The DOI matches its Crossref record; 6 of the 6 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The validity of the PANAS has been well-documented (Watson, 2000; Watson et al., 1988).”
From An examination of mindfulness skills in terms of affect tolerance among individuals with elevated levels of health anxiety. (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The PANAS consists of two subscales measuring positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) and is a widely used instrument with good reliability and validity (Mackinnon et al., 1999; Watson et al., 1988).”
From How to handle anxiety: The effects of reappraisal, acceptance, and suppression strategies on anxious arousal (2009) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
From The role of negative affectivity and negative reactivity to emotions in predicting outcomes in the unified protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders (2012) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency for both the positive affect (α = .89) and negative affect (α = .85) scales and has demonstrated validity (Watson et al., 1988).”
From Difficulties in emotion regulation in treatment-seeking alcoholics with and without co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders. (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The short form of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS; Thompson, 2007; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) is a 10-item measure of positive (e.g., “Inspired”) and negative (e.g., “Upset”) affectivity. The PANAS is scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1 = Never to 5 = Always) and has demonstrated good internal reliability (α=.74–82; Thompson, 2007).”
From The metacognitive processes of decentering scale: Development and initial validation of trait and state versions (2020) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders (2013) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“Cronbach’s alphas in our study at baseline and 3-month follow-up, respectively, were 0.90 and 0.91 for PANAS-P and 0.88 and 0.85 for PANAS-N.”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Additionally, average values for the psychological and cognitive measures at intake were comparable to those observed in previously published studies of similarly aged subjects and were balanced across Sequence (Table 2) [61,62,63,64,65,67,69].”
From Walking Green: Developing an Evidence Base for Nature Prescriptions (2019) · cites this paper as [62]
In the citing paper
“The final score is derived from the sum of 10 items for each of the positive and negative describing mood, stress, and spirituality, and they may reflect to some extent changes in the subject’s mood (48).”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) is a simple and easy-to-administer version of the most widely and commonly used scale for assessing positive and negative affect, originally developed and designed in North America by Watson et al. in 1988, and has since been validated in many cities and shown excellent psychometric properties in several studies (48)”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The scale is designed to measure positive and negative emotions in a person’s current state.”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Higher values of the items indicate a higher level of emotion in the subject; for example, a higher positive emotion score indicates a higher level of positive emotion in youths, while a higher negative emotion score also reflects a high level of negative emotion in youths (48).”
From The health perception of urban green spaces and its emotional impact on young adults: an empirical study from three cities in China (2023) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Trait positive affect can be measured using the Positive Affect Scale of the Positive and Negative Affective Schedule (PANAS) 222 , a widely used 20-item tool.”
From The clinical characterization of the adult patient with an anxiety or related disorder aimed at personalization of management (2021) · cites this paper as [222]
In the citing paper
“The other wellbeing measures used scales which were context free, for example Watson et al.'s (1988) positive and negative affect scale”
From What do we know about interventions to improve educator wellbeing? A systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“However, a sizeable body of evidence suggests that PA and NA are indeed independent dimensions with distinct underlying neurological and psychological constructs, and an individual can concurrently experience, for example, heightened PA and NA (Cacioppo, Gardner, & Berntson, 1999; Cook et al., 2004; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988; Watson & Tellegen, 1985).”
From Modeling naturalistic craving, withdrawal, and affect during early nicotine abstinence: A pilot ecological momentary assessment study. (2015) · cites this paper as Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, there appears to be similar conceptual overlap between vitality and some of the other high arousal positive emotions included in measures such as the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (e.g., excited, enthusiastic, alert, attentive, and active; Watson et al., 1988).”
From The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Positive and negative affective states were measured using the PANAS88.”
From Physiological and Behavioral Synchrony Predict Group Cohesion and Performance (2020) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Several standardization strategies were used and reported earlier including monitoring word counts generated by the interviewer vs. participant, and periodic assessments of changes in negative and positive effects of participants using the International Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Short Form (PANAS) (Crawford & Henry, 2004; Watson et al., 1988), immediately before and after the 30-minute”
From Internet-Based Conversational Engagement Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (I-CONECT) Among Socially Isolated Adults 75+ Years Old With Normal Cognition or Mild Cognitive Impairment: Topline Results (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Although widely-used indicators of positive and negative affect were employed50,59, corroborating measures of emotion were not available from the parent study, and findings may differ for clinical indicators of mood, particularly depression, which shows a sex difference and link to hormonal contraceptive use60,61.”
From Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“participants completed the reliable and externally valid Positive and Negative Affect Schedule PANAS50”
From Little evidence for sex or ovarian hormone influences on affective variability (2021) · cites this paper as [50]
In the citing paper
“Psychoeducation programmes and cognitive–behavioural therapy have shown very limited effects in the treatment of personality disorders.2,3”
From Recovery-focused self-help intervention using vodcasts for patients with personality disorder: Feasibility randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“PANAS has good reliability and validity in its versions in English (Watson et al., 1988), Spanish (Ortuño-Sierra et al., 2015), Brazilian Portuguese (De Carvalho et al., 2013), and Dutch (De Engelen et al., 2006).”
From Internet-based self-administered intervention to reduce anxiety and depression symptomatology and improve well-being in 7 countries: protocol of a randomized control trial (2024) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The alpha internal consistency reliability indices were shown to be acceptably high, ranging from 0.86 to 0.90 for positive affect and from 0.84 to 0.87 for negative affect. Test–retest reliability showed no significant differences across an 8-week interval74.”
From Mindfulness-based online intervention increases well-being and decreases stress after Covid-19 lockdown (2022) · cites this paper as [74]
In the citing paper
“Both affect subscales showed adequate internal consistency: PANAS-P (α =0.89) and PANAS-N (α =0.91).”
From Spanish Adaptation of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Participants With Cancer: Study Protocol of a Randomized Control Trial (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“The scale has adequate convergent and discriminant validity, good internal consistency, and sensitivity to change. Cronbach's alpha is 0.91 for the PANAS-PA and 0.87 for the PANAS-NA.”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“The limited amount of pressure/stress experienced in a Positive Climate might result in improved affect (Watson et al., 1988).”
From A dancer's well-being: The influence of the social psychological climate during adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“our measure of stress was a simple 10-point Likert scale rather than a multi-item validated questionnaire (e.g., PSS, PANAS, SSSQ)36–38.”
From Effects of app delivered self hypnosis on stress management (2025) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“The PANAS is a 20-item mood adjective checklist designed to measure the Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) factors and has shown satisfactory psychometric properties in previous research (Watson et al., 1988).”
From What Does the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) Really Measure? (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Simulated IPIP-NEO Extraversion scores for all but base PaLM models sufficiently correlated with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) scales40, supporting their criterion validity.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“These criterion measures were drawn from widely used instruments developed and psychometrically validated for human research, including PANAS scales40, Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)43, Revised Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ-RR)44 and Short Scale of Creative Self (SSCS)47.”
From A psychometric framework for evaluating and shaping personality traits in large language models (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [36] is a 20-item self-report measure of current positive and negative affect.”
From Using Psychological Artificial Intelligence (Tess) to Relieve Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint) (2018) · cites this paper as [36]
In the citing paper
“The positive (α = .94) and negative affect subscales (α = .93) from the 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988) were used to assess the frequency of positive and negative affect “over the past week.””
From Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial (2016) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“participants were 52 (27 female) paid volunteers (mean age = 19.42 years, SD = 1.72) selected based on a range of levels of trait positive and negative affect using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al. 1988).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Watson et al. 1988
In the citing paper
“father's affect was measured before and 40 minutes after administration and no differences were found in fathers' self-reported emotions in either session (42).”
From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Another popular approach is to place a particular emotion into a space having a limited set of dimensions [15], [16], [17]. These dimensions include valence (how pleasent or unpleasent a feeling is) activation2 (how likely is the person to take action under the emotional state) and control (the sense of control over the emotion).”
From Survey on RGB, 3D, Thermal, and Multimodal Approaches for Facial Expression Recognition: History, Trends, and Affect-Related Applications (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“To control for potential confounding effects from personality traits or mood states, subjects completed Chinese versions of validated psychometric questionnaires before treatment, including the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988), Autism Spectrum Quotient (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), Empathy Quotient (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright, 2004), and NEO 5-factor inventory (Costa and”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al., 1988
In the citing paper
“Internal consistency of the negative affect subscale is adequate, with a Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.80 to 0.84.”
From Exposure to a Standardized Catastrophic Scenario in Virtual Reality or a Personalized Scenario in Imagination for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
In the citing paper
“The positive and negative subscales are internally consistent (Cronbach’s alpha for negative affect = .084–0.87 and positive affect = .86–.90) with good test-retest reliability of r = .48 and .42 for positive and negative affect, respectively (Watson et al. 1988).”
From Dispositional Mindfulness and Psychological Health: a Systematic Review (2018) · cites this paper as Watson et al. 1988
In the citing paper
“The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) [21] is a 20-item self-report measure of current positive and negative affect.”
Citations
Cites
The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,101–1,200 of 2,645
Giromini, L., Velotti, P., de Campora, G., Bonalume, L., & Cesare Zavattini, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21876 · Cited by 301
The Development and Validation of the State Self-Compassion Scale (Long- and Short Form)
Neff, K. D., Tóth-Király, I., Knox, M. C., Kuchar, A., & Davidson, O. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01505-4 · Cited by 309
Humour as emotion regulation: The differential consequences of negative versus positive humour
Samson, A. C., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.585069 · Cited by 301
Preferences of High- and Low-hope People for Self-referential Input
Snyder, C. R. R., LaPointe, A. B., Crowson, J. J., & Early, S. (1998) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379448 · Cited by 301
Developing a Mobile Applications Customer Experience Model (MACE)- Implications for Retailers
McLean, G., Al‐Nabhani, K., & Wilson, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.01.018 · Cited by 340
Fleeson, W., & Wilt, J. A. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00653.x · Cited by 300
Associations between insecure attachment and sexual experiences
Gentzler, A. L., & Kerns, K. A. (2004) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2004.00081.x · Cited by 300
Giving Up on Unattainable Goals: Benefits for Health?
Wrosch, C., Miller, G. E., Scheier, M. F., & de Pontet, S. B. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206294905 · Cited by 326
Barlińska, J., Szuster, A., & Winiewski, M. (2013) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2137 · Cited by 296
Buddhist and psychological perspectives on emotions and well-being
Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., Ricard, M., & Alan Wallace, B. (2005) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00335.x · Cited by 295
Daytime symptoms in primary insomnia: A prospective analysis using ecological momentary assessment
Buysse, D. J., Thompson, W., Scott, J., Franzen, P. L., Germain, A., Hall, M., Moul, D. E., Nofzinger, E. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2007) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.10.006 · Cited by 289
The social media see-saw: Positive and negative influences on adolescents’ affective well-being
Weinstein, E. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444818755634 · Cited by 282
Stressed Memories: How Acute Stress Affects Memory Formation in Humans
Henckens, M. J. A. G., Hermans, E. J., Pu, Z., Joëls, M., & Fernández, G. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1184-09.2009 · Cited by 295
Clinician-Assisted Internet-Based Treatment is Effective for Panic: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Wims, E., Titov, N., Andrews, G., & Choi, I. (2010) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048671003614171 · Cited by 290
Braehler, C., Gumley, A., Harper, J., Wallace, S., Norrie, J., & Gilbert, P. (2013) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12009 · Cited by 294
Thompson, R. J., Mata, J., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027978 · Cited by 292
The Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale
Carpenter, J. S. (2001) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/s0885-3924(01)00353-0 · Cited by 292
A Meta-Analysis on Antecedents and Outcomes of Detachment from Work
Wendsche, J., & Lohmann-Haislah, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02072 · Cited by 292
Education and peer discussion group interventions and adjustment to breast cancer
Helgeson, V. S., Cohen, S., Schulz, R., & Yasko, J. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.4.340 · Cited by 287
Belief in supernatural agents in the face of death
Norenzayan, A., & Hansen, I. G. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167205280251 · Cited by 390
A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions
Carney, D. R., Colvin, C. R., & Hall, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.004 · Cited by 358
Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal
Balban, M. Y., Neri, E., Kogon, M. M., Weed, L., Nouriani, B., Jo, B., Holl, G., Zeitzer, J. M., Spiegel, D., & Huberman, A. D. (2023) · Cell Reports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100895 · Cited by 284
Lui, P. P. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038449 · Cited by 285
An exploration of the emotional cascade model in borderline personality disorder
Selby, E. A., Anestis, M. D., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015711 · Cited by 290
Gratitude and hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in Vietnam war veterans
Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G., & Julian, T. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.005 · Cited by 289
Panero, M. E., Weisberg, D. S., Black, J., Goldstein, T. R., Barnes, J. L., Brownell, H., & Winner, E. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000064 · Cited by 289
Psychological predictors of mortality in old age
Maier, H., & Smith, J. (1999) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/54b.1.p44 · Cited by 291
Röcke, C., Li, S.-C., & Smith, J. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0016276 · Cited by 288
Tomaso, C. C., Johnson, A. B., & Nelson, T. D. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa289 · Cited by 282
Sarwer, D. B., Wadden, T. A., Moore, R. H., Baker, A. W., Gibbons, L. M., Raper, S. E., & Williams, N. N. (2008) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2008.04.013 · Cited by 286
The Construct and Measurement of Peace of Mind
Lee, Y.-C., Lin, Y.-C., Huang, C.-L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9343-5 · Cited by 287
How is the use of technology in education evaluated? A systematic review
Lai, J. W. M., & Bower, M. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.01.010 · Cited by 334
Wolgast, M., Lundh, L.-G., & Viborg, G. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.011 · Cited by 278
The multifaceted role of distress tolerance in dysregulated eating behaviors
Anestis, M. D., Selby, E. A., Fink, E. L., & Joiner, T. E. (2007) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20471 · Cited by 278
López, A., Sanderman, R., Ranchor, A. V., & Schroevers, M. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0777-z · Cited by 281
Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren
Goodman, C., & Silverstein, M. (2002) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/42.5.676 · Cited by 281
Campbell-Sills, L., Liverant, G. I., & Brown, T. A. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.244 · Cited by 280
Oxytocin enhances the experience of attachment security
Buchheim, A., Heinrichs, M., George, C., Pokorny, D., Koops, E., Henningsen, P., O’Connor, M.-F., & Gündel, H. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.002 · Cited by 277
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Placebo Responses
Zubieta, J., & Stohler, C. S. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04424.x · Cited by 277
A role for REM sleep in recalibrating the sensitivity of the human brain to specific emotions
Gujar, N., McDonald, S. A., Nishida, M., & Walker, M. P. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhq064 · Cited by 276
Davidson, R. J. (1994) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004764 · Cited by 275
Wallis, D. J., & Hetherington, M. M. (2004) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2004.02.001 · Cited by 278
Slavich, G. M., & Shields, G. S. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000534 · Cited by 268
“Negative Affect Participants' levels of negative affect over the past week were assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (40).”
MethodSettles, R. E., Fischer, S., Cyders, M. A., Combs, J. L., Gunn, R. L., & Smith, G. T. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024948 · Cited by 277
Johnson, R. E., Lanaj, K., & Barnes, C. M. (2014) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0035647 · Cited by 277
Maintenance of physical activity following an individualized motivationally tailored intervention
Bock, B. C., Marcus, B. H., Pinto, B. M., & Forsyth, L. H. (2001) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2302_2 · Cited by 275
Hervás, G., & Vázquez, C. (2013) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-11-66 · Cited by 274
“These items were based on widely used scales (e.g., PANAS, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scales).”
MethodA Function of Form: Terror Management and Structuring the Social World.
Landau, M. J., Johns, M., Greenberg, J., Pyszczynski, T., Martens, A., Goldenberg, J. L., & Solomon, S. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.2.190 · Cited by 275
Edmunds, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2007) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.006 · Cited by 275
Gilman, J. M., Ramchandani, V. A., Davis, M. B., Bjork, J. M., & Hommer, D. W. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0086-08.2008 · Cited by 267
“Participants also completed the PANAS before and after the scan.”
MethodInfluentialAging and the HPA axis: Stress and resilience in older adults
Gaffey, A. E., Bergeman, C. S., Clark, L. A., & Wirth, M. M. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.036 · Cited by 273
Self-citationShonin, E., Van Gordon, W., Compare, A., Zangeneh, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0368-1 · Cited by 268
Ong, J. C., Shapiro, S. L., & Manber, R. (2008) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2007.07.002 · Cited by 268
Association of obesity with anxiety, depression and emotional well‐being: a community survey
Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Christensen, H., Jacomb, P. A., Rodgers, B., & Parslow, R. A. (2003) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2003.tb00423.x · Cited by 271
Dispositional mindfulness and the attenuation of neural responses to emotional stimuli
Brown, K. W., Goodman, R. J., & Inzlicht, M. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss004 · Cited by 267
Lucht, M. J., Barnow, S., Sonnenfeld, C., Rosenberger, A., Grabe, H. J., Schroeder, W., Völzke, H., Freyberger, H. J., Herrmann, F. H., Kroemer, H., et al. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.004 · Cited by 271
Zhang, J. W., Howell, R. T., & Stolarski, M. (2013) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9322-x · Cited by 271
Mindfulness and Self-Compassion: Exploring Pathways to Adolescent Emotional Well-Being
Bluth, K., & Blanton, P. W. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9830-2 · Cited by 270
THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE TURKISH VERSION OF THE SELF-COMPASSION SCALE
Deniz, M. E., Kesici, Ş., & Sümer, A. S. (2008) · Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2008.36.9.1151 · Cited by 273
“Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) The PANAS (Watson et al., 1988) consists of two 10-item mood scales and was developed to provide brief measures of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).”
Webber, D., Babush, M., Schori-Eyal, N., Vazeou-Nieuwenhuis, A., Hettiarachchi, M., Bélanger, J. J., Moyano, M., Trujillo, H. M., Gunaratna, R., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000111 · Cited by 266
Behavioral effects of longitudinal training in cognitive reappraisal.
Denny, B. T., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0035276 · Cited by 269
Schmidt, F. L., Le, H., & Ilies, R. (2003) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.8.2.206 · Cited by 362
Joussemet, M., Mageau, G. A., & Koestner, R. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9751-0 · Cited by 262
Bikinis Instigate Generalized Impatience in Intertemporal Choice
Van den Bergh, B., Dewitte, S., & Warlop, L. (2008) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/525505 · Cited by 269
Usborne, E., & Taylor, D. M. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210372215 · Cited by 266
Bruce, J., Thornton, A. J., Powell, R., Johnston, M., Wells, M., Heys, S. D., Thompson, A. M., Smith, C. W., Chambers, A. W., & Scott, N. W. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.09.028 · Cited by 260
Effect of a single dose of citalopram on amygdala response to emotional faces
Murphy, S. E., Norbury, R., O'Sullivan, U., Cowen, P. J., & Harmer, C. J. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.056093 · Cited by 255
Mood and global-local visual processing
Basso, M. R., Schefft, B. K., Ris, M. D., & Dember, W. N. (1996) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700001193 · Cited by 261
Jonas, E., & Fischer, P. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.553 · Cited by 367
Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2011) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02018.x · Cited by 261
Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)
Deng, Y.-Q., Li, S., Tang, Y.-Y., Zhu, L.-H., Ryan, R., & Brown, K. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0074-1 · Cited by 266
Sheffer, C., MacKillop, J., McGeary, J., Landes, R., Carter, L., Yi, R., Jones, B., Christensen, D., Stitzer, M., Jackson, L., et al. (2012) · The American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.00224.x · Cited by 263
Dispositional Affect and Job Outcomes
Diener, E., Nickerson, C., Lucas, R. E., & Sandvik, E. (2002) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1023/a:1019672513984 · Cited by 263
Psychosocial predictors of long-term adjustment to lower-limb amputation and phantom limb pain
Hanley, M. A., Jensen, M. P., Ehde, D. M., Hoffman, A. J., Patterson, D. R., & Robinson, L. R. (2004) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280410001708896 · Cited by 263
The causal role of interpretive bias in anxiety reactivity
Wilson, E. J., MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Rutherford, E. M. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.1.103 · Cited by 262
Positive affect and psychobiological processes
Dockray, S., & Steptoe, A. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.006 · Cited by 263
Identification with characters and narrative persuasion through fictional feature films
Igartua, J.-J. (2010) · Communications · doi:10.1515/comm.2010.019 · Cited by 262
Devonport, T. J., Nicholls, W., & Fullerton, C. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317697813 · Cited by 261
Individual Attachment Style Modulates Human Amygdala and Striatum Activation during Social Appraisal
Vrtička, P., Andersson, F., Grandjean, D., Sander, D., & Vuilleumier, P. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002868 · Cited by 260
Konjarski, M., Murray, G., Lee, V. V., & Jackson, M. L. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.05.005 · Cited by 259
Psychological Well-Being and Physical Health: Associations, Mechanisms, and Future Directions
Hernandez, R., Bassett, S. M., Boughton, S. W., Schuette, S. A., Shiu, E. W., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917697824 · Cited by 259
Abusive Supervision and Employee Emotional Exhaustion: Dispositional Antecedents and Boundaries
Wu, T.-Y., & Hu, C. (2009) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601108331217 · Cited by 306
Smoking withdrawal dynamics in unaided quitters.
Piasecki, T. M., Niaura, R., Shadel, W. G., Abrams, D., Goldstein, M., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.1.74 · Cited by 262
Linking Goal Progress and Subjective Well-Being: A Meta-analysis
Klug, H. J. P., & Maier, G. W. (2015) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9493-0 · Cited by 257
The effect of loving-kindness meditation on positive emotions: a meta-analytic review
Zeng, X., Chiu, C. P. K., Wang, R., Oei, T. P. S., & Leung, F. Y. K. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01693 · Cited by 258
The Effects of BOTOX Injections on Emotional Experience
Davis, J. I., Senghas, A., Brandt, F., & Ochsner, K. N. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018690 · Cited by 258
Interpersonal consequences of social anxiety
Heerey, E. A., & Kring, A. M. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.125 · Cited by 252
Balzarotti, S., Biassoni, F., Villani, D., Prunas, A., & Velotti, P. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9587-3 · Cited by 252
Pottie, C. G., & Ingram, K. M. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013604 · Cited by 253
Liverant, G. I., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & Roemer, L. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.001 · Cited by 253
The stress-buffering effect of acute exercise: evidence for HPA axis negative feedback
Zschucke, E., Renneberg, B., Dimeo, F., Wüstenberg, T., & Ströhle, A. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.019 · Cited by 253
Age Identity and Subjective Well-Being: A Comparison of the United States and Germany
Westerhof, G. J., & Barrett, A. E. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.3.s129 · Cited by 355
Low mindfulness predicts pain catastrophizing in a fear-avoidance model of chronic pain
Schütze, R., Rees, C., Preece, M., & Schütze, M. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.10.030 · Cited by 248
van Marle, H. J. F., Hermans, E. J., Qin, S., & Fernández, G. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.070 · Cited by 251
Stability, change, and implications of students’ motivation profiles: A latent transition analysis
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., & Reeve, J. (2017) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2017.08.006 · Cited by 252
The impact of psychological distress on absence from work
Hardy, G. E., Woods, D., & Wall, T. D. (2003) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.306 · Cited by 253
Experiential Avoidance: An Examination of the Construct Validity of the AAQ-II and MEAQ
Rochefort, C., Baldwin, A. S., & Chmielewski, M. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.008 · Cited by 247
Bluth, K., Gaylord, S. A., Campo, R. A., Mullarkey, M. C., & Hobbs, L. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0476-6 · Cited by 253
Johnson, S. K. (2008) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.001 · Cited by 315
Chemolli, E., & Gagné, M. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0036212 · Cited by 251
Metadata
- Authors
- Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1063-1070
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4292994367
- Cited by
- 32,433
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1683 · 2025: 1974 · 2024: 1870 · 2023: 2052 · 2022: 2195 · 2021: 2327 · 2020: 2096 · 2019: 1807 · 2018: 1786 · 2017: 1682 · 2016: 1593 · 2015: 1394 · 2014: 1307 · 2013: 1248 · 2012: 1086
- FWCI
- 23.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- positive affect, negative affect, PANAS, scale development, scale validation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
