Analytical methods to assess nanoparticle toxicity

Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays

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A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells

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Identification of programmed cell death in situ via specific labeling of nuclear DNA fragmentation.

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Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles

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Determining the Size and Shape Dependence of Gold Nanoparticle Uptake into Mammalian Cells

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In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots

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A rapid and simple method for measuring thymocyte apoptosis by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry

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A simple method for clinical assay of superoxide dismutase.

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Clonogenic assay of cells in vitro

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Nanoshell-mediated near-infrared thermal therapy of tumors under magnetic resonance guidance

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Factors affecting the clearance and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles

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Opsonization, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics of polymeric nanoparticles

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Probing the Cytotoxicity of Semiconductor Quantum Dots

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Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles

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Gold Nanoparticles Are Taken Up by Human Cells but Do Not Cause Acute Cytotoxicity

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Elucidating the Mechanism of Cellular Uptake and Removal of Protein-Coated Gold Nanoparticles of Different Sizes and Shapes

Chithrani, B. D., & Chan, W. C. W. (2007) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl070363y · Cited by 2,286

Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method

Rahman, I., Kode, A., & Biswas, S. K. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.378 · Cited by 2,262

Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: how should you do it and what do the results mean?

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Toxicity determined in vitro by morphological alterations and neutral red absorption

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Size‐Dependent Cytotoxicity of Gold Nanoparticles

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Fluorescence probes used for detection of reactive oxygen species

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Flow cytometric studies of oxidative product formation by neutrophils: a graded response to membrane stimulation.

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Immunotargeted Nanoshells for Integrated Cancer Imaging and Therapy

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ACTION OF X-RAYS ON MAMMALIAN CELLS

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Biocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles and Their Endocytotic Fate Inside the Cellular Compartment: A Microscopic Overview

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Programmed cell death involved in the schizolysigenous formation of the secretory cavity in Citrus sinensis L. (Osbeck)

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Effects of antioxidant enzymes in the molecular control of reactive oxygen species toxicology

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Safe handling of nanotechnology

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Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Are Highly Toxic: A Comparison between Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes

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Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials: Single-Wall Nanotube, Multi-Wall Nanotube, and Fullerene

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Size Dependent and Reactive Oxygen Species Related Nanosilver Toxicity to Nitrifying Bacteria

Choi, O., & Hu, Z. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es703238h · Cited by 1,391

In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Oxide Nanoparticles: Comparison to Asbestos, Silica, and the Effect of Particle Solubility

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A quick and simple method for the quantitation of lactate dehydrogenase release in measurements of cellular cytotoxicity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity

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Exposure to Carbon Nanotube Material: Assessment of Nanotube Cytotoxicity using Human Keratinocyte Cells

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Carbon Nanotubes: A Review of Their Properties in Relation to Pulmonary Toxicology and Workplace Safety

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Noninvasive Imaging of Quantum Dots in Mice

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Cellular uptake of functionalized carbon nanotubes is independent of functional group and cell type

Kostarelos, K., Lacerda, L., Pastorin, G., Wu, W., Wieckowski, S., Luangsivilay, J., Godefroy, S., Pantarotto, D., Briand, J.-P., Muller, S., et al. (2007) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2006.209 · Cited by 1,111

The Differential Cytotoxicity of Water-Soluble Fullerenes

Sayes, C. M., Fortner, J. D., Guo, W., Lyon, D., Boyd, A. M., Ausman, K. D., Tao, Y. J., Sitharaman, B., Wilson, L. J., Hughes, J. B., et al. (2004) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl0489586 · Cited by 1,087

An enzyme-release assay for natural cytotoxicity

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Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in zebrafish models

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Protein adsorption and cellular uptake of cerium oxide nanoparticles as a function of zeta potential

Patil, S., Sandberg, A., Heckert, E., Self, W., & Seal, S. (2007) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.07.029 · Cited by 1,044

Quantum Dot−Aptamer Conjugates for Synchronous Cancer Imaging, Therapy, and Sensing of Drug Delivery Based on Bi-Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Bagalkot, V., Zhang, L., Levy-Nissenbaum, E., Jon, S., Kantoff, P. W., Langer, R., & Farokhzad, O. C. (2007) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl071546n · Cited by 1,036

Carbon nanotubes show no sign of acute toxicity but induce intracellular reactive oxygen species in dependence on contaminants

PULSKAMP, K., DIABATE, S., & KRUG, H. (2007) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.11.001 · Cited by 1,004

Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo

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Combustion-derived nanoparticles: A review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure

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Titanium Dioxide (P25) Produces Reactive Oxygen Species in Immortalized Brain Microglia (BV2): Implications for Nanoparticle Neurotoxicity

Long, T. C., Saleh, N., Tilton, R. D., Lowry, G. V., & Veronesi, B. (2006) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es060589n · Cited by 870

Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Molecules and Nanoparticles: Effects of Molecular Weight and Degree of Deacetylation

Huang, M., Khor, E., & Lim, L.-Y. (2004) · Pharmaceutical Research · doi:10.1023/b:pham.0000016249.52831.a5 · Cited by 853

In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells

Lin, W., Huang, Y.-W., Zhou, X.-D., & Ma, Y. (2006) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.10.004 · Cited by 852

Effect of single wall carbon nanotubes on human HEK293 cells

Cui, D., Tian, F., Ozkan, C. S., Wang, M., & Gao, H. (2005) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.08.015 · Cited by 831

The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity

WICK, P., MANSER, P., LIMBACH, L., DETTLAFFWEGLIKOWSKA, U., KRUMEICH, F., ROTH, S., STARK, W., & BRUININK, A. (2007) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.08.019 · Cited by 818

Selective fluorescent imaging of superoxide in vivo using ethidium-based probes

Robinson, K. M., Janes, M. S., Pehar, M., Monette, J. S., Ross, M. F., Hagen, T. M., Murphy, M. P., & Beckman, J. S. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0601945103 · Cited by 777

Assessing Toxicity of Fine and Nanoparticles: Comparing In Vitro Measurements to In Vivo Pulmonary Toxicity Profiles

Sayes, C. M., Reed, K. L., & Warheit, D. B. (2007) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm018 · Cited by 762

Multi-walled carbon nanotube interactions with human epidermal keratinocytes

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Dihydrofluorescein diacetate is superior for detecting intracellular oxidants: Comparison with 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, 5(and 6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, and dihydrorhodamine 123

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In vivo evaluation of polymeric micellar paclitaxel formulation: toxicity and efficacy

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In Vivo Imaging of Transport and Biocompatibility of Single Silver Nanoparticles in Early Development of Zebrafish Embryos

Lee, K. J., Nallathamby, P. D., Browning, L. M., Osgood, C. J., & Xu, X.-H. N. (2007) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn700048y · Cited by 724

Biodistribution, Clearance, and Biocompatibility of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles in Rats

Jain, T. K., Reddy, M. K., Morales, M. A., Leslie-Pelecky, D. L., & Labhasetwar, V. (2008) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp7001285 · Cited by 705

Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes Are Non-Cytotoxic and Preserve the Functionality of Primary Immune Cells

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Assessing the Effect of Surface Chemistry on Gold Nanorod Uptake, Toxicity, and Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

Hauck, T. S., Ghazani, A. A., & Chan, W. C. W. (2008) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.200700217 · Cited by 692

Nano-C60 cytotoxicity is due to lipid peroxidation

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Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce T lymphocyte apoptosis

Bottini, M., Bruckner, S., Nika, K., Bottini, N., Bellucci, S., Magrini, A., Bergamaschi, A., & Mustelin, T. (2006) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.06.020 · Cited by 679

Preferential killing of cancer cells and activated human T cells using ZnO nanoparticles

Hanley, C., Layne, J., Punnoose, A., Reddy, K. M., Coombs, I., Coombs, A., Feris, K., & Wingett, D. (2008) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/29/295103 · Cited by 656

The effect of surface charge on the uptake and biological function of mesoporous silica nanoparticles in 3T3-L1 cells and human mesenchymal stem cells

Chung, T.-H., Wu, S.-H., Yao, M., Lu, C.-W., Lin, Y.-S., Hung, Y., Mou, C.-Y., Chen, Y.-C., & Huang, D.-M. (2007) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.03.006 · Cited by 617

Cytotoxicity suppression and cellular uptake enhancement of surface modified magnetic nanoparticles

Gupta, A. K., & Gupta, M. (2005) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.05.022 · Cited by 586

Nanotoxicity of iron oxide nanoparticle internalization in growing neurons

Pisanic, T. R., Blackwell, J. D., Shubayev, V. I., Fiñones, R. R., & Jin, S. (2007) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.01.043 · Cited by 585

Direct imaging of single-walled carbon nanotubes in cells

Porter, A. E., Gass, M., Muller, K., Skepper, J. N., Midgley, P. A., & Welland, M. (2007) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.347 · Cited by 564

Direct and indirect effects of single walled carbon nanotubes on RAW 264.7 macrophages: Role of iron

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PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles as protein carriers: Synthesis, preparation and biodistribution in rats

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Toxicity of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Lung Cancer Cells

Lin, W., Huang, Y.-W., Zhou, X.-D., & Ma, Y. (2006) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10915810600959543 · Cited by 537

Bifunctional Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Human Stem Cell Labeling

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Imaging and Tracking of Tat Peptide-Conjugated Quantum Dots in Living Cells: New Insights into Nanoparticle Uptake, Intracellular Transport, and Vesicle Shedding

Ruan, G., Agrawal, A., Marcus, A. I., & Nie, S. (2007) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja074936k · Cited by 483

In Vivo Molecular Probing of Cellular Compartments with Gold Nanoparticles and Nanoaggregates

Kneipp, J., Kneipp, H., McLaughlin, M., Brown, D., & Kneipp, K. (2006) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl061517x · Cited by 472

Degradation of chromosomal DNA during apoptosis

Nagata, S., Nagase, H., Kawane, K., Mukae, N., & Fukuyama, H. (2003) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4401161 · Cited by 458

The Interaction of Manganese Nanoparticles with PC-12 Cells Induces Dopamine Depletion

Hussain, S. M., Javorina, A. K., Schrand, A. M., Duhart, H. M., Ali, S. F., & Schlager, J. J. (2006) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl020 · Cited by 453

Nanosize Titanium Dioxide Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species in Brain Microglia and Damages Neurons in Vitro

Long, T. C., Tajuba, J., Sama, P., Saleh, N., Swartz, C., Parker, J., Hester, S., Lowry, G. V., & Veronesi, B. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.10216 · Cited by 452

Cellular Trajectories of Peptide-Modified Gold Particle Complexes: Comparison of Nuclear Localization Signals and Peptide Transduction Domains

Tkachenko, A. G., Xie, H., Liu, Y., Coleman, D., Ryan, J., Glomm, W. R., Shipton, M. K., Franzen, S., & Feldheim, D. L. (2004) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc034189q · Cited by 448

Near-Infrared Emitting Fluorophore-Doped Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles for In Vivo Imaging of Human Breast Cancer

Altınoǧlu, E. I., Russin, T. J., Kaiser, J. M., Barth, B. M., Eklund, P. C., Kester, M., & Adair, J. H. (2008) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/nn800448r · Cited by 430

Well-Ordered Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Cell Markers

Lin, Y.-S., Tsai, C.-P., Huang, H.-Y., Kuo, C.-T., Hung, Y., Huang, D.-M., Chen, Y.-C., & Mou, C.-Y. (2005) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/cm051014c · Cited by 424

40nm, but not 750 or 1,500nm, Nanoparticles Enter Epidermal CD1a+ Cells after Transcutaneous Application on Human Skin

Vogt, A., Combadiere, B., Hadam, S., Stieler, K. M., Lademann, J., Schaefer, H., Autran, B., Sterry, W., & Blume-Peytavi, U. (2006) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700226 · Cited by 398

Genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and reactive oxygen species induced by single‐walled carbon nanotubes and C60 fullerenes in the FE1‐Muta™Mouse lung epithelial cells

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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles trigger p53‐mediated damage response in peripheral blood lymphocytes

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In Vivo Glucose Measurement by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Stuart, D. A., Yuen, J. M., Shah, N., Lyandres, O., Yonzon, C. R., Glucksberg, M. R., Walsh, J. T., & Van Duyne, R. P. (2006) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac061238u · Cited by 358

Effect of PEG conformation and particle size on the cellular uptake efficiency of nanoparticles with the HepG2 cells

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Identification and quantitation of glutathione in hepatic protein mixed disulfides and its relationship to glutathione disulfide

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Pharmacokinetics of Nanoscale Quantum Dots: In Vivo Distribution, Sequestration, and Clearance in the Rat

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Cellular Effect of High Doses of Silica-Coated Quantum Dot Profiled with High Throughput Gene Expression Analysis and High Content Cellomics Measurements

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Challenges for assessing carbon nanomaterial toxicity to the skin

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A critical assessment of the use of microculture tetrazolium assays to measure cell growth and function.

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One- and Two-Photon Excited Optical pH Probing for Cells Using Surface-Enhanced Raman and Hyper-Raman Nanosensors

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Ratio‐fluorescence microscopy of lipid oxidation in living cells using C11‐BODIPY581/591

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Mitochondrial and nonmitochondrial reduction of MTT: Interaction of MTT with TMRE, JC‐1, and NAO mitochondrial fluorescent probes

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Pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-SS PEG20,000 mw) inhibits human melanomas and hepatocellular carcinomas in vitro and in vivo.

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Controlling the Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanorods

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Fluorescence and electron microscopy probes for cellular and tissue uptake of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles

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Acute toxicity of nano- and micro-scale zinc powder in healthy adult mice

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