Ultrafast fluorescence imaging in vivo with conjugated polymer fluorophores in the second near-infrared window
Open accessAbstract
In vivo fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (1.0-1.7 μm) can afford deep tissue penetration and high spatial resolution, owing to the reduced scattering of long-wavelength photons. Here we synthesize a series of low-bandgap donor/acceptor copolymers with tunable emission wavelengths of 1,050-1,350 nm in this window. Non-covalent functionalization with phospholipid-polyethylene glycol results in water-soluble and biocompatible polymeric nanoparticles, allowing for live cell molecular imaging at >1,000 nm with polymer fluorophores for the first time. Importantly, the high quantum yield of the polymer allows for in vivo, deep-tissue and ultrafast imaging of mouse arterial blood flow with an unprecedented frame rate of >25 frames per second. The high time-resolution results in spatially and time resolved imaging of the blood flow pattern in cardiogram waveform over a single cardiac cycle (~200 ms) of a mouse, which has not been observed with fluorescence imaging in this window before.
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Nanoparticles with fluorescence in the range of 1050-1350 nm and Φfl = 1.7% in water (0.17% after correction, Φfl of IR26 = 0.05%) were obtained by mixing pDA with phospholipid-poly(ethylene glycol).
“Nanoparticles with fluorescence in the range of 1050–1350 nm and Φfl = 1.7% in water (0.17% after correction, Φfl of IR26 = 0.05%) were obtained by mixing pDA with phospholipid–poly(ethylene glycol).”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
The Results (page not provided) describe making pDA-PEG nanoparticles by mixing pDA with PEGylated phospholipid and report a fluorescence quantum yield of about 1.7% in water. The Introduction reports emission tunable from 1050 to 1350 nm, but does not assign that entire range to the pDA-PEG nanoparticles. The quantum-yield methods (section “Polymer pDA:”, page not provided) use 0.5%, not 0.05%, for IR-26; our copy does not report a corrected pDA-PEG yield of 0.17%. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFluorination minimizes structural distortions between the excited and ground states, which enhances the fluorescence quantum yield of Pdots.
“Thus, structural distortions between the excited and ground states are minimized by this substitution, which enhance the Φfl of Pdots.170,175,176”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies a fluorinated component of pDA and reports a fluorescence quantum yield of about 1.7%. It does not say that fluorination minimizes structural distortions between excited and ground states or that this mechanism enhances the yield. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe brighter fluorescence of Pdots consisting of fluorinated conjugated polymers is attributed to a nanoscale fluorous effect, a chain-chain segregation due to fluorine-fluorine interactions that avoids unfavorable interactions with other elements.
“The observed brighter fluorescence of the Pdots consisting of the fluorinated CPs was attributed to the nanoscale fluorous effect, a chain–chain segregation in the Pdots due to the fluorine–fluorine interactions through which unfavorable interactions with other elements can be avoided.”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe hydrophobicity and molecular planarity of fluorinated conjugated polymers are largely retained in Pdots, suppressing quenching by interchain interactions.
“Thus, the hydrophobicity and molecular planarity of the CPs were largely retained in the Pdots, suppressing the quenching by the interchain interactions (Figure 9b).”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
The Results and Figure 2 description identify fluorinated pDA in nanoparticles with a hydrophobic polymer core and hydrophilic PEG shell. They do not establish that molecular planarity is retained or that quenching from interchain interactions is suppressed; the reported fluorescence does not establish that mechanism. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe first low band gap conjugated polymer with intrinsic fluorescence in the SWIR spectral region was obtained through the alternating donor-acceptor structure based on furan and thiophene units (pDA).
“The first low band gap conjugated polymer with intrinsic fluorescence in the SWIR spectral region was obtained through the alternating donor–acceptor structure based on furan and thiophene units (pDA).170”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
Fluorination has been applied to develop highly fluorescent conjugated polymers in the shortwave infrared spectral window.
“This strategy was recently applied to develop highly fluorescent CPs in the SWIR spectral window.170,178”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
Fluorine-substituted m-PBTQ4F Pdots exhibit red-shifted absorption (λmax = 946 nm) and fluorescence (two major peaks at λmax = 995 and 1123 nm), with Φfl = 3.2% (0.32% after correction).
“Fluorine-substituted m-PBTQ4F Pdots exhibited red-shifted absorption (λmax = 946 nm) and fluorescence (two major peaks at λmax = 995 and 1123 nm), with Φfl = 3.2% (0.32% after correction, Φfl of IR26 = 0.05%).”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
The Results and Supplementary Figure 7 describe pDA-PEG, reporting absorption at 654 nm, emission at 1047 nm, and a quantum yield of about 1.7%. Searches for m-PBTQ4F and the claimed wavelengths and quantum yields found no passage about those Pdots in our copy, so their properties cannot be verified from this source. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFluorination introduces higher degrees of main-chain planarity, rigidity order, and packing tightness in conjugated polymers.
“In general, fluorination introduces higher degrees of main-chain planarity, rigidity order, and packing tightness.”
From The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates (2022) · cites this paper as [170]
The Results (page not provided) say fluorine was introduced into the thienothiophene unit to tune fluorescence to long wavelengths. The Introduction and passages retrieved for planarity and packing do not address whether fluorination increases main-chain planarity, rigidity, order, or packing tightness. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Hong, G., Zou, Y., Antaris, A. L., Diao, S., Wu, D., Cheng, K., Zhang, X., Chen, C., Liu, B., He, Y., Wu, J. Z., Yuan, J., Zhang, B., Tao, Z., Fukunaga, C., & Dai, H.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Central South University (CN)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zou, Yingping
- Dai, Hongjie
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2014-06-20
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 4206-4206
- ISSN
- 2041-1723 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1984705626
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 72 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 15.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Communications (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (51173206, 21161160443)
- Central South University
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ca135109-05)
- National Cancer Institute (5R01CA135109-02)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- second near-infrared window, donor-acceptor polymers, low band gap polymers, deep tissue imaging, femoral artery
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arteries, Phospholipids, Polyethylene Glycols, Polymers, Regional Blood Flow, Molecular Structure, Microscopy, Atomic Force, Mice, Nanoparticles, Molecular Imaging, Optical Imaging
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