The DOI matches its Crossref record; 93 of the 93 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 56 of the 129 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids
Open accessAbstract
The major role of sebaceous glands in mammals is to produce sebum, which coats the epidermis and the hair providing waterproofing, thermoregulation and photoprotection. However, as the need for these functions decreased along the evolutionary changes in humans, a relevant question has been raised: are sebaceous glands and sebum the remnants of our mammalian heritage or do they have overtaken a far more complex role in human skin biology? Trying to provide answers to this question, this review introduces the evolving field of sebaceous immunobiology and puts into the focus the pathways that sebum lipids use to influence the immune milieu of the skin. By introducing possible modifiers of sebaceous lipogenesis and discussing the - human-specific - alterations in composition and amount of sebum, the attribute of sebum as a sensitive tool, which is capable of translating multiple signalling pathways into the dermal micro environment is presented. Further their interaction with macrophages and keratinocytes involves sebum lipid fractions into disease pathogenesis, which could lead - on the other side - to the development of novel sebum-based therapeutic strategies.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sebum lipids are not merely passive barrier components but active orchestrators of sebaceous-immunobiology, shaping skin immune responses and disease pathogenesis. It synthesizes evidence that sebum composition is altered in acne, seborrheic dermatitis, rosacea, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis, and that sebum lipids modulate macrophages, keratinocytes, and the microbiome.
Key findings
- Human sebum is dominated by triglycerides/fatty acids (57.5% of total lipids), wax esters (26%), squalene (12%), and cholesterol (4.5%); unique sebaceous fatty acids include sapienic acid (C16:1Δ6) and sebaleic acid (18:2Δ5,8), with sapienic and oleic acid showing strong antibacterial/anti-inflammatory properties.
- Ex vivo Raman spectroscopy showed topically applied linoleic, stearic, oleic, palmitic acids and squalene penetrate epidermis into dermis; Oil Red staining revealed diffuse lipid accumulation in upper dermis of sebaceous gland-rich vs -poor skin.
- Sebum lipids modulate immune cells: linoleic and oleic acid induce alternative macrophage activation and enhance phagocytosis of particles and *P. acnes*; linoleic acid increases keratinocyte TSLP mRNA dose-dependently, and sebocyte supernatant increases TSLP.
- Disease-associated sebum alterations include acne (elevated sebum, altered saturated/unsaturated ratio, increased C16:0/C16:1 ratio improves acne, decreased linoleic acid, squalene peroxide/PPAR activation), rosacea (elevated myristic acid C14:0, reduced saturated long-chain fatty acids), seborrheic dermatitis (*Malassezia* lipases increase FFA), psoriasis (sebaceous atrophy without significant total sebum change), and AD (severely reduced sebum production).
Methods
- Narrative review; no systematic search or meta-analysis described.
- Synthesizes published literature and the authors’ prior studies, including an ex vivo Raman spectroscopy penetration study, Oil Red staining, macrophage/keratinocyte experiments, and one mention of own unpublished AD data.
- Main analysis is thematic: sebum lipid composition, dermal penetration, disease-associated alterations, immune functions, signaling pathways, and therapeutic perspectives.
Limitations
- Stated: exact mechanisms linking altered sebaceous gland function to AD remain unelucidated; it is still unknown how sebum lipids contribute to the skin inflammatory milieu; further research in sebocyte function and lipidomics is required.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search, quality appraisal, or quantitative synthesis; some claims rely on the authors’ own unpublished data; no primary experimental data are reported in this paper.
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Claims the paper makes
27 No full text of the sources · 26 Partly supported · 11 Supported · 8 Supported so far · 7 Own interpretation · 4 Couldn’t confirm · 4 Not checked yet · 3 Not supported · 2 Own result · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Ge et al. identified stearoyl-CoA Δ-6 desaturase as the major fatty acid desaturase in human sebaceous glands, which induces rapid oxidation and degradation of linoleic acid and its derivatives in sebaceous gland cells.11”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] Ge L, Gordon JS, Hsuan C, Stenn K, Prouty SM Identification of the delta-6 desaturase of human sebaceous glands: expression and enzyme activity. J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 120: 707– 14. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12123.x. PMID:12713571. 12713571 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) identifies Δ-6 desaturase/FADS2 as the major fatty acid desaturase in human sebaceous glands. The Discussion (page unavailable) instead suggests that linoleate catabolism may involve 15-lipoxygenase-2 and shield FADS2 from linoleate; it does not say FADS2 induces rapid oxidation or degradation of linoleic acid or its derivatives. The paper calls the enzyme FADS2, not stearoyl-CoA desaturase. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Due to its prominent lubricant and penetration efficiency squalene is capable of neutralizing the formation of UV irradiation-induced reactive oxygen species in the skin.6,7”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [6] Ohsawa K, Watanabe T, Matsukawa R, Yoshimura Y, Imaeda K The possible role of squalene and its peroxide of the sebum in the occurrence of sunburn and protection from the damage caused by U.V. irradiation. J Toxicol Sci. 1984; 9: 151– 9. doi: 10.2131/jts.9.151. PMID:6481825. 6481825 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (p. 8) proposes that squalene protects the skin surface by trapping UV energy through peroxidation. It does not say that squalene neutralizes the formation of reactive oxygen species; the Results (p. 4) instead report increased squalene oxidation after UV irradiation. The cited paper also does not attribute this effect to lubricant or penetration efficiency. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [7] Picardo M, Zompetta C, De Luca C, Cirone M, Faggioni A, Nazzaro-Porro M, Passi S, Prota G Role of skin surface lipids in UV-induced epidermal cell changes. Arch Dermatol Res. 1991; 283: 191– 7. doi: 10.1007/BF00372061. PMID:1867482. 1867482 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In the recent years numerous studies have showed, that in addition to an elevated sebum production, acne patients have a markedly altered sebum composition.24,25”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Acne
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] Ottaviani M, Camera E, Picardo M Lipid mediators in acne. Mediators of inflammation. 2010; 2010. doi: 10.1155/2010/858176. PMID: 20871834 20871834 PMC2943135 source
Section 3, “Sebum Alterations and Acne,” reports both quantitative and qualitative variations in sebum from acne patients. The Introduction also describes increased sebum secretion alongside qualitative modifications. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Zouboulis CC, Jourdan E, Picardo M Acne is an inflammatory disease and alterations of sebum composition initiate acne lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014; 28: 527– 32. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12298. PMID:24134468. 24134468 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In the recent years numerous studies have showed, that in addition to an elevated sebum production, acne patients have a markedly altered sebum composition.24,25”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Acne
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] Ottaviani M, Camera E, Picardo M Lipid mediators in acne. Mediators of inflammation. 2010; 2010. doi: 10.1155/2010/858176. PMID: 20871834 20871834 PMC2943135 source
The Introduction explicitly states that increased sebum secretion is characteristic of acne patients. It also notes that seborrhea alone is not sufficient to cause acne, which does not limit the claim about elevated production. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Zouboulis CC, Jourdan E, Picardo M Acne is an inflammatory disease and alterations of sebum composition initiate acne lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014; 28: 527– 32. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12298. PMID:24134468. 24134468 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Ge et al. identified stearoyl-CoA Δ-6 desaturase as the major fatty acid desaturase in human sebaceous glands, which induces rapid oxidation and degradation of linoleic acid and its derivatives in sebaceous gland cells.11”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] Ge L, Gordon JS, Hsuan C, Stenn K, Prouty SM Identification of the delta-6 desaturase of human sebaceous glands: expression and enzyme activity. J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 120: 707– 14. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12123.x. PMID:12713571. 12713571 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page not provided) identifies Δ-6 desaturase/FADS2 as the major fatty acid desaturase in human sebaceous glands. But the Discussion (page not provided) distinguishes it from stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), reporting very low SCD expression in those glands; the claim conflates the two enzymes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“An altered ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids has been identified, and particularly, an increase in the C16:0/C16:1 nutrition lipid ratio has been shown to improve acne, accompanied by diminishing levels of linoleic acid content.24,26”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Acne
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [24] Ottaviani M, Camera E, Picardo M Lipid mediators in acne. Mediators of inflammation. 2010; 2010. doi: 10.1155/2010/858176. PMID: 20871834 20871834 PMC2943135 source
Section 3.2, “Fatty Acids: Saturated and Unsaturated Pattern,” reports a significantly different ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in acne. The supplied passage has no page number. (LLM, conf=0.95)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Smith RN, Braue A, Varigos GA, Mann NJ The effect of a low glycemic load diet on acne vulgaris and the fatty acid composition of skin surface triglycerides. J Dermatol Sci. 2008; 50: 41– 52. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.11.005. PMID:18178063. 18178063 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Sebum is primarily composed of cell debris and nonpolar (neutral) lipids, namely triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol and free fatty acids.3,4”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Picardo M, Ottaviani M, Camera E, Mastrofrancesco A Sebaceous gland lipids. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009; 1: 68– 71. doi: 10.4161/derm.1.2.8472. PMID:20224686. 20224686 PMC2835893 source
The Sebum section (page not specified) describes sebum as a lipid mixture released through the disintegration of sebaceous cells, supporting the reference to cell debris. It also lists triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol and free fatty acids as components of human sebum, with the first three groups accounting for most of its lipids. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [4] Smith KR, Thiboutot DM Thematic review series: skin lipids. Sebaceous gland lipids: friend or foe? J Lipid Res. 2008; 49: 271– 81. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R700015-JLR200. PMID:17975220. 17975220 source
The “Lipids of the Sebaceous Gland” section lists the claimed lipid components, and Table 1 shows that they account for most sebum lipids. The “Sebaceous Gland Development” section explains that sebocytes disintegrate and release their contents into the follicle, supporting the reference to cellular material. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Moreover, lipid staining with Oil Red further confirmed prominent differences in the lipid content of sebaceous gland-rich vs sebaceous gland-poor skin samples.23”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum lipids in the dermis
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [23] Lovaszi M, Mattii M, Eyerich K, Gacsi A, Csanyi E, Kovacs D, et al. Sebum lipids influence macrophage polarization and activation. Br J Dermatol. 2017;[ Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1111/bjd.15754. PMID:28646583 28646583 source
The section “Sebaceous gland rich skin is enriched in its dermal lipid content” reports that Oil-Red-O staining was more intense in the dermis of sebaceous gland-rich samples than in gland-poor samples. Figure 1 describes the comparison as nose versus stomach skin. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Due to the rapid degradation of linoleic acid in the sebaceous cells, stearoyl-CoA Δ-6 desaturase is able to convert palmitic acid (C16:0) into sapienic acid (C16:1Δ6).3”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Picardo M, Ottaviani M, Camera E, Mastrofrancesco A Sebaceous gland lipids. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009; 1: 68– 71. doi: 10.4161/derm.1.2.8472. PMID:20224686. 20224686 PMC2835893 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The supplied Abstract passages state that Δ6 desaturase (identified there as fatty acid desaturase-2) converts palmitic acid to sapienic acid, and that sebocytes preferentially metabolize linoleic acid through β-oxidation. They do not say that linoleic-acid degradation enables or causes that conversion, describe it as rapid, or identify the enzyme as stearoyl-CoA desaturase. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Remarkably, dietary palmitic acid directly activates Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 in mouse monocytes15”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [15] Snodgrass RG, Huang S, Choi IW, Rutledge JC, Hwang DH Inflammasome-mediated secretion of IL-1beta in human monocytes through TLR2 activation; modulation by dietary fatty acids. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md: 1950). 2013; 191: 4337– 47. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300298. PMID:24043885. PMC3825708 24043885 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion (page numbers not provided) state that palmitic acid directly activates TLR2 in human monocytes. They do not establish the citing sentence’s claim about mouse monocytes. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 31
- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Another interesting aspect of the detected changes is the accumulation of lipid peroxides, specifically squalene peroxide, which activates the Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors (PPARs), stimulate keratinocyte proliferation and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, overall increasing the expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in acne.27-29”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Acne
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Jeremy AH, Holland DB, Roberts SG, Thomson KF, Cunliffe WJ Inflammatory events are involved in acne lesion initiation. J Invest Dermatol. 2003; 121: 20– 7. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12321.x. PMID:12839559. 12839559 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Zouboulis CC Is acne vulgaris a genuine inflammatory disease? Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2001; 203: 277– 9. doi: 10.1159/000051771. PMID:11752811. 11752811 source
- Disputedcites [29] Delerive P, Fruchart JC, Staels B Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in inflammation control. The Journal of endocrinology. 2001; 169: 453– 9. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1690453. PMID:11375115. 11375115 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (page unavailable) says PPAR activators inhibit expression of proinflammatory genes, including cytokines. “Is there a role for PPAR in inflammation?” (page unavailable) likewise reports inhibition of several cytokines, contrary to the claimed overall increase. The cited paper does not address squalene peroxide, keratinocyte proliferation, or acne. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“An altered ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids has been identified, and particularly, an increase in the C16:0/C16:1 nutrition lipid ratio has been shown to improve acne, accompanied by diminishing levels of linoleic acid content.24,26”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Acne
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [24] Ottaviani M, Camera E, Picardo M Lipid mediators in acne. Mediators of inflammation. 2010; 2010. doi: 10.1155/2010/858176. PMID: 20871834 20871834 PMC2943135 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 reports that the C16:0/C16:1 ratio in skin-surface lipids is higher in acne, not that increasing it improves acne. Section 3.1 likewise describes diminished linoleic acid in affected patients and links low levels to processes involved in comedone formation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] Smith RN, Braue A, Varigos GA, Mann NJ The effect of a low glycemic load diet on acne vulgaris and the fatty acid composition of skin surface triglycerides. J Dermatol Sci. 2008; 50: 41– 52. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.11.005. PMID:18178063. 18178063 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“However, an increase in the levels of phospholipids, triacylglycerols, and cholesterol were found in the epidermis of psoriatic patients, which correlated with the severity of psoriasis.36–38”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Psoriasis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Liakou AI, Nyengaard JR, Bonovas S, Knolle J, Makrantonaki E, Zouboulis CC Marked Reduction of the Number and Individual Volume of Sebaceous Glands in Psoriatic Lesions. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland). 2016; 232: 415– 24. doi: 10.1159/000445942. PMID:27250651. 27250651 source
- Disputedcites [37] Rittie L, Tejasvi T, Harms PW, Xing X, Nair RP, Gudjonsson JE, Swindell WR, Elder JT Sebaceous Gland Atrophy in Psoriasis: An Explanation for Psoriatic Alopecia? J Invest Dermatol. 2016; 136: 1792– 800. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.113. PMID:27312025. 27312025 PMC5112032 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report no apparent difference in neutral-lipid staining of the stratum corneum between lesional and nonlesional skin. The Discussion likewise reports no obvious stratum-corneum staining difference and markedly reduced staining in sebaceous glands, rather than the claimed lipid increase. The paper does not report a correlation of epidermal lipid levels with psoriasis severity. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Tsambaos D, Kalofoutis A, Stratigos J, Miras C, Capetanakis J Thin-layer chromatography of phospholipid components of normal and psoriatic epidermis. Br J Dermatol. 1977; 97: 135– 8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb15058.x. PMID:911675. 911675 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly to sapienic acid, oleic acid (18:1Δ9), a major ω9 monounsaturated fatty acid of sebum triglycerides, exerts the strongest antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties among sebaceous fatty acids and strongly enhances the innate antibacterial defence of the skin.18,19”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [18] Nakatsuji T, Kao MC, Zhang L, Zouboulis CC, Gallo RL, Huang C-M Sebum free fatty acids enhance the innate immune defense of human sebocytes by upregulating β-defensin-2 expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2010; 130: 985– 94. doi: 10.1038/jid.2009.384. PMID:20032992. 20032992 PMC3057125 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] Chen CH, Wang Y, Nakatsuji T, Liu YT, Zouboulis CC, Gallo R, et al. An innate bactericidal oleic acid effective against skin infection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: A therapy concordant with evolutionary medicine. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011; 21: 391– 9. PMID:21532323. 21532323 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“however, it provides direct antibacterial activities against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and enhances the skin innate antibacterial defence by inducing the expression of human β-defensin-2 (hBD2) in human sebocytes and mouse skin.18”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [18] Nakatsuji T, Kao MC, Zhang L, Zouboulis CC, Gallo RL, Huang C-M Sebum free fatty acids enhance the innate immune defense of human sebocytes by upregulating β-defensin-2 expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2010; 130: 985– 94. doi: 10.1038/jid.2009.384. PMID:20032992. 20032992 PMC3057125 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that palmitic acid increased hBD-2 expression in human sebocytes, supporting the indirect-defense part of the claim. But it says palmitic acid did not have potent bactericidal activity against P. acnes. The mouse-skin Results tested oleic acid, not palmitic acid, and measured mouse β-defensin-4 rather than human hBD-2; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“On the other hand, peroxidated squalene along with unsaturated free fatty acids (FFA), has been reported to be comedogenic and therefore responsible for pathological skin conditions.8,9”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [8] Chiba K, Yoshizawa K, Makino I, Kawakami K, Onoue M Comedogenicity of squalene monohydroperoxide in the skin after topical application. J Toxicol Sci. 2000; 25: 77– 83. doi: 10.2131/jts.25.77. PMID:10845185. 10845185 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 4) report comedone formation after topical application of squalene monohydroperoxide to rabbit ears. The Discussion (p. 6) suggests a role in acne, but does not establish that it is responsible for pathological skin conditions in humans. The Introduction (p. 1) mentions fatty acids as compounds used in comedogenicity studies, without establishing the claim for unsaturated free fatty acids. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [9] Leyden JJ New understandings of the pathogenesis of acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995; 32: S15−25. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90416-6. PMID:7738222. 7738222 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “The follicular canal in acne” (page not provided), the paper reports that squalene and free fatty acids are comedogenic in a rabbit-ear model and discusses squalene peroxides as a possible contributor to comedogenesis. It does not specifically identify unsaturated free fatty acids as the comedogenic group, and its tentative account of acne does not establish that these lipids are responsible for pathological skin conditions generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, studies also detected decreased level of vitamin E in acne subjects, which also leads to inflammation and underlines a general importance of lipid peroxidation in the development of acne.3”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Acne
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [3] Picardo M, Ottaviani M, Camera E, Mastrofrancesco A Sebaceous gland lipids. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009; 1: 68– 71. doi: 10.4161/derm.1.2.8472. PMID:20224686. 20224686 PMC2835893 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage labeled Abstract reports lower vitamin E levels and more squalene peroxide in acne subjects, and says these findings support a role for lipid peroxidation in acne development. Another passage labeled Abstract reports that squalene peroxide induces inflammatory mediators and that vitamin E helps limit its harmful effects. It does not establish that decreased vitamin E itself leads to inflammation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In relation to seborrheic dermatitis, studies suggest that the lipases and phosphatases produced by Malassezia hydrolyse sebaceous lipids, resulting in decreased triglycerides and a corresponding increase in FFA, which may cause irritation.30”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Seborrheic dermatitis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [30] DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR, Reeder NL, Coleman CG, Kaczvinsky JR Jr., Gale C, Walter R, Mekel M, Lacey MP, et al. Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1. J Invest Dermatol. 2007; 127: 2138– 46. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700844. PMID:17460728. 17460728 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not specified in our copy) says Malassezia can lower triglyceride levels and increase free fatty acids, and presents lipase-mediated hydrolysis and irritation as a proposed model for dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. The paper does not attribute this hydrolysis to phosphatases, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and activates both the NLRP3 inflammasome and mTORC116,17”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [16] Yasuda M, Tanaka Y, Kume S, Morita Y, Chin-Kanasaki M, Araki H, Isshiki K, Araki S, Koya D, Haneda M, et al. Fatty acids are novel nutrient factors to regulate mTORC1 lysosomal localization and apoptosis in podocytes. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2014; 1842: 1097– 108. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.001. PMID:24726883. 24726883 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.2 reports that palmitate activated mTORC1 signaling in cultured podocytes, and Section 3.4 links this to mTOR translocation onto lysosomal membranes (page numbers unavailable). The cited paper does not establish that dietary palmitic acid activates mTORC1, and the passages do not address NLRP3 inflammasome activation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [17] Legrand-Poels S, Esser N, L'Homme L, Scheen A, Paquot N, Piette J Free fatty acids as modulators of the NLRP3 inflammasome in obesity/type 2 diabetes. Biochemical pharmacology. 2014; 92: 131– 41. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.013. PMID:25175736. 25175736 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4 reports that palmitate activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-primed macrophages, supporting that part of the claim in a specific cell-culture setting. The passages found do not report that palmitate activates mTORC1 or establish the claim for dietary palmitic acid. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The elongation and further desaturation of sapienic acid yields another unique sebaceous gland fatty acid, sebaleic acid (18:2Δ5, 8).3”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] Picardo M, Ottaviani M, Camera E, Mastrofrancesco A Sebaceous gland lipids. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009; 1: 68– 71. doi: 10.4161/derm.1.2.8472. PMID:20224686. 20224686 PMC2835893 source
The Sebum section (passage [1], indexed under Abstract; no page number provided) states that elongation of sapienic acid by two carbons and further unsaturation forms sebaleic acid (18:2, Δ5,8), which is peculiar to human sebum. This directly supports the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The healthy human skin is populated with a characteristic microbiome.54”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Immune functions of sebum lipids > Modulation of the microbiome
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [54] Grice EA, Segre JA The skin microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011; 9: 244– 53. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro253710.1038/nrmicro2619. PMID:21407241. 21407241 PMC3535073 source
The Molecular analysis of skin microbiota section describes the bacteria found on human skin, including four dominant phyla. The paper also notes variation across skin sites, which does not undermine the general claim that healthy skin has a microbiome. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Therefore, individual sensitivity to the irritating FFA determines the consequent inflammatory response and may define susceptibility for seborrheic dermatitis.31”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Seborrheic dermatitis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] Thayikkannu AB, Kindo AJ, Veeraraghavan M Malassezia-Can it be Ignored? Indian journal of dermatology. 2015; 60: 332– 9. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.160475. PMID:26288399. 26288399 PMC4533528 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Clinical scenario section says Malassezia breaks down sebum into irritating fatty acids that initiate inflammation. It also discusses host susceptibility to seborrheic dermatitis, but does not say that individual sensitivity to those fatty acids determines the inflammatory response or susceptibility. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, sebaceous lipids make an important contribution in maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier along with lipids of epidermal origin2,52 thus contributing to the body's first line of defence.53”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Immune functions of sebum lipids > Modulation of the microbiome
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [2] Zouboulis CC, Baron JM, Bohm M, Kippenberger S, Kurzen H, Reichrath J, Thielitz A Frontiers in sebaceous gland biology and pathology. Exp Dermatol. 2008; 17: 542– 51. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00725.x. PMID:18474083. 18474083 source
The paper states that, after birth, sebaceous glands organize skin-surface lipids in a way that supports skin-barrier integrity (Abstract; page unavailable). Its Conclusion describes their responsibility for barrier integrity as partial, consistent with a contribution alongside other sources. The separate citation for the body's first line of defence is not the part attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Zouboulis CC Acne and sebaceous gland function. Clinics in dermatology. 2004; 22: 360– 6. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004. PMID:15556719. 15556719 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [53] Zouboulis CC, Picardo M, Ju Q, Kurokawa I, Torocsik D, Biro T, Schneider MR Beyond acne: Current aspects of sebaceous gland biology and function. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders. 2016;17(3):319–334. doi: 10.1007/s11154-016-9389-5. PMID:27726049. 27726049 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Both testosterone and 5α-DHT increase sebaceous proliferation, however, they do not affect lipid synthesis.68,69”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [68] Fritsch M, Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC Sebocytes are the key regulators of androgen homeostasis in human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2001; 116: 793– 800. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01312.x. PMID:11348472. 11348472 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory passage (p. 793) reports that testosterone stimulates sebum secretion, not sebaceous proliferation. The testosterone-metabolism results and Discussion (pp. 793–800) address conversion to 5α-DHT but do not report whether either androgen increases sebaceous proliferation. Searches for proliferation and cell growth found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Akamatsu H, Zouboulis CC, Orfanos CE Control of human sebocyte proliferation in vitro by testosterone and 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone is dependent on the localization of the sebaceous glands. J Invest Dermatol 1992; 99: 509– 11. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12616181. PMID:1402009. 1402009 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“These antimicrobials act as part of the innate immune system of the skin, and are generated through the action of ceramidases from the stratum corneum.63”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Immune functions of sebum lipids > Modulation of the microbiome
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [63] Fischer CL, Blanchette DR, Brogden KA, Dawson DV, Drake DR, Hill JR, Wertz PW The roles of cutaneous lipids in host defense. Biochimica et biophysica acta. 2014; 1841: 319– 22. doi: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.012. PMID:23994607. 23994607 PMC3943473 source
The Introduction says ceramidases release potent antibacterial long-chain bases from ceramides in the stratum corneum. It also describes antimicrobial lipids as contributors to the skin’s defense against microbial growth. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One of the major factors in humans are the hormonal changes taking place at puberty.67”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [67] Zouboulis CC, Chen WC, Thornton MJ, Qin K, Rosenfield R Sexual hormones in human skin. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme. 2007; 39: 85– 95. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-961807. PMID:17326004. 17326004 source
The “Androgens and the sebaceous gland” section (page not supplied) states that sebum production depends on androgens and describes a change in sebum production at puberty. The Introduction (page not supplied) notes that testosterone secretion in males begins at puberty, supporting the claimed hormonal link. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The Liver X Receptor (LXR) receptors which have a well-defined role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis and lipid metabolism75,76”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] Torocsik D, Szanto A, Nagy L Oxysterol signaling links cholesterol metabolism and inflammation via the liver X receptor in macrophages. Molecular aspects of medicine. 2009; 30: 134– 52. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2009.02.002. PMID:19248804. 19248804 source
- Partly supportedcites [76] Zouboulis CC Sebaceous gland receptors. Dermato-endocrinology. 2009; 1: 77– 80. doi: 10.4161/derm.1.2.7804. PMID:20224688. 20224688 PMC2835895 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Sebocyte Receptors section (page not available) reports that LXR ligands increase lipogenesis in SZ95 sebocytes and induce lipid-synthesis targets, supporting a role in lipid metabolism. It does not describe a role in cellular cholesterol homeostasis, and its discussion is limited to sebocytes rather than cells generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Corticotropin-releasing hormone is expressed in human sebocytes and augments the synthesis of sebaceous lipids in vitro.85,79”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [85] Zouboulis CC, Seltmann H, Hiroi N, Chen W, Young M, Oeff M, Scherbaum WA, Orfanos CE, McCann SM, Bornstein SR Corticotropin-releasing hormone: an autocrine hormone that promotes lipogenesis in human sebocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002; 99: 7148– 53. doi: 10.1073/pnas.102180999. PMID:12011471. 12011471 PMC124543 source
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports CRH expression in human sebocytes and states that CRH directly induces lipid synthesis. The Results (page not supplied) show increased lipid content in cultured SZ95 sebocytes at concentrations up to 10−7 M. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Could not verifycites [79] Tsukada M, Schroder M, Roos TC, Chandraratna RA, Reichert U, Merk HF, Orfanos CE, Zouboulis CC 13-cis retinoic acid exerts its specific activity on human sebocytes through selective intracellular isomerization to all-trans retinoic acid and binding to retinoid acid receptors. J Invest Dermatol. 2000; 115: 321– 7. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00066.x. PMID:10951254. 10951254 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and Methods and Discussion passages address retinoid treatment of human sebocytes, not corticotropin-releasing hormone. Searches for “corticotropin-releasing hormone” and “CRH” found no passage in our copy addressing its expression in sebocytes or its effect on sebaceous lipid synthesis. Page numbers were not available in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Human sebocytes also express melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R), which is involved in sebocyte differentiation and lipogenesis.87,88”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [87] Thiboutot D, Sivarajah A, Gilliland K, Cong Z, Clawson G The melanocortin 5 receptor is expressed in human sebaceous glands and rat preputial cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2000; 115: 614– 9. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00094.x. PMID:10998132. 10998132 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports MC5R expression in human sebaceous glands and cultured human sebocytes. It discusses differentiation as a subject for further study, but explicitly says that MC5R’s role in regulating human sebum production has not been established. It therefore does not establish that MC5R is involved in human sebocyte differentiation or lipogenesis. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] Zhang L, Li WH, Anthonavage M, Eisinger M Melanocortin-5 receptor: a marker of human sebocyte differentiation. Peptides. 2006; 27: 413– 20. doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.05.030. PMID:16309786. 16309786 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“also affects lipogenesis by increasing triglyceride levels, thus increasing the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids or polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids and by decreasing the levels of vitamin E”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [24] Ottaviani M, Camera E, Picardo M Lipid mediators in acne. Mediators of inflammation. 2010; 2010. doi: 10.1155/2010/858176. PMID: 20871834 20871834 PMC2943135 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.3 reports lower vitamin E in acne sebum, and section 3.2 reports altered saturated-to-unsaturated fatty-acid ratios in acne. Neither passage attributes these changes to leptin, and searches for leptin and the claimed triglyceride changes found no passage addressing that causal claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Zouboulis CC, Jourdan E, Picardo M Acne is an inflammatory disease and alterations of sebum composition initiate acne lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014; 28: 527– 32. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12298. PMID:24134468. 24134468 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] Torocsik D, Kovacs D, Camera E, Lovaszi M, Cseri K, Nagy GG, Molinaro R, Ruhl R, Tax G, Szabo K, et al. Leptin promotes a proinflammatory lipid profile and induces inflammatory pathways in human SZ95 sebocytes. Br J Dermatol. 2014; 171: 1326– 35. doi: 10.1111/bjd.13229. PMID:24975960. 24975960 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, and despite the fact that the proportion of sebaceous lipids in the casual lipids is decreased and epidermal lipids (e.g. cholesterol) are increased, the total casual lipid amount is barely changed (own unpublished data).”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Atopic dermatitis patients have severely reduced sebum production.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Sapienic acid is a unique sebaceous monounsaturated fatty acid with a single double bond at the sixth position.12,13”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Nicolaides N Skin lipids: their biochemical uniqueness. Science 1974; 186: 19– 26. doi: 10.1126/science.186.4158.19. PMID:4607408. 4607408 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Stewart ME, Owen Grahek M, Cambier LS, Wertz PW, Downing DT Dilutional effect of increased sebaceous gland activity on the proportion of linoleic acid in sebaceous wax esters and in epidermal acylceramides.] Invest Dermatol 1986; 87: 733– 6. 2946783 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Sapienic acid exerts strong antibacterial and antifungal activities.14”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Lipid composition of human sebum
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Wille JJ, Kydonieus A Palmitoleic acid isomer (C16:1Δ6) in human skin sebum is effective against gram-positive bacteria. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2003; 16: 176– 87. doi: 10.1159/000069757. 12677098 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Variations in the composition and amount of sebum in different skin diseases have been detected, which are suggested to not be simply disease markers but may also play a significant role in disease pathogenesis.”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sebaceous glands secrete acids that form the acid mantle, a fine, slightly acidic (between pH 4.5 and pH 6.0) film on the surface of the skin that provides a barrier against pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses that might penetrate the skin and are primarily of alkaline nature.51”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Immune functions of sebum lipids > Modulation of the microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Schmid-Wendtner MH, Korting HC The pH of the skin surface and its impact on the barrier function. Skin pharmacology and physiology. 2006; 19: 296– 302. doi: 10.1159/000094670. PMID:16864974. 16864974 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Therefore, a link between an altered sebaceous gland function and skin barrier dysfunction seem to contribute to the development of the disease, although the exact mechanisms have not been elucidated.40,41”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Firooz A, Gorouhi F, Davari P, Atarod M, Hekmat S, Rashighi-Firoozabadi M, Solhpour A Comparison of hydration, sebum and pH values in clinically normal skin of patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy controls. Clinical and experimental dermatology. 2007; 32: 321– 2. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02364.x. PMID:17335552. 17335552 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [41] Wirth H, Gloor M, Stoika D Sebaceous glands in uninvolved skin of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res. 1981; 270: 167– 9. doi: 10.1007/BF00408228. PMID:7247453. 7247453 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Atopic dermatitis patients have severely reduced sebum production.
In the paper
“Affected individuals exhibit elevated levels of myristic acid (C14:0) and reduced levels of saturated long chain fatty acids.33”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Sebum alterations in various skin diseases > Rosacea
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Ni Raghallaigh S, Bender K, Lacey N, Brennan L, Powell FC The fatty acid profile of the skin surface lipid layer in papulopustular rosacea. Br J Dermatol. 2012; 166: 279– 87. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10662.x. PMID:21967555. 21967555 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This bacterial lipase activity not only leads to an increased presence of FFA on the surface of the skin, but also to an altered sebum composition.58”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Immune functions of sebum lipids > Modulation of the microbiome
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Drake DR, Brogden KA, Dawson DV, Wertz PW Thematic review series: skin lipids. Antimicrobial lipids at the skin surface. J Lipid Res. 2008; 49: 4– 11. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R700016-JLR200. PMID:17906220. 17906220 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The presence of the IGF-1 receptor in sebocytes has been described and was shown to activate the PI3K/ Akt/FoxO1 pathway”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Mirdamadi Y, Thielitz A, Wiede A, Goihl A, Papakonstantinou E, Hartig R, Zouboulis CC, Reinhold D, Simeoni L, Bommhardt U, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 can modulate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/FoxO1 pathway in SZ95 sebocytes in vitro. Molecular and cellular endocrinology. 2015; 415: 32– 44. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.08.001. PMID:26257240. 26257240 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, PPAR-α seems to be related to β-oxidation of fatty acids and lipid catabolism.73”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Trivedi NR, Cong Z, Nelson AM, Albert AJ, Rosamilia LL, Sivarajah S, Gilliland KL, Liu W, Mauger DT, Gabbay RA, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors increase human sebum production. J Invest Dermatol. 2006; 126: 2002– 9. doi: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700336. PMID:16675962. 16675962 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These results shed light on how sebum composition plays a key role in regulating immune responses against bacteria, such as P. acnes, proving that sebum lipids not only can regulate macrophage function, but also integrate into disease-specific settings, such as acne.25”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Immune functions of sebum lipids > Immunoregulatory effect on macrophages
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Zouboulis CC, Jourdan E, Picardo M Acne is an inflammatory disease and alterations of sebum composition initiate acne lesions. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014; 28: 527– 32. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12298. PMID:24134468. 24134468 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sebaceous glands not only respond to androgens, but are also capable of producing them.”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These changes lead to hyperkeratinisation and chronic inflammation, which further increases the pathological microbial colonization of the skin, thus sustaining acne formation.”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Immune functions of sebum lipids > Modulation of the microbiome
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and their ligands all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) inhibit sebocyte differentiation and lipid synthesis.80”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Zouboulis CC, Korge B, Akamatsu H, Xia LQ, Schiller S, Gollnick H, Orfanos CE Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid, and acitretin on the proliferation, lipid synthesis and keratin expression of cultured human sebocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol. 1991; 96: 792– 7. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12471782. PMID:1708801. 1708801 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Both retinoic acid receptors (RAR-α and -γ) and retinoid X receptors (RXR-α, -β, -γ) are expressed in human sebocytes”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Zouboulis CC, Korge B, Akamatsu H, Xia LQ, Schiller S, Gollnick H, Orfanos CE Effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid, and acitretin on the proliferation, lipid synthesis and keratin expression of cultured human sebocytes in vitro. J Invest Dermatol. 1991; 96: 792– 7. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12471782. PMID:1708801. 1708801 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“PPARs with all three isoforms namely PPAR-α, -δ, -γ1 and -γ2 which are all expressed in sebocytes47”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Signalling pathways affecting sebum lipid composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Alestas T, Ganceviciene R, Fimmel S, Muller-Decker K, Zouboulis CC Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2 are active in sebaceous glands. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany). 2006; 84: 75– 87. doi: 10.1007/s00109-005-0715-8. PMID:16388388. 16388388 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“more interestingly arachidonoyl ethanolamide/anandamide, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol are also present in sebocytes and can induce lipid production and apoptosis.42”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Therapeutic perspectives in modulating sebum composition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [42] Dobrosi N, Toth BI, Nagy G, Dozsa A, Geczy T, Nagy L, Zouboulis CC, Paus R, Kovacs L, Biro T Endocannabinoids enhance lipid synthesis and apoptosis of human sebocytes via cannabinoid receptor-2-mediated signaling. FASEB journal: official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2008; 22: 3685– 95. doi: 10.1096/fj.07-104877. PMID:18596221. 18596221 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sebaceous gland lipids have been shown to exhibit pro-and anti-inflammatory properties, attributed with antimicrobial qualities and most recently they have been demonstrated to exert a modulating role on immune cells (Fig. 1).”
§ Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids > Conclusion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The altered sebaceous fatty acid profile is an important contributor to skin barrier dysfunction leading to rosacea.
“These lipids have a role in maintaining the skin barrier integrity, therefore it is reasonable to assume that the altered sebaceous fatty acid profile is an important contributor to skin barrier dysfunction leading to rosacea.33”
The paper relies on this without support.
Atopic dermatitis patients have severely reduced sebum production.
“Although AD is mainly characterized by the dysfunctional synthesis of ceramides in keratinocytes39, AD patients seem to exert a severely reduced sebum production, which should contribute to diminished skin hydration.”
Citations
Cites
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“The sebum lipids linoleic and oleic acid were detected to be potent inducers of the so-called alternative macrophage activation, which is the characteristic activation pathway for macrophages involved in tissue homeostasis and repair functions.(64) Furthermore, these lipids also enhanced the ability of macrophages to…”
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“Furthermore, PPAR-a seems to be related to b-oxidation of fatty acids and lipid catabolism.73 Interestingly, P. acnes and its soluble factors may also participate in the augmentation of sebaceous lipogenesis by increasing the production of the 15-deoxyD12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), an endogenous activator of PPAR…”
BackgroundSchweiger, D., Baufeld, C., Drescher, P., Oltrogge, B., Höpfner, S., Mess, A., Lüttke, J., Rippke, F., Filbry, A. W., & Max, H. (2013) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000348473 · Cited by 1,349
The pH of the Skin Surface and Its Impact on the Barrier Function
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in inflammation control
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Antimicrobial psoriasin (S100A7) protects human skin from Escherichia coli infection
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“monounsaturated fatty acid with a single double bond at the sixth position.(12,13) The elongation and further desaturation of sapienic acid yields another unique sebaceous gland fatty acid, sebaleic acid (18:2D5, 8).”
BackgroundNew developments in our understanding of acne pathogenesis and treatment
Kurokawa, I., Danby, F. W., Ju, Q., Wang, X., Xiang, L. F., Xia, L., Chen, W., Nagy, I., Picardo, M., Suh, D. H., et al. (2009) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00890.x · Cited by 584
Self-citationAcne and sebaceous gland function
Zouboulis, C. C. (2004) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.03.004 · Cited by 561
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Enhancement strategies for transdermal drug delivery systems: current trends and applications
Ramadon, D., McCrudden, M., Courtenay, A. J., & Donnelly, R. F. (2021) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-021-00909-6 · Cited by 674
Metabolomics of sebum reveals lipid dysregulation in Parkinson’s disease
Sinclair, E., Trivedi, D. K., Sarkar, D., Walton‐Doyle, C., Milne, J., Kunath, T., Rijs, A. M., de Bie, R. M. A., Goodacre, R., Silverdale, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21669-4 · Cited by 207
Skin lipids in health and disease: A review
Knox, S. E., & O’Boyle, N. M. (2021) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105055 · Cited by 214
El‐Saadony, M. T., Saad, A. M., Mohammed, D. M., Alkafaas, S. S., Ghosh, S. B., Negm, S. H., Salem, H. M., Fahmy, M. A., Mosa, W. F. A., Ibrahim, E. H., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1603018 · Cited by 155
“By retaining moisture, it enhances the skin ’ s emollient function and overall resilience (550).”
Zouboulis, C. C., Coenye, T., He, L., Kabashima, K., Kobayashi, T., Niemann, C., Nomura, T., Oláh, A., Picardo, M., Quist, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029818 · Cited by 143
“In addition to their contribution to the lipid barrier of the skin, sebaceous lipids also penetrate into the dermis (19 – 21), in fl uence stromal cells and contribute to skin homeostasis by controlling the perifollicular ILC and commensal bacteria equilibrium (61, 90).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationExploring Skin Wound Healing Models and the Impact of Natural Lipids on the Healing Process
Choudhary, V., Choudhary, M., & Bollag, W. B. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073790 · Cited by 135
“Lipid species on the body’s surface exhibit antimicrobial activity and play a direct role in shaping the commensal microbiota [78].”
BackgroundSanford, J. A., O’Neill, A. M., Zouboulis, C. C., & Gallo, R. L. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1800893 · Cited by 127
Self-citationSkin immunity: dissecting the complex biology of our body's outer barrier
Zhang, C., Merana, G. R., Harris-Tryon, T. A., & Scharschmidt, T. C. (2022) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41385-022-00505-y · Cited by 128
The heterogeneity and complexity of skin surface lipids in human skin health and disease
Mijaljica, D., Townley, J. P., Spada, F., & Harrison, I. P. (2024) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101264 · Cited by 94
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin induces adipose loss through sebum hypersecretion
Choa, R., Tohyama, J., Wada, S., Meng, H., Hu, J., Okumura, M., May, R. M., Robertson, T. F., Pai, R.-A. L., Nace, A., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd2893 · Cited by 88
Skin Microbiome, Metabolome and Skin Phenome, from the Perspectives of Skin as an Ecosystem
Chen, H., Zhao, Q., Zhong, Q., Duan, C., Krutmann, J., Wang, J., & Xia, J. (2022) · Phenomics · doi:10.1007/s43657-022-00073-y · Cited by 79
“2009); oleic acid (18:1Δ9) (Lovászi et al. 2017) Maintain skin surface moisture permeability: wax ester, FFAs, and squalene (Cui et al.”
BackgroundEndocrinology and immunology of acne: Two sides of the same coin
Zouboulis, C. C. (2020) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14172 · Cited by 78
Self-citationZhang, C., Hu, Z., Lone, A. G., Artami, M., Edwards, M., Zouboulis, C. C., Stein, M., & Harris-Tryon, T. A. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.76729 · Cited by 65
Self-citationVeniaminova, N. A., Jia, Y. Y., Hartigan, A. M., Huyge, T. J., Tsai, S.-Y., Grachtchouk, M. A., Nakagawa, S., Dlugosz, A. A., Atwood, S. X., & Wong, S. Y. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113121 · Cited by 65
“3,4 Since perturbations in sebum are notably linked to common cutaneous disorders such as acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and enlarged facial pores, SGs must be exquisitely regulated in order to maintain healthy skin function and cosmetic appearance.”
Zhang, C., Chinnappan, M., Prestwood, C. A., Edwards, M., Artami, M., Thompson, B. M., Eckert, K. M., do Vale, G. D., Zouboulis, C. C., McDonald, J. G., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2100749118 · Cited by 59
Self-citationAdvancements in Skin‐Mediated Drug Delivery: Mechanisms, Techniques, and Applications
Lee, D. H., Lim, S., Kwak, S. S., & Kim, J. (2023) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202302375 · Cited by 72
Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism across skin cells: implications for skin homeostasis and aging
Martic, I., Papaccio, F., Bellei, B., & Cavinato, M. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1284410 · Cited by 60
“The glandular cells are primarily composed of sebocytes, which are specialized cells that produce and accumulate lipids and other substances that make up the sebum (Lovászi et al., 2017; Wikramanayake et al., 2022).”
BackgroundNiche-Specific Factors Dynamically Regulate Sebaceous Gland Stem Cells in the Skin
Veniaminova, N. A., Grachtchouk, M. A., Doane, O. J., Peterson, J. K., Quigley, D. A., Lull, M. V., Pyrozhenko, D. V., Nair, R. R., Patrick, M. T., Balmain, A., et al. (2019) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.015 · Cited by 55
“Indeed, an immune-modulatory role for sebum has been hypothesized to control eczematous dermatitis, a frequent side-effect of anti-acne medications that suppress sebum production (Lovászi et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSarkar, D., Sinclair, E., Lim, S. H., et al. (2022) · JACS Au · doi:10.1021/jacsau.2c00300 · Cited by 52
The epidermal lipid barrier in microbiome–skin interaction
Tchoupa, A. K., Kretschmer, D., Schittek, B., & Peschel, A. (2023) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.tim.2023.01.009 · Cited by 55
Mammalian Epidermis: A Compendium of Lipid Functionality
Rudan, M. V., & Watt, F. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.804824 · Cited by 55
Stem and progenitor cells in sebaceous gland development, homeostasis and pathologies
Geueke, A., & Niemann, C. (2021) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14303 · Cited by 46
Törőcsik, D., Kovács, D., Póliska, S., Szentkereszty-Kovács, Z., Lovászi, M., Hegyi, K., Szegedi, A., Zouboulis, C. C., & Ståhle, M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198323 · Cited by 47
Self-citationSeiringer, P., Hillig, C., Schäbitz, A., Jargosch, M., Pilz, A. C., Eyerich, S., Szegedi, A., Sochorová, M., Грубер, Ф., Zouboulis, C. C., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334844 · Cited by 47
“This topographical coexistence, as well as other fi ndings such as SG atrophy observed in the chronic phase of both diseases (23, 24), provide excellent starting points to further investigate the functional sebaceous (immuno)biology in PSO and AD (25, 26).”
BackgroundSelf-citationNo skin off your back: the sampling and extraction of sebum for metabolomics
Géhin, C., Tokarska, J., Fowler, S. J., Barran, P. E., & Trivedi, D. K. (2023) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-023-01982-3 · Cited by 38
Choi, C. W., Kim, Y., Kim, J. E., Seo, E. Y., Zouboulis, C. C., Kang, J. S., Youn, S. W., & Chung, J. H. (2018) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.13855 · Cited by 36
Self-citationImmune mechanisms in human and canine demodicosis: A review
Gazi, U., Özkan, A. T., & Mumcuoğlu, K. Y. (2019) · Parasite Immunology · doi:10.1111/pim.12673 · Cited by 36
Liu, H., Xing, F., Yu, P., Zhe, M., Duan, X., Liu, M., Xiang, Z., & Ritz, U. (2024) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131623 · Cited by 40
Application of Sebum Lipidomics to Biomarkers Discovery in Neurodegenerative Diseases
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“It is important to note that, within the increased SCFAs in PD sebum, there is also palmitic acid (C16:0) from which derives sapienic acid, by FADS2-catalyzed desaturation [46].”
BackgroundJin, S., & Lee, M. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113457 · Cited by 34
“In addition, alterations in sebum lipid composition also play a crucial role in the clinical development and aggravation of acne [27].”
BackgroundBioprospecting the Skin Microbiome: Advances in Therapeutics and Personal Care Products
Nicholas-Haizelden, K., Murphy, B., Hoptroff, M., & Horsburgh, M. J. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11081899 · Cited by 37
Schachner, L. A., Alexis, A. F., Andriessen, A., Berson, D. S., Gold, M. H., Goldberg, D. J., Hu, S., Keri, J. E., Kircik, L., & Woolery-Lloyd, H. C. (2023) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.15946 · Cited by 33
“8,9,11,12 Increased sebum production stimulates the proliferation of C. acnes .”
BackgroundInfluentialD’Souza, B., Kasar, A. K., Jones, J., Skeete, A., Rader, L., Kumar, P., & Menezes, P. L. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15062184 · Cited by 32
Barrier function‐related genes and proteins have an altered expression in acne‐involved skin
Dull, K., Lénárt, K., Dajnoki, Z., Póliska, S., Uchiyama, E., Hendrik, Z., Szegedi, A., & Törőcsik, D. (2023) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19062 · Cited by 31
Self-citationInsulin Resistance and Acne: The Role of Metformin as Alternative Therapy in Men
Andreadi, A., Muscoli, S., Tajmir, R., Meloni, M., Minasi, A., Muscoli, C., Ilari, S., Mollace, V., Della‐Morte, D., Bellia, A., et al. (2022) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16010027 · Cited by 31
“Moreover, the sebaceous gland lipids feature pro-and anti-inflammatory properties with an antimicrobial action and modulating immune cells [5,6].”
BackgroundLinoleic Acid Induced Changes in SZ95 Sebocytes—Comparison with Palmitic Acid and Arachidonic Acid
Kovács, D., Camera, E., Póliska, S., Cavallo, A., Maiellaro, M., Dull, K., Грубер, Ф., Zouboulis, C. C., Szegedi, A., & Törőcsik, D. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15153315 · Cited by 30
Self-citationImmune cell trafficking: a novel perspective on the gut-skin axis
Zhang, J., & Yao, Z. (2024) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-024-00334-5 · Cited by 30
“Sebaceous and sweat glands contribute to the immune response by secreting chemokines, cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides [84, 85].”
BackgroundA review of sebum in mammals in relation to skin diseases, skin function, and the skin microbiome
Vanderwolf, K., Kyle, C., & Davy, C. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16680 · Cited by 25
Szabó, K., Bolla, B. S., Erdei, L., Balogh, F., & Kemény, L. V. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242115962 · Cited by 31
Gu, H., An, H., Gwon, M., Bae, S., Leem, J., Lee, S.-J., Han, S., Zouboulis, C. C., & Park, K.-K. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23063152 · Cited by 24
Self-citationThe Role of Sirtuins in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis
Słuczanowska-Głąbowska, S., Salmanowicz, M., Staniszewska, M., & Pawlik, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241310782 · Cited by 25
“Sebaceous gland lipids play a role in pro- and anti-inflammatory signalling and affect immune cell function [87].”
BackgroundTörőcsik, D., Fazekas, F., Póliska, S., Gregus, A., Janka, E. A., Dull, K., Szegedi, A., Zouboulis, C. C., & Kovács, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.600017 · Cited by 23
“org 10 altered microbiome directly with their lipids and proteins (59), where first explanation of the mechanisms have currently been provided (17, 58).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTopographical variations in the skin barrier and their role in disease pathogenesis
Dajnoki, Z., Kapitány, A., Eyerich, K., Eyerich, S., Törőcsik, D., & Szegedi, A. (2024) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.20463 · Cited by 22
Self-citationHair follicles modulate skin barrier function
Ford, N. C., Benedeck, R. E., Mattoon, M. T., Peterson, J. K., Mesler, A. L., Veniaminova, N. A., Gardon, D. J., Tsai, S.-Y., Uchida, Y., & Wong, S. Y. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114347 · Cited by 22
Role of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Skin Homeostasis: An Update
Quan, T., Li, R., & Gao, T. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26051803 · Cited by 23
Serum Levels of 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D in Patients with Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Case‐Control Study
Rahimi, S., Nemati, N., & Shafaei-Tonekaboni, S. S. (2021) · Dermatology Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2021/6623271 · Cited by 18
“produce lipases and phosphatases that can degrade sebaceous triglycerides, resulting in an increase in free fatty acids, which may cause activation of toll-like receptor- (TLR-) 2 and induce inflammatory cascade [4].”
Cavallo, A., Camera, E., Bottillo, G., Maiellaro, M., Truglio, M., Marini, F., Chavagnac‐Bonneville, M., Fauger, A., Perrier, É., Pigliacelli, F., et al. (2024) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.15066 · Cited by 17
“18,19 23 Sebum production is activated at puberty in both genders.”
BackgroundDull, K., Fazekas, F., Deák, D., Kovács, D., Póliska, S., Szegedi, A., Zouboulis, C. C., & Törőcsik, D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00907-1 · Cited by 17
Self-citationFlori, E., Mastrofrancesco, A., Ottaviani, M., Maiellaro, M., Zouboulis, C. C., & Camera, E. (2023) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.14780 · Cited by 15
Self-citationSeasonal variations in the skin parameters of Caucasian women from Central Europe
Dolečková, I., Čápová, A., Machková, L., Moravčíková, S., Marešová, M., & Velebný, V. (2020) · Skin Research and Technology · doi:10.1111/srt.12951 · Cited by 15
Mechanisms of lipid extraction from skin lipid bilayers by sebum triglycerides
Tascini, A. S., Noro, M. G., Seddon, J. M., Chen, R., & Bresme, F. (2018) · Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics · doi:10.1039/c8cp05706k · Cited by 14
Characteristics of Malassezia furfur at various pH and effects of Malassezia lipids on skin cells
Park, Y. H., Yu, B. S., Heo, Y. M., Kyung, S., Lee, K., Kim, S., Kang, S., Han, K., & Kim, D. H. (2024) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-024-13292-2 · Cited by 14
“Sebum from human sebaceous glands is composed of wax esters, sterol esters, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, fatty acids, triglycerides, and squalene, making it an excellent lipid source for Malassezia genus (Lovászi et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe Role and Implications of Epidermal Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Inflammaging
Zhang, J., Xia, B., Wakefield, J. S., Elias, P. M., & Wang, X. (2025) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2024.09.025 · Cited by 15
Zouboulis, C. C., Hossini, A. M., Hou, X., Wang, C., Weylandt, K. H., & Pietzner, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210332 · Cited by 13
Self-citationTopical methylene blue nanoformulation for the photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris
Lee, Y., Yang, J.-K., Han, S., Kim, B. R., Shin, J.-W., Bang, J., & Kim, S. (2022) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-022-02464-7 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, encapsulation with oleic acid could help particles readily penetrate the dermis through the epidermis [42, 43].”
BackgroundChoa, R., Harris, J. C., Yang, E., Yokoyama, Y., Okumura, M., Kim, M., To, J., Lou, M., Nelson, A., & Kambayashi, T. (2023) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.923 · Cited by 14
Sebaceous gland organoid engineering
Liu, Y., Gao, H., Chen, H., Ji, S., Wu, L., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Fu, X., & Sun, X. (2024) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1093/burnst/tkae003 · Cited by 14
“SGs regulate the skin barrier by modulating lipid composition and amount of sebum, a complex formation of lipids produced by SGs, thereby affecting the growth of diverse bacteria [93].”
Alofi, R. M., Alrohaily, L. S., Alharthi, N. N., & Almouteri, M. M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.70335 · Cited by 12
“The periorbital area is abundant in sebaceous glands, creating a lipid-rich environment conducive to the expansion of Malassezia [40,41].”
BackgroundOverall renewal of skin lipids with Vetiver extract for a complete anti‐ageing strategy
Tollenaere, M. D., Chapuis, E., Lapierre, L., Bracq, M., Hubert, J., Lambert, C., Sandré, J., Auriol, D., Scandolera, A., & Reynaud, R. (2020) · International Journal of Cosmetic Science · doi:10.1111/ics.12678 · Cited by 12
SLIDE—Novel Approach to Apocrine Sweat Sampling for Lipid Profiling in Healthy Individuals
Kvasnička, A., Friedecký, D., Tichá, A., Hyšpler, R., Janečková, H., Brumarová, R., Najdekr, L., & Zadák, Z. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158054 · Cited by 11
Skin manifestations in diabetes—what is new?
Dorf, N., & Maciejczyk, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1640144 · Cited by 13
“Sebum is primarily composed of diglycerides, triglycerides, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, and their reduced levels contribute to diminished skin hydration (96).”
Long‐term effect of azelaic acid peel on sebum production in acne
Szymańska, A., Budzisz, E., & Erkiert‐Polguj, A. (2021) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/dth.15186 · Cited by 11
“Abnormalities related to the function of sebaceous glands, resulting in their excessive activity, as well as disturbances in the composition of sebum, can lead to the development of seborrhea or acne vulgaris.(2) Received: 26 August 2021 Revised: 13 October 2021 Accepted: 1 November 2021”
BackgroundBaroud, S., Wu, J., & Zouboulis, C. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9111735 · Cited by 11
Self-citationLiu, Y., Butovich, I. A., Garreis, F., Zahn, I., Scholz, M., Gaffling, S., Jabari, S., Dietrich, J., & Paulsen, F. P. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25063109 · Cited by 12
“SGs’ acini are full of sebocytes; those cells show to a great part the same differentiation process as meibocytes in MGs [14,15].”
BackgroundResearch Techniques Made Simple: Lipidomic Analysis in Skin Research
Sochorová, M., Vávrová, K., Fedorova, M., Ni, Z., Slenter, D., Kutmon, M., Willighagen, E., Letsiou, S., Törőcsik, D., Marchetti‐Deschmann, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.017 · Cited by 11
Self-citationUnlocking the potential of transdermal drug delivery
Li, S., Wu, J., Peng, X., & Feng, X. (2024) · International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials · doi:10.1080/19475411.2024.2366210 · Cited by 11
“In addition, there are numerous hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands in the dermis for sweating and sebum secretion [78].”
Walton‐Doyle, C., Sinclair, E., Begum, H., Hollywood, K. A., Trivedi, D. K., & Barran, P. E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71598-7 · Cited by 10
“It has many roles, including providing an antimicrobial film, protecting against dehydration, thermoregulation, photoprotection and transporting antioxidants to the skin’s surface 14–16 .”
BackgroundZouboulis, C. C., Oeff, M. K., Hiroi, N., Makrantonaki, E., & Bornstein, S. R. (2021) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000513259 · Cited by 10
Self-citationSmith, M. L., O’Neill, C. A., Dickinson, M., Chavan, B., & McBain, A. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiomes · doi:10.3389/frmbi.2023.1102315 · Cited by 10
Goldberg, D. J., Andriessen, A., Bhatia, A. C., Gold, M. H., Lewis, A. B., Lolis, M. S., Miller, J. H., & Ros, A. (2023) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.15964 · Cited by 9
Inverse correlation between the expression of AMPK/SIRT1 and NAMPT in psoriatic skin: A pilot study
D’Amico, F., Costantino, G., Salvatorelli, L., Ramondetta, A., Pasquale, R. D., Sortino, M. A., & Merlo, S. (2022) · Advances in Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.advms.2022.07.001 · Cited by 9
A Comparison of the Natural and Groomed Fingermark Lipid Composition of Different Donors Using GC/MS
Moraleda, A., Roux, C. P., Bécue, A., & Weyermann, C. (2022) · Forensic Science International · doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111709 · Cited by 8
Skin properties associated with skin tears in older adults: A case-control study
Kaçmaz, H. Y., Kahraman, H., Çınar, S. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Tissue Viability · doi:10.1016/j.jtv.2023.09.004 · Cited by 8
Sikora, B. C., Wortzman, M. S., Nelson, D. B., & Dover, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology · doi:10.1111/jocd.14314 · Cited by 8
Durgin, J., Veniaminova, N., Huyge, T. J., Tsai, S.-Y., Fox, J., Cai, Y.-L., Sarkar, M., Tsoi, L., Gudjonsson, J., & Wong, S. Y. (2026) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.198021 · Cited by 7
Cao, Y., Jiang, L., Zhang, J., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.16167 · Cited by 6
“Obtainable from non-invasive skin swabs, sebum is an underexplored bio-fluid that consists primarily of cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, squalene and waxy esters [8].”
BackgroundKlas, K., Copic, D., Direder, M., Laggner, M., Prucksamas, P. S., Грубер, Ф., Ankersmit, H. J., & Mildner, M. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111631 · Cited by 8
Skin pH varies among bat species and seasons and between wild and captive bats
Vanderwolf, K. J., Kyle, C. J., Faure, P. A., McAlpine, D. F., & Davy, C. M. (2021) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coab088 · Cited by 6
“However, sebum can be affected by diet (Lovászi et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSchachner, L. A., Andriessen, A., Benjamin, L., Dones, M., Kircik, L., Pinera-Llano, A., Keller, L., & Hebert, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Drugs in Dermatology · doi:10.36849/jdd.6872 · Cited by 6
Tang, T., Xu, Y., Wang, L., & Zhang, P. (2023) · Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1002/biot.202300108 · Cited by 6
“[1] Despite progress in understanding acne pathogenesis, the relationship between sebocyte glandsand immune cellsinacne lesions is still unclear.”
BackgroundGalectin-12 in the Regulation of Sebocyte Proliferation, Lipid Metabolism, and Immune Responses
Tsao, C.-H., Hsieh, W.-C., Lin, F.-J., Liu, F., & Yang, R. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15060837 · Cited by 6
Effect of Squalane as a Carrier in O/W Nanoemulsions for Dermal Delivery of Vitamin E
de Souza, A. C., Sípoli, C. C., Samulewski, R. B., Aranha, A. C. R., Defendi, R. O., & Suzuki, R. M. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c08561 · Cited by 5
The correlation between sebum levels and pityriasis versicolor
Mustika, A., Kusuma, M., & Nasution, L. H. (2021) · Bali Medical Journal · doi:10.15562/bmj.v10i3.2859 · Cited by 5
Schachner, L. A., Andriessen, A., Benjamin, L., et al. (2023) · Journal of Drugs in Dermatology · doi:10.36849/jdd.7440 · Cited by 5
Cao, Y., Liang, J., Wang, C., et al. (2023) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2023.2225546 · Cited by 5
MC5R Contributes to Sensitivity to UVB Waves and Barrier Function in Mouse Epidermis
Shintani, A., Sakata‐Haga, H., Moriguchi, K., Tomosugi, M., Sakai, D., Tsukada, T., Taniguchi, M., Asano, M., Shimada, H., Otani, H., et al. (2021) · JID Innovations · doi:10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100024 · Cited by 5
Orbell, H. L., Cave, N., Parry, K., & Griffin, C. E. (2022) · Veterinary Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01652176.2022.2028033 · Cited by 5
“…also generating renewed interest as it emerges from human in-vitro studies that, in addition to their role in barrier function, they may also have antimicrobial effects, they have pro- and antiinflammatory properties, and have a role in immune modulation (Lov aszi et al. 2017; Mattii et al. 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialAnti-acne effects of Castanea crenata bur extract and identification of active compound
You, J., Ji, H., Roh, K., Cho, E., Chajra, H., Fréchet, M., Park, D., & Jung, E. (2022) · Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13765-021-00670-x · Cited by 4
“Sebum production is affected by steroid hormones, vitamin A derivatives, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and free fatty acids (FFAs).”
BackgroundInfluentialMultimodal Clinical Imaging Assessment of the Outcome in Mild-to-Moderate Acne: A Prospective Study
Kyrgidis, Α., Becker, M., Zampeli, V., Fauger, A., Sayag, M., & Zouboulis, C. C. (2019) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000501272 · Cited by 4
Self-citationLipidomics Profile Change of Skin Surface Lipids in Nummular Eczema
Oh, J., Lee, H., Montenegro, S. E., Jin, S., & Chung, J. H. (2022) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2022.10.010 · Cited by 4
Abidi, S. N. F., Chan, S. M., Seidel, K., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.98747 · Cited by 4
“Both over-and underproduction of sebum have been linked to various skin disorders including acne or dry skin (Karnik et al., 2009; Lovászi et al., 2017; Rittié et al., 2016; Shi et al., 2015; Smith and Thiboutot, 2008), thus SG number and function have to be tightly regulated for proper skin…”
Demina, O. M., Rumyantsev, A. G., & Потекаев, Н. Н. (2023) · Russian Journal of Clinical Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.17116/klinderma202322041418 · Cited by 3
Piperine reduces hair oiliness by inhibiting adipogenesis of hair stem cells
Im, M., Kim, N., Park, U., Heo, H. H., & Um, S. (2024) · Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13765-024-00889-4 · Cited by 3
“Sebum from the SG, a natural oil composed of lipids, wax esters, and other substances, moisturizes the hair and acts as a barrier against external pollut-ants or microorganisms [2].”
BackgroundStańkowska, A., Bergler-Czop, B. S., & Brzezińska-Wcisło, L. A. (2020) · Dermatology Review · doi:10.5114/dr.2020.99876 · Cited by 3
Esfahani, E. N., Mahyari, S. A., Davoodi, P., Ghaderi‐Zefrehei, M., & Lesch, B. J. (2025) · Journal of Heredity · doi:10.1093/jhered/esae079 · Cited by 2
Nerol enhances lipid synthesis in human sebocytes via cannabinoid receptor-2-mediated MAPK signaling
Zhao, Q., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Li, T., Wang, J., Li, Y., Li, C., Zhai, C., Zouboulis, C. C., Ding, X., et al. (2025) · Journal of Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jphs.2025.04.008 · Cited by 2
Self-citationScalp Microbiome Alterations in Androgenetic Alopecia: Patterns and Emerging Mechanistic Insights
Gupta, A. K., Teasell, E. M., Liddy, A., & Economopoulos, V. (2026) · International Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ijd.70365 · Cited by 3
“These changes in the biochemical milieu of the scalp may selectively favor lipophilic microorganisms [32], such as Cutibacterium and Malassezia , potentially altering the overall microbial balance [9].”
Unlocking Skin Barriers: Applications and Properties of Natural Permeation Enhancers
Singh, S., Mazumder, R., PADHI, S., Mishra, R., & Kumar, V. (2024) · Journal of Natural Remedies · doi:10.18311/jnr/2024/45113 · Cited by 2
Pilosebaceous Follicles: Structure, Biochemistry, and Function
Plewig, G., Melnik, B. C., & Chen, W. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49274-2_1 · Cited by 2
Expérience de l'hémorroidectomie selon Milligan-Morgan en Cote d'Ivoire
Kouadio, G. K., Kouao, J. A., Kouadio, L. N., & Turquin, H. T. (2004) · Médecine d'Afrique Noire · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Lovászi, M., Szegedi, A., Zouboulis, C. C., & Törőcsik, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Törőcsik, Dániel
- Venue
- Dermato-Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-01-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e1375636-e1375636
- ISSN
- 1938-1972 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-1980
- PMC
- PMC5821166
- OpenAlex
- W2762894008
- Semantic Scholar
- bdddc896532e6450af27244d27cd660c49a516f1
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Dermato-Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion)
- University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Hungarian National Research Found (OTKA NN117020 NKFIH K108421)
- New National Excellence Program of the Ministry of Human Capacities (GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00050, GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00005)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Acne and Rosacea Treatments and Effects
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Keywords
- sebaceous glands, sebum lipids, macrophages, keratinocytes, skin disease pathogenesis
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