.”
From Physiological and Behavioral Synchrony Predict Group Cohesion and Performance (2020) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Several standardization strategies were used and reported earlier including monitoring word counts generated by the interviewer vs. participant, and periodic assessments of changes in negative and positive effects of participants using the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (PANAS) (Crawford & Henry, 2004; Watson et al., 1988), immediately before and after the 30-minute”
From Internet-Based Conversational Engagement Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (I-CONECT) Among Socially Isolated Adults 75+ Years Old With Normal Cognition or Mild Cognitive Impairment: Topline Results (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Although widely-used indicators of positive and negative affect were employed50,59, corroborating measures of emotion were not available from the parent study, and findings may differ for clinical indicators of mood, particularly depression, which shows a sex difference and link to hormonal contraceptive use60,61.”
From Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“participants completed the reliable and externally valid Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS50”
From Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Psychoeducation programmes and cognitive–behavioural therapy have shown very limited effects in the treatment of personality disorders.2,3”
From Recovery-focused self-help intervention using vodcasts for patients with personality disorder: Feasibility randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“PANAS has good reliability and validity in its versions in English (Watson et al., 1988), Spanish (Ortuño-Sierra et al., 2015), Brazilian Portuguese (De Carvalho et al., 2013), and Dutch (De Engelen et al., 2006).”
From Internet-based self-administered intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and improve well-being in 7 countries: protocol of a randomized control trial (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The alpha internal consistency reliability indices were shown to be acceptably high, ranging from 0.86 to 0.90 for positive affect and from 0.84 to 0.87 for negative affect. Test–retest reliability showed no significant differences across an 8-week interval74.”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention increases well-being and decreases stress after Covid-19 lockdown (2022) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Both affect subscales showed adequate internal consistency: PANAS-P (α =0.89) and PANAS-N (α =0.91).”
From Spanish Adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Participants With Cancer: Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“The scale has adequate convergent and discriminant validity, good internal consistency, and sensitivity to change. Cronbach's alpha is 0.91 for the PANAS-PA and 0.87 for the PANAS-NA.”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The limited amount of pressure/stress experienced in a Positive Climate might result in improved affect (Watson et al., 1988).”
From A dancer's well-being: The influence of the social psychological climate during adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“our measure of stress was a simple 10-point Likert scale rather than a multi-item validated questionnaire (e.g., PSS, PANAS, SSSQ)36–38.”
From Effects of app delivered self hypnosis on stress management (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The PANAS is a 20-item mood adjective checklist designed to measure the Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) factors and has shown satisfactory psychometric properties in previous research (Watson et al., 1988).”
From What Does the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) Really Measure? (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Simulated IPIP-NEO Extraversion scores for all but base PaLM models sufficiently correlated with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scales40, supporting their criterion validity.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“These criterion measures were drawn from widely used instruments developed and psychometrically validated for human research, including PANAS scales40, Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)43, Revised Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-RR)44 and Short Scale of Creative Self (SSCS)47.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [36] is a 20-item self-report measure of current positive and negative affect.”
From Using Psychological Artificial Intelligence (Tess) to Relieve Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint) (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The positive (α = .94) and negative affect subscales (α = .93) from the 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) were used to assess the frequency of positive and negative affect “over the past week.””
From Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial (2016) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“participants were 52 (27 female) paid volunteers (mean age = 19.42 years, SD = 1.72) selected based on a range of levels of trait positive and negative affect using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al. 1988).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al. 1988
In the citing paper
“father's affect was measured before and 40 minutes after administration and no differences were found in fathers' self-reported emotions in either session (42).”
From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Another popular approach is to place a particular emotion into a space having a limited set of dimensions [15], [16], [17]. These dimensions include valence (how pleasent or unpleasent a feeling is) activation2 (how likely is the person to take action under the emotional state) and control (the sense of control over the emotion).”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Internal consistency of the negative affect subscale is adequate, with a Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.80 to 0.84.”
From Exposure to a Standardized Catastrophic Scenario in Virtual Reality or a Personalized Scenario in Imagination for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“The positive and negative subscales are internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha for negative affect = .084–0.87 and positive affect = .86–.90) with good test-retest reliability of r = .48 and .42 for positive and negative affect, respectively (Watson et al. 1988).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al. 1988
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [21] is a 20-item self-report measure of current positive and negative affect.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 2,645
Development and Validation of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale
Fahlman, S. A., Mercer-Lynn, K. B., Flora, D. B., & Eastwood, J. D. (2011) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191111421303 · Cited by 568
Allen, N. B., & Badcock, P. B. T. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.887 · Cited by 494
Grandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., & Steiner, D. D. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.893 · Cited by 526
Match Makers and Deal Breakers: Analyses of Assortative Mating in Newlywed Couples
Watson, D., Klohnen, E. C., Casillas, A., Simms, E. N., Haig, J. R., & Berry, D. S. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00289.x · Cited by 532
Self-citationPursuing Personal Goals: Skills Enable Progress, but Not all Progress is Beneficial
Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672982412006 · Cited by 768
Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders
Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21965 · Cited by 495
Rolffs, J. L., Rogge, R. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116645905 · Cited by 504
Inspiration as a psychological construct.
Thrash, T. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.871 · Cited by 705
Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, positive affect, anxiety and depression
Headey, B., Kelley, J., & Wearing, A. (1993) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/bf01136197 · Cited by 506
Govindji, R., & Linley, P. A. (2007) · International Coaching Psychology Review · doi:10.53841/bpsicpr.2007.2.2.143 · Cited by 519
Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior.
Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.606 · Cited by 503
Davis, B. C., Hmieleski, K. M., Webb, J. W., & Coombs, J. E. (2016) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.10.006 · Cited by 522
Satisfaction with travel and subjective well-being: Development and test of a measurement tool
Ettema, D., Gärling, T., Eriksson, L. G., Friman, M., Olsson, L. E., & Fujii, S. (2010) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2010.11.002 · Cited by 503
On Being Rejected: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research on Rejection
Gerber, J., & Wheeler, L. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01158.x · Cited by 498
Personal Income and Subjective Well-being: A Review
Cummins, R. A. (2000) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1010079728426 · Cited by 521
Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P. A., & Christensen, H. M. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.5.423 · Cited by 492
Mindfulness meditation and reduced emotional interference on a cognitive task
Ortner, C. N. M., Kilner, S. J., & Zelazo, P. D. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9076-7 · Cited by 489
How Does Stigma “Get Under the Skin”?
Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Nolen–Hoeksema, S., & Dovidio, J. F. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02441.x · Cited by 497
Schmitz, B., & Wiese, B. S. (2006) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2005.02.002 · Cited by 496
Busseri, M. A., & Sadava, S. W. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310391271 · Cited by 552
Anderson, C. A., Deuser, W. E., & DeNeve, K. M. (1995) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167295215002 · Cited by 517
Psychosocial stress induces working memory impairments in an n-back paradigm.
Schoofs, D., Preuß, D., & Wolf, O. T. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.02.004 · Cited by 483
Mental Health Promotion in Public Health: Perspectives and Strategies From Positive Psychology
Kobau, R., Seligman, M. E. P., Peterson, C., Diener, E., Zack, M. M., Chapman, D., & Thompson, W. (2011) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2010.300083 · Cited by 554
Browning, M. H. E. M., Mimnaugh, K. J., van Riper, C. J., Laurent, H. K., & LaValle, S. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02667 · Cited by 507
The neural substrates of affective processing in depressed patients treated with venlafaxine
Davidson, R. J., Irwin, W., Anderle, M. J., & Kalin, N. H. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.1.64 · Cited by 487
Goldin, P. R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.525 · Cited by 486
Coping in sport: A systematic review
Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, R. C. J. (2006) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410600630654 · Cited by 575
Vos, J. D., Mokhtarian, P. L., Schwanen, T., Acker, V. V., & Witlox, F. (2015) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-015-9619-9 · Cited by 489
Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., & Brown, D. J. (2012) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024610 · Cited by 489
Sheldon, K. M., & Hilpert, J. C. (2012) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-012-9279-4 · Cited by 487
The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity.
McLaughlin, K. A., Borkovec, T. D., & Sibrava, N. J. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.03.003 · Cited by 480
Dispositional affectivity as a predictor of work attitudes and job performance
Cropanzano, R., James, K. E., & Konovsky, M. A. (1993) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.4030140609 · Cited by 488
Zohar, D., Tzischinsky, O., Epstein, R., & Lavie, P. (2005) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.1.47 · Cited by 478
The causes, phenomenology, and consequences of hurt feelings.
Leary, M. R., Springer, C., Negel, L., Ansell, E., & Evans, K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.5.1225 · Cited by 485
Lord, R. G., Brown, D. J., Harvey, J. L., & Hall, R. J. (2001) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(01)00081-9 · Cited by 474
Seniors’ travel motivation and the influential factors: An examination of Taiwanese seniors
Jang, S. S., & Wu, C.-M. E. (2005) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2004.11.006 · Cited by 484
Schmuck, D., Matthes, J., & Naderer, B. (2018) · Journal of Advertising · doi:10.1080/00913367.2018.1452652 · Cited by 485
“Second, in addition to the covariates used in Study 1, we assessed two items of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, and Tellegen 1988) as covariates to account for the influence of participants’ mood in the moment.”
MethodThe relationship between greenspace and the mental wellbeing of adults: a systematic review
Houlden, V., Weich, S., Porto de Albuquerque, J., Jarvis, S., & Rees, K. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203000 · Cited by 471
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Is Critical for the Regulation of Amygdala Activity in Humans
Motzkin, J. C., Philippi, C. L., Wolf, R. C., Baskaya, M. K., & Koenigs, M. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.014 · Cited by 454
Survey on Emotional Body Gesture Recognition
Noroozi, F., Corneanu, C. A., Kamińska, D., Sapiński, T., Escalera, S., & Anbarjafari, G. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing · doi:10.1109/taffc.2018.2874986 · Cited by 514
Tai chi on psychological well-being: systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, C., Bannuru, R., Ramel, J., Kupelnick, B., Scott, T., & Schmid, C. H. (2010) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/1472-6882-10-23 · Cited by 478
Factorial and Construct Validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., & Paul T., J. C. (2003) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027//1015-5759.19.2.131 · Cited by 477
Creative Synthesis: Exploring the Process of Extraordinary Group Creativity
Harvey, S. (2014) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2012.0224 · Cited by 504
Transcranial magnetic stimulation of deep brain regions: evidence for efficacy of the H-Coil
Zangen, A., Roth, Y., Voller, B., & Hallett, M. (2004) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2004.11.008 · Cited by 477
Gee, G. C., Ro, A. E., Shariff‐Marco, S., & Chae, D. H. (2009) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxp009 · Cited by 498
Out-of-home activities, daily travel, and subjective well-being
Ettema, D., Gärling, T., Olsson, L. E., & Friman, M. (2010) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2010.07.005 · Cited by 490
Modulating social behavior with oxytocin: How does it work? What does it mean?
Churchland, P. S., & Winkielman, P. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.12.003 · Cited by 464
What is the central feature of extraversion? Social attention versus reward sensitivity
Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Paunonen, S. V. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.245 · Cited by 481
Effects of choir singing or listening on secretory immunoglobulin A, cortisol, and emotional state
Kreutz, G., Bongard, S., Rohrmann, S., Hodapp, V., & Grebe, D. (2004) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-004-0006-9 · Cited by 474
A Multilevel Field Investigation of Emotional Labor, Affect, Work Withdrawal, and Gender
Scott, B. A., & Barnes, C. M. (2011) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2011.59215086 · Cited by 487
A hierarchical causal taxonomy of psychopathology across the life span.
Lahey, B. B., Krueger, R. F., Rathouz, P. J., Waldman, I. D., & Zald, D. H. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000069 · Cited by 443
Gardening promotes neuroendocrine and affective restoration from stress
Van Den Berg, A. E., & Custers, M. H. G. (2011) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105310365577 · Cited by 470
The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats.
Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.692 · Cited by 472
Measuring Well-Being: A Review of Instruments
Cooke, P. J., Melchert, T. P., & Connor, K. (2016) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000016633507 · Cited by 468
The Discrete Emotions Questionnaire: a new tool for measuring state self-reported emotions
Harmon-Jones, C., Bastian, B., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159915 · Cited by 473
Compulsive drug use linked to sensitized ventral striatal dopamine transmission.
Evans, A. H., Pavese, N., Lawrence, A. D., Tai, Y. F., Appel, S., Doder, M., Brooks, D. J., Lees, A. J., & Piccini, P. (2006) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20822 · Cited by 473
Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 in older primary care patients
Gloster, A. T., Rhoades, H. M., Novy, D., Klotsche, J., Senior, A., Kunik, M., Wilson, N., & Stanley, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.01.023 · Cited by 474
Emotional well-being predicts subsequent functional independence and survival.
Ostir, G. V., Markides, K. S., Black, S. A., & Goodwin, J. S. (2000) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04991.x · Cited by 336
Leadership, affect and emotions: A state of the science review
Gooty, J., Connelly, S., Griffith, J., & Gupta, A. (2010) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.10.005 · Cited by 471
Sex differences in physical symptoms: The contribution of symptom perception theory
van Wijk, C. M. T. G., & Kolk, A. M. M. (1997) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00340-1 · Cited by 483
Hofmann, S. G., Heering, S., Sawyer, A. T., & Asnaani, A. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.02.010 · Cited by 464
On the criterion and incremental validity of trait emotional intelligence
Petrides, K. V., Pérez-González, J. C., & Furnham, A. F. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930601038912 · Cited by 518
Craske, M. G., Meuret, A. E., Ritz, T., Treanor, M., Dour, H., & Rosenfield, D. (2019) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000396 · Cited by 451
Smeets, E., Neff, K., Alberts, H., & Peters, M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22076 · Cited by 469
The Paradox of Received Social Support
Maisel, N. C., & Gable, S. L. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02388.x · Cited by 469
IMPLICIT THEORIES, SELF-SCHEMAS, AND LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE.
Engle, E. M., & Lord, R. G. (1997) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256956 · Cited by 467
Panaccio, A. J., & Vandenberghe, C. (2009) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.06.002 · Cited by 518
Exercise and mood: A selective review and synthesis of research employing the profile of mood states
Berger, B. G., & Motl, R. W. (2000) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200008404214 · Cited by 468
Individual differences in reward responding explain placebo-induced expectations and effects
Scott, D. J., Stohler, C. S., Egnatuk, C. M., Wang, H., Koeppe, R. A., & Zubieta, J.-K. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.028 · Cited by 466
Social Comparison 2.0: Examining the Effects of Online Profiles on Social-Networking Sites
Haferkamp, N., & Krämer, N. C. (2011) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0120 · Cited by 457
IS EMOTIONAL LABOR MORE DIFFICULT FOR SOME THAN FOR OTHERS? A MULTILEVEL, EXPERIENCE‐SAMPLING STUDY
Judge, T. A., Woolf, E. F., & Hurst, C. (2009) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.01129.x · Cited by 477
Reinecke, L., & Trepte, S. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.030 · Cited by 474
Recovery, health, and job performance: effects of weekend experiences
Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2005) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/1076-8998.10.3.187 · Cited by 462
The brief experiential avoidance questionnaire: Development and initial validation
Gámez, W., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Ruggero, C., Suzuki, N., & Watson, D. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0034473 · Cited by 450
Self-citationSocial support and mental health: the mediating role of perceived stress
Acoba, E. F. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1330720 · Cited by 684
Emotional Response Deficits in Schizophrenia: Insights From Affective Science
Kring, A. M., & Moran, E. K. (2008) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn071 · Cited by 458
Wei, M., Liao, K. Y., Ku, T., & Shaffer, P. A. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00677.x · Cited by 546
Goal Regulation Across Time: The Effects of Feedback and Affect.
Ilieș, R., & Judge, T. A. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.453 · Cited by 482
Optimism, Social Support, and Well-Being in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Ekas, N. V., Lickenbrock, D. M., & Whitman, T. L. (2010) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-0986-y · Cited by 460
Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01674.x · Cited by 458
Klimmt, C., Hefner, D., & Vorderer, P. (2009) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2009.01347.x · Cited by 517
Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02084.x · Cited by 453
The Bright and Dark Sides of Technostress: A Mixed-Methods Study Involving Healthcare IT
Califf, C. B., Sarker, S., & Sarker, S. (2020) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2020/14818 · Cited by 551
Happiness and Satisfaction with Work Commute
Olsson, L. E., Gärling, T., Ettema, D., Friman, M., & Fujii, S. (2012) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-012-0003-2 · Cited by 463
Harvey, P., Stoner, J. S., Hochwarter, W. A., & Kacmar, C. J. (2007) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.008 · Cited by 478
Mind over matter: reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress
Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0025719 · Cited by 444
Protecting the self through consumption: Status goods as affirmational commodities
Sivanathan, N., & Pettit, N. C. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.01.006 · Cited by 449
Szmukler, G. I., Burgess, P., Herrman, H., Bloch, S., Benson, A., & Colusa, S. (1996) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00785760 · Cited by 453
Feldman, G., Greeson, J., & Senville, J. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.006 · Cited by 455
Complex affect dynamics add limited information to the prediction of psychological well-being.
Dejonckheere, E., Mestdagh, M., Houben, M., Rutten, I., Sels, L., Kuppens, P., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0555-0 · Cited by 431
Groth, M., Hennig-Thurau, T., & Walsh, G. (2009) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2009.44634116 · Cited by 580
Haga, S. M., Kraft, P., & Corby, E.-K. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9080-3 · Cited by 530
The Quality-of-Life (QOL) Research Movement: Past, Present, and Future
Sirgy, M. J., Michalos, A. C., Ferriss, A. L., Easterlin, R. A., Patrick, D. L., & Pavot, W. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-005-2877-8 · Cited by 479
Curiosity and pathways to well-being and meaning in life: Traits, states, and everyday behaviors
Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9068-7 · Cited by 455
Crum, A. J., Akinola, M., Martin, A., & Fath, S. (2017) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1275585 · Cited by 446
Good news! Capitalizing on positive events in an interpersonal context
Gable, S. L., & Reis, H. T. (2010) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42004-3 · Cited by 454
It's not just the amount that counts: Balanced need-satisfaction also affects well-being
Sheldon, K. M., & Niemiec, C. P. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.331 · Cited by 454
Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news
Martel, C., Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2020) · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-020-00252-3 · Cited by 470
A Biopsychosocial Model of Disordered Eating and the Pursuit of Muscularity in Adolescent Boys.
Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.179 · Cited by 488
On Passion for Life Activities
Vallerand, R. J. (2010) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(10)42003-1 · Cited by 454
Metadata
- Authors
- Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1063-1070
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4292994367
- Cited by
- 32,433
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1683 · 2025: 1974 · 2024: 1870 · 2023: 2052 · 2022: 2195 · 2021: 2327 · 2020: 2096 · 2019: 1807 · 2018: 1786 · 2017: 1682 · 2016: 1593 · 2015: 1394 · 2014: 1307 · 2013: 1248 · 2012: 1086
- FWCI
- 23.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- positive affect, negative affect, PANAS, scale development, scale validation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
