Circular inferences in schizophrenia
Abstract
A considerable number of recent experimental and computational studies suggest that subtle impairments of excitatory to inhibitory balance or regulation are involved in many neurological and psychiatric conditions. The current paper aims to relate, specifically and quantitatively, excitatory to inhibitory imbalance with psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Considering that the brain constructs hierarchical causal models of the external world, we show that the failure to maintain the excitatory to inhibitory balance results in hallucinations as well as in the formation and subsequent consolidation of delusional beliefs. Indeed, the consequence of excitatory to inhibitory imbalance in a hierarchical neural network is equated to a pathological form of causal inference called 'circular belief propagation'. In circular belief propagation, bottom-up sensory information and top-down predictions are reverberated, i.e. prior beliefs are misinterpreted as sensory observations and vice versa. As a result, these predictions are counted multiple times. Circular inference explains the emergence of erroneous percepts, the patient's overconfidence when facing probabilistic choices, the learning of 'unshakable' causal relationships between unrelated events and a paradoxical immunity to perceptual illusions, which are all known to be associated with schizophrenia.
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This model and variants thereof have already found widespread application to other psychiatric disorders with perceptual aberrations, in particular schizophrenia.
“This model, and variants thereof, has already found widespread application to other psychiatric disorders with perceptual aberrations, in particular schizophrenia (63, 89, 90, 92, 107).”
From Can Bayesian Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder Help Improve Clinical Practice? (2016) · cites this paper as [107]
Scaling down inhibition or scaling up excitation in a computational model results in a pathological form of inference called circular belief propagation.
“Scaling down inhibition (or scaling up excitation) in such a computational model results in a pathological form of inference called “circular belief propagation,” in which “bottom-up” and “top-down” messages are reverberated and taken into account multiple times.145”
From Are hallucinations due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory influences on the brain? (2016) · cites this paper as [145]
Hallucinations have been proposed to originate primarily from the reverberation of bottom-up messages, leading to an overinterpretation of sensory evidence.
“In this line, hallucinations have been proposed to originate primarily from the reverberation of “bottomup” messages, leading to an overinterpretation of the sensory evidence.145”
From Are hallucinations due to an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory influences on the brain? (2016) · cites this paper as [145]
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Functional Oxides for Photoneuromorphic Engineering: Toward a Solar Brain
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Schizophrenia: from neurophysiological abnormalities to clinical symptoms
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Self-citationA functional theory of bistable perception based on dynamical circular inference
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Jardri, R., & Denève, S.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-09-21
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3227-3241
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2096073681
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, excitatory-inhibitory imbalance, hallucinations, delusions, causal inference, top-down prediction, reverberation, perceptual illusions
- MeSH terms
- Bayes Theorem, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition Disorders, Delusions, Hallucinations, Humans, Models, Neurological, Nerve Net, Schizophrenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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