The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129
Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA
Diebold, S. S., Kaisho, T., Hemmi, H., Akira, S., & Reis e Sousa, C. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093616 · Cited by 3,444
Activation of microglial cells by β-amyloid protein and interferon-γ
Meda, L., Cassatella, M. A., Szendrei, G. I., Otvos, L., Baron, P., Villalba, M., Ferrari, D., & Rossi, F. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/374647a0 · Cited by 1,314
Research works printed but not linked: 45
- Campbell, G.L., Marfin, A.A., Lanciotti, R.S. & Gubler, D.J. West Nile virus. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 519–529 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
- Wang, T. et al. Immunization of mice against West Nile virus with recombinant envelope protein. J. Immunol. 167, 5273–5277 (2001). · DOI
- Lustig, S. et al. A live attenuated West Nile virus strain as a potential veterinary vaccine. Viral Immunol. 13, 401–410 (2000). · DOI
- Anderson, J.F. & Rahal, J.J. Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin against West Nile virus in vitro. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 107–108 (2002). · DOI
- Brinton, M.A. Host factors involved in West Nile virus replication. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 951, 207–219 (2001). · DOI
- Lucas, M. et al. Infection of mouse neurones by West Nile virus is modulated by the interferon-inducible 2'-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase 1b protein. Immunol. Cell Biol. 81, 230–236 (2003). · DOI
- Diamond, M.S., Shrestha, B., Marri, A., Mahan, D. & Engle, M. B cells and antibody play critical roles in the immediate defense of disseminated infection by West Nile encephalitis virus. J. Virol. 77, 2578–2586 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
- Diamond, M.S. et al. A critical role for induced IgM in the protection against West Nile virus infection. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1853–1862 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
- Wang, T. et al. IFN-gamma-producing gammadelta T cells help control murine West Nile virus infection. J. Immunol. 171, 2524–2531 (2003). · DOI
- Kulkarni, A.B., Mullbacher, A. & Blanden, R.V. Functional analysis of macrophages, B cells and splenic dendritic cells as antigen-presenting cells in West Nile virus-specific murine T lymphocyte proliferation. Immunol. Cell Biol. 69, 71–80 (1991). · DOI
- Wang, Y., Lobigs, M., Lee, E. & Mullbacher, A. CD8+ T cells mediate recovery and immunopathology in West Nile virus encephalitis. J. Virol. 77, 13323–13334 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
- Qureshi, S.T. & Medzhitov, R. Toll-like receptors and their role in experimental models of microbial infection. Genes Immun. 4, 87–94 (2003). · DOI
- Yamamoto, M., Takeda, K. & Akira, S. TIR domain-containing adaptors define the specificity of TLR signaling. Mol. Immunol. 40, 861–868 (2004). · DOI · Paper page
- Zhang, D. et al. A toll-like receptor that prevents infection by uropathogenic bacteria. Science 303, 1522–1526 (2004). · DOI · Paper page
- Tabeta, K. et al. Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 3516–3521 (2004). · DOI · Paper page
- Rassa, J.C., Meyers, J.L., Zhang, Y., Kudaravalli, R. & Ross, S.R. Murine retroviruses activate B cells via interaction with toll-like receptor 4. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2281–2286 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
- Kurt-Jones, E.A. et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat. Immunol. 1, 398–401 (2000). · DOI · Paper page
- Bieback, K. et al. Hemagglutinin protein of wild-type measles virus activates toll-like receptor 2 signaling. J. Virol. 76, 8729–8736 (2002). · DOI · Paper page
- Edelmann, K.H. et al. Does Toll-like receptor 3 play a biological role in virus infections? Virology 322, 231–238 (2004). · DOI · Paper page
- Lund, J.M. et al. Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 5598–5603 (2004). · DOI · Paper page
- Heil, F. et al. Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303, 1526–1529 (2004). · DOI · Paper page
- Samuel, C.E. Host genetic variability and West Nile virus susceptibility. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11555–11557 (2002). · doi:10.1073/pnas.202448899
- Halevy, M. et al. Loss of active neuroinvasiveness in attenuated strains of West Nile virus: pathogenicity in immunocompetent and SCID mice. Arch. Virol. 137, 355–370 (1994). · DOI
- Lustig, S., Danenberg, H.D., Kafri, Y., Kobiler, D. & Ben-Nathan, D. Viral neuroinvasion and encephalitis induced by lipopolysaccharide and its mediators. J. Exp. Med. 176, 707–712 (1992). · DOI
- Bush, T.G. et al. Leukocyte infiltration, neuronal degeneration, and neurite outgrowth after ablation of scar-forming, reactive astrocytes in adult transgenic mice. Neuron 23, 297–308 (1999). · DOI · Paper page
- Xiao, S.Y., Guzman, H., Zhang, H., Travassos da Rosa, A.P. & Tesh, R.B. West Nile virus infection in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): a model for West Nile encephalitis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 7, 714–721 (2001). · doi:10.3201/eid0704.017420
- Shrestha, B., Gottlieb, D. & Diamond, M.S. Infection and injury of neurons by West Nile encephalitis virus. J. Virol. 77, 13203–13213 (2003). · DOI
- de Vries, H.E. et al. The influence of cytokines on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in vitro. J. Neuroimmunol. 64, 37–43 (1996). · DOI · Paper page
- Fiala, M. et al. TNF-alpha opens a paracellular route for HIV-1 invasion across the blood-brain barrier. Mol. Med. 3, 553–564 (1997). · DOI
- Mayhan, W.G. Cellular mechanisms by which tumor necrosis factor-alpha produces disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 927, 144–152 (2002). · DOI
- Kakinuma, Y. et al. Impaired blood-brain barrier function in angiotensinogen-deficient mice. Nat. Med. 4, 1078–1080 (1998). · DOI
- Paul, R. et al. Lack of IL-6 augments inflammatory response but decreases vascular permeability in bacterial meningitis. Brain 126, 1873–1882 (2003). · DOI
- Gollins, S.W. & Porterfield, J.S. Flavivirus infection enhancement in macrophages: an electron microscopic study of viral cellular entry. J. Gen. Virol. 66, 1969–1982 (1985). · doi:10.1099/0022-1317-66-9-1969
- Cardosa, M.J., Porterfield, J.S. & Gordon, S. Complement receptor mediates enhanced flavivirus replication in macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 158, 258–263 (1983). · doi:10.1084/jem.158.1.258
- Ben-Nathan, D., Lustig, S. & Feuerstein, G. The influence of cold or isolation stress on neuroinvasiveness and virulence of an attenuated variant of West Nile virus. Arch. Virol. 109, 1–10 (1989). · DOI
- Ben-Nathan, D., Huitinga, I., Lustig, S., van Rooijen, N. & Kobiler, D. West Nile virus neuroinvasion and encephalitis induced by macrophage depletion in mice. Arch. Virol. 141, 459–469 (1996). · DOI · Paper page
- Kobiler, D., Lustig, S., Gozes, Y., Ben-Nathan, D. & Akov, Y. Sodium dodecylsulphate induces a breach in the blood-brain barrier and enables a West Nile virus variant to penetrate into mouse brain. Brain Res. 496, 314–316 (1989). · DOI
- Yang, J.S. et al. Induction of inflammation by West Nile virus capsid through the caspase-9 apoptotic pathway. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8, 1379–1384 (2002). · DOI
- Michel, P.P., Hirsch, E.C. & Agid, Y. Parkinson disease: mechanisms of cell death. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 158, S24–S32 (2002).
- Garden, G.A. Microglia in human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurodegeneration. Glia 40, 240–251 (2002). · DOI
- Rogove, A.D., Lu, W. & Tsirka, S.E. Microglial activation and recruitment, but not proliferation, suffice to mediate neurodegeneration. Cell Death Differ. 9, 801–806 (2002). · DOI
- Ferencik, M., Novak, M., Rovensky, J. & Rybar, I. Alzheimer's disease, inflammation and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Bratisl. Lek. Listy 102, 123–132 (2001).
- Jeohn, G.H., Kong, L.Y., Wilson, B., Hudson, P. & Hong, J.S. Synergistic neurotoxic effects of combined treatments with cytokines in murine primary mixed neuron/glia cultures. J. Neuroimmunol. 85, 1–10 (1998). · DOI
- Pealer, L.N. et al. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1236–1245 (2003). · DOI · Paper page
- Tan, J. et al. Microglial activation resulting from CD40–CD40L interaction after beta-amyloid stimulation. Science 286, 2352–2355 (1999). · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity
Kawai, T., & Akira, S. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.006 · Cited by 3,658
Karikó, K., Buckstein, M., Ni, H., & Weissman, D. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.06.008 · Cited by 2,728
Innate immune recognition of viral infection
Kawai, T., & Akira, S. (2006) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni1303 · Cited by 1,899
Immune Signaling by RIG-I-like Receptors
Loo, Y.-M., & Gale, M. (2011) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.003 · Cited by 1,875
Negative regulation of Toll-like receptor-mediated immune responses
Liew, F. Y., Xu, D., Brint, E. K., & O'Neill, L. A. J. (2005) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1630 · Cited by 1,509
Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity
Farina, C., Aloisi, F., & Meinl, E. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.01.005 · Cited by 1,304
The IRF Family Transcription Factors in Immunity and Oncogenesis
Tamura, T., Yanai, H., Savitsky, D., & Taniguchi, T. (2008) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090400 · Cited by 1,259
From blood–brain barrier to blood–brain interface: new opportunities for CNS drug delivery
Banks, W. A. (2016) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd.2015.21 · Cited by 1,204
The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation
Varatharaj, A., & Galea, I. (2017) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.010 · Cited by 1,172
Interferons at age 50: past, current and future impact on biomedicine
Borden, E. C., Sen, G. C., Uze, G., Silverman, R. H., Ransohoff, R. M., Foster, G. R., & Stark, G. R. (2007) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2422 · Cited by 1,154
TLR3 Deficiency in Patients with Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Zhang, S.-Y., Jouanguy, E., Ugolini, S., Smahi, A., Elain, G., Romero, P., Segal, D., Sancho-Shimizu, V., Lorenzo, L., Puel, A., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1139522 · Cited by 1,057
Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists
Kanzler, H., Barrat, F. J., Hessel, E. M., & Coffman, R. L. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1589 · Cited by 869
Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain
Rivest, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2565 · Cited by 843
Jensen, S., & Thomsen, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.05738-11 · Cited by 604
Virus Infections in the Nervous System
Koyuncu, O. O., Hogue, I. B., & Enquist, L. W. (2013) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.010 · Cited by 594
Nucleic acid recognition by the innate immune system
Barbalat, R., Ewald, S. E., Mouchess, M. L., & Barton, G. M. (2011) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101340 · Cited by 577
Getts, D. R., Terry, R. L., Getts, M. T., Müller, M., Rana, S., Shrestha, B., Radford, J., Van Rooijen, N., Campbell, I. L., & King, N. J. C. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20080421 · Cited by 360
Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation
Kumar, V. (2019) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012 · Cited by 331
Cunningham, C., Campion, S., Teeling, J., Felton, L., & Perry, V. H. (2007) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.12.007 · Cited by 318
Lazear, H. M., Lancaster, A., Wilkins, C., Suthar, M. S., Huang, A., Vick, S. C., Clepper, L., Thackray, L., Brassil, M. M., Virgin, H. W., et al. (2013) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003118 · Cited by 296
Interferon-λ restricts West Nile virus neuroinvasion by tightening the blood-brain barrier
Lazear, H. M., Daniels, B. P., Pinto, A. K., Huang, A. C., Vick, S. C., Doyle, S. E., Gale, M., Klein, R. S., & Diamond, M. S. (2015) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa4304 · Cited by 234
Daniels, B. P., Holman, D. W., Cruz-Orengo, L., Jujjavarapu, H., Durrant, D. M., & Klein, R. S. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01476-14 · Cited by 235
de Bouteiller, O., Merck, E., Hasan, U. A., Hubac, S., Benguigui, B., Trinchieri, G., Bates, E. E. M., & Caux, C. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m507163200 · Cited by 220
Viral disruption of the blood–brain barrier
Spindler, K. R., & Hsu, T.-H. (2012) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2012.03.009 · Cited by 219
Phares, T. W., Kean, R. B., Mikheeva, T., & Hooper, D. C. (2006) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7666 · Cited by 193
Retrograde Axonal Transport: a Major Transmission Route of Enterovirus 71 in Mice
Chen, C.-S., Yao, Y.-C., Lin, S.-C., Lee, Y.-P., Wang, Y.-F., Wang, J.-R., Liu, C.-C., Lei, H.-Y., & Yu, C.-K. (2007) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00236-07 · Cited by 178
Toll-like Receptors in Defense and Damage of the Central Nervous System
Aravalli, R. N., Peterson, P. K., & Lokensgard, J. R. (2007) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-007-9071-5 · Cited by 173
Calcium signaling and gliotransmission in normal vs. reactive astrocytes
Agulhon, C., Sun, M.-Y., Murphy, T., Myers, T., Lauderdale, K., & Fiacco, T. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00139 · Cited by 167
CSF1R antagonism limits local restimulation of antiviral CD8+ T cells during viral encephalitis
Funk, K. E., & Klein, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-019-1397-4 · Cited by 156
Chew, L.-J., Fusar-Poli, P., & Schmitz, T. (2013) · Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1159/000346157 · Cited by 154
Miner, J. J., Daniels, B. P., Shrestha, B., Proenca-Modena, J. L., Lew, E. D., Lazear, H. M., Gorman, M. J., Lemke, G., Klein, R. S., & Diamond, M. S. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3974 · Cited by 152
Verma, S., Kumar, M., Gurjav, U., Lum, S., & Nerurkar, V. R. (2010) · Virology · doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.10.036 · Cited by 151
Arsenault, D., St-Amour, I., Cisbani, G., Rousseau, L.-S., & Cicchetti, F. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.12.016 · Cited by 118
Toll like receptors and viruses
Finberg, R. W., Wang, J. P., & Kurt‐Jones, E. A. (2007) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.525 · Cited by 90
Extracellular RNA sensing by pattern recognition receptors
Tatematsu, M., Funami, K., Seya, T., & Matsumoto, M. (2018) · Journal of Innate Immunity · doi:10.1159/000494034 · Cited by 90
Visceral Inflammation and Immune Activation Stress the Brain
Holzer, P., Farzi, A., Hassan, A. M., Zenz, G., Jačan, A., & Reichmann, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01613 · Cited by 84
TLR9 Contributes to Antiviral Immunity during Gammaherpesvirus Infection
Guggemoos, S., Hangel, D., Hamm, S., Heit, A., Bauer, S., & Adler, H. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.438 · Cited by 83
Mouse Adenovirus Type 1-Induced Breakdown of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Gralinski, L. E., Ashley, S. L., Dixon, S. D., & Spindler, K. R. (2009) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00954-09 · Cited by 70
Neurocognitive impacts of arbovirus infections
Clé, M., Eldin, P., Briant, L., Lannuzel, A., Simonin, Y., Van de Perre, P., Cabié, A., & Salinas, S. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01904-3 · Cited by 67
Innate Immune Response Gene Expression Profiles of N9 Microglia Are Pathogen-Type Specific
McKimmie, C. S., Roy, D., Forster, T., & Fazakerley, J. K. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.03.012 · Cited by 51
Therapeutic Role of Inflammasome Inhibitors in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Lahooti, B., Chhibber, T., Bagchi, S., Varahachalam, S. P., & Jayant, R. D. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.004 · Cited by 50
PCSK9 in metabolism and diseases
Ajoolabady, A., Pratico, D., Mazidi, M., Davies, I. G., Lip, G. Y. H., Seidah, N., Libby, P., Kroemer, G., & Ren, J. (2025) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156064 · Cited by 49
Neurons under viral attack: Victims or warriors?
Chakraborty, S., Nazmi, A., Dutta, K., & Basu, A. (2010) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.016 · Cited by 42
A comprehensive analysis of the use of nucleoside analogues in RNA therapeutics
Kukushkina-Zvezdova, A. A., Zherebtsova, A. A., Telegina, D. V., Skvortsov, I. A., Ivanov, R. A., & Reshetnikov, V. V. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08083-4 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, T., Town, T., Alexopoulou, L., Anderson, J. F., Fikrig, E., & Flavell, R. A.
- Venue
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2004-11-21
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1366-1373
- ISSN
- 1078-8956 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-170X
- OpenAlex
- W2078811876
- Cited by
- 1,155
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 59.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.