Cited by 7,678Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsSocial and Intergroup PsychologyPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Bad is Stronger than Good

Baumeister, Roy F., Bratslavsky, Ellen, Finkenauer, Catrin, Vohs, Kathleen D.·2001·Review of General Psychology

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Abstract

The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback have more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue good ones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant to disconfirmation than good ones. Various explanations such as diagnosticity and salience help explain some findings, but the greater power of bad events is still found when such variables are controlled. Hardly any exceptions (indicating greater power of good) can be found. Taken together, these findings suggest that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena.

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See all 7,678

Authors: Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
Case Western Reserve University (US)
Corresponding author: Baumeister, Roy F.
Bratslavsky, Ellen
Vohs, Kathleen D.
ORCID: Baumeister, Roy F.
Finkenauer, Catrin
Vohs, Kathleen D.
Venue: Review of General Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 323-370
ISSN: 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
1939-1552
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
OpenAlex: W2158810025
Cited by: 7,678
References: 257
Citations by year: 2026: 527 · 2025: 532 · 2024: 486 · 2023: 458 · 2022: 461 · 2021: 564 · 2020: 516 · 2019: 480 · 2018: 443 · 2017: 415 · 2016: 395 · 2015: 395 · 2014: 366 · 2013: 318 · 2012: 277
FWCI: 33.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: negativity bias, emotional valence, negative emotions, self-avoidance, impression formation, stereotype formation, diagnosticity, salience, major life events, trauma, close relationships, social networks, learning process

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