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Depression in Late Life: Review and Commentary

Blazer, D. G.·2003·The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

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Abstract

Depression is perhaps the most frequent cause of emotional suffering in later life and significantly decreases quality of life in older adults. In recent years, the literature on late-life depression has exploded. Many gaps in our understanding of the outcome of late-life depression have been filled. Intriguing findings have emerged regarding the etiology of late-onset depression. The number of studies documenting the evidence base for therapy has increased dramatically. Here, I first address case definition, and then I review the current community- and clinic-based epidemiological studies. Next I address the outcome of late-life depression, including morbidity and mortality studies. Then I present the extant evidence regarding the etiology of depression in late life from a biopsychosocial perspective. Finally, I present evidence for the current therapies prescribed for depressed elders, ranging from medications to group therapy.

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“Mini-mental state”
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Background
The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders
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Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence
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Depression in Older Adults
Fiske, A., Wetherell, J. L., & Gatz, M. (2009) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621 · Cited by 2,353
Depression in the elderly
Alexopoulos, G. S. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66665-2 · Cited by 2,024
Is caregiving hazardous to one’s physical health? A meta-analysis
Vitaliano, P. P., Zhang, J., & Scanlan, J. M. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.946 · Cited by 1,734
Social and Emotional Aging
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100448 · Cited by 1,630
Resistance Training for Older Adults: Position Statement From the National Strength and Conditioning Association
Fragala, M. S., Cadore, E. L., Dorgo, S., Izquierdo, M., Kraemer, W. J., Peterson, M. D., & Ryan, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003230 · Cited by 1,290
Physical Activity and the Prevention of Depression
Mammen, G., & Faulkner, G. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.08.001 · Cited by 1,122
The association between social relationships and depression: A systematic review
Santini, Z. I., Koyanagi, A., Tyrovolas, S., Mason, C., & Haro, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.049 · Cited by 949
Age- and gender-specific prevalence of depression in latest-life - Systematic review and meta-analysis
Luppa, M., Sikorski, C., Luck, T., Ehreke, L., Konnopka, A., Wiese, B., Weyerer, S., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.033 · Cited by 855
The prevalence of anxiety in older adults: Methodological issues and a review of the literature
Bryant, C., Jackson, H., & Ames, D. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.11.008 · Cited by 511
Anxiety, depression, loneliness and social network in the elderly: Longitudinal associations from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)
Domènech-Abella, J., Mundó, J., Haro, J. M., & Rubio-Valera, M. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.043 · Cited by 469
Cancer‐related health worries and psychological distress among older adult, long‐term cancer survivors
Deimling, G. T., Bowman, K. F., Sterns, S., Wagner, L. J., & Kahana, B. (2006) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.955 · Cited by 496
Efficacy and Safety of Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus an Oral Antidepressant in Elderly Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression—TRANSFORM-3
Ochs-Ross, R., Daly, E. J., Zhang, Y., Lane, R., Lim, P., Morrison, R. L., Hough, D., Manji, H., Drevets, W. C., Sanacora, G., et al. (2020) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.10.008 · Cited by 481
Effect of exercise on depression severity in older people: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Bridle, C., Spanjers, K., Patel, S., Atherton, N. M., & Lamb, S. E. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.095174 · Cited by 425
Prevalence of mood, anxiety, and substance-abuse disorders for older Americans in the national comorbidity survey-replication
Gum, A. M., King-Kallimanis, B., & Kohn, R. (2009) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181ad4f5a · Cited by 357
Origins of depression in later life
BLAZER, D. G., & HYBELS, C. F. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291705004411 · Cited by 347
Self-citation
Depressive symptoms in late life: a 10-year follow-up
Heikkinen, R.-L., & Kauppinen, M. (2004) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2003.10.004 · Cited by 319
Social relations and depression in late life—A systematic review
Schwarzbach, M., Luppa, M., Forstmeier, S., König, H., & Riedel‐Heller, S. G. (2014) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.3971 · Cited by 298
Depression treatment preferences in older primary care patients
Gum, A. M., Areán, P. A., Hunkeler, E., Tang, L., Katon, W., Hitchcock, P., Steffens, D. C., Dickens, J., & Unützer, J. (2006) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/46.1.14 · Cited by 288
Insomnia and Daytime Sleepiness Are Risk Factors for Depressive Symptoms in the Elderly
Jaussent, I., Bouyer, J., Ancelin, M.-L., Akbaraly, T., Peres, K., Ritchie, K., Besset, A., & Dauvilliers, Y. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.1170 · Cited by 291
Prospective associations between marital discord and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults
Whisman, M. A., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2009) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0014759 · Cited by 260
The relationship between depression and frailty syndrome: a systematic review
Buigues, C., Padilla-Sánchez, C., Garrido, J. F., Navarro-Martínez, R., Ruiz-Ros, V., & Cauli, O. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.967174 · Cited by 235
Exercise for depression in older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials adjusting for publication bias
Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Rosenbaum, S., Richards, J., Ward, P. B., Veronese, N., Solmi, M., Cadore, E. L., & Stubbs, B. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1915 · Cited by 226
Psychological treatment of late-life depression: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Cuijpers, P., van Straten, A., & Smit, F. (2006) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1620 · Cited by 236
Aging and mental health in the decade ahead: What psychologists need to know
Karel, M. J., Gatz, M., & Smyer, M. A. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0025393 · Cited by 228
Neuropsychological Differences Between Late-Onset and Recurrent Geriatric Major Depression
Rapp, M. A., Dahlman, K., Sano, M., Grossman, H. T., Haroutunian, V., & Gorman, J. M. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.4.691 · Cited by 219
Depression as a modifiable factor to decrease the risk of dementia
Almeida, O. P., Hankey, G. J., Yeap, B. B., Golledge, J., & Flicker, L. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.90 · Cited by 212
Moving from Colonization toward Balance and Harmony: A Native American Perspective on Wellness
Hodge, D. R., Limb, G. E., & Cross, T. L. (2009) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/54.3.211 · Cited by 193
Physical diseases as predictors of suicide in older adults: a nationwide, register-based cohort study
Erlangsen, A., Stenager, E., & Conwell, Y. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1051-0 · Cited by 174
The Sex Difference in Depression Across 29 Countries
Hopcroft, R. L., & Bradley, D. B. (2007) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0071 · Cited by 164
Cognitive Functioning and Late-Life Depression
Koenig, A. M., Bhalla, R. K., & Butters, M. A. (2014) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617714000198 · Cited by 161
Is psychological vulnerability related to the experience of fraud in older adults?
Lichtenberg, P. A., Stickney, L., & Paulson, D. (2013) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2012.749323 · Cited by 146
“Depression has long been known to predict disability and mortality (Blazer, 2003).”
Background
Treatment use, perceived need, and barriers to seeking treatment for substance abuse and mental health problems among older adults compared to younger adults
Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., & Marti, C. N. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.004 · Cited by 140
Meta‐analysis of problem solving therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder in older adults
Kirkham, J. G., Choi, N., & Seitz, D. P. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4358 · Cited by 136
Adding fuel to the fire: the impact of stress on the ageing brain
Prenderville, J. A., Kennedy, P. J., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.11.001 · Cited by 136
Mental health treatment preferences of older and younger primary care patients
Wetherell, J. L., Kaplan, R. M., Kallenberg, G., Dresselhaus, T. R., Sieber, W. J., & Lang, A. J. (2004) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/qa7y-tx1y-wm45-kgv7 · Cited by 130
Mood disorders in the elderly: prevalence, functional impact, and management challenges
Forlenza, O. V., Valiengo, L., & Stella, F. (2016) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s94643 · Cited by 129
The association between depression and emotional and social loneliness in older persons and the influence of social support, cognitive functioning and personality: A cross-sectional study
Peerenboom, L., Collard, R. M., Naarding, P., & Comijs, H. C. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.04.033 · Cited by 127
Psychological and functional vulnerability predicts fraud cases in older adults: Results of a longitudinal study
Lichtenberg, P. A., Sugarman, M. A., Paulson, D., Ficker, L. J., & Rahman-Filipiak, A. (2016) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2015.1101632 · Cited by 127
Depression Among Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus
Park, M., & Reynolds, C. F. (2015) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2014.08.022 · Cited by 126
A randomized double-blind sham-controlled comparison of unilateral and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression
Blumberger, D. M., Mulsant, B. H., Fitzgerald, P. B., Rajji, T. K., Ravindran, A. V., Young, L. T., Levinson, A. J., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2012) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.579163 · Cited by 118
Older Patients' Aversion to Antidepressants. A Qualitative Study
Givens, J. L., Datto, C. J., Ruckdeschel, K., Knott, K., Zubritsky, C., Oslin, D. W., Nyshadham, S., Vanguri, P., & Barg, F. K. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.00296.x · Cited by 116
Can online communication prevent depression among older people? A longitudinal analysis
Nakagomi, A., Shiba, K., Kondo, K., & Kawachi, I. (2022) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464820982147 · Cited by 114
Is group psychotherapy effective in older adults with depression? A systematic review
Krishna, M., Jauhari, A., Lepping, P., Turner, J., Crossley, D., & Krishnamoorthy, A. (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2546 · Cited by 111
The complex relationship between depressive symptoms and functional limitations in community-dwelling older adults: the impact of subthreshold depression
Hybels, C. F., Pieper, C. F., & Blazer, D. G. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005650 · Cited by 110
Self-citation
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With Older Adults: Rationale and Considerations
Petkus, A. J., & Wetherell, J. L. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.07.004 · Cited by 108
“…(Saz & Dewey, 2001), faster rates of cognitive decline (Dotson, Resnick, & Zonderman, 2008; Sinoff &Werner, 2003), higher rates of suicide (Diefenbach, Woolley, &Goethe, 2009; Turvey et al., 2002), and decreased quality of life (Blazer, 2003; Porensky et al., 2009; Wetherell et al., 2004).”
Celecoxib or Naproxen treatment does not benefit depressive symptoms in persons age 70 and older: findings from a randomized controlled trial
Fields, C., Drye, L., Vaidya, V., & Lyketsos, C. (2012) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e318227f4da · Cited by 96
Comparing telehealth-based and clinic-based group cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with depression and anxiety: a pilot study
Khatri, N., Marziali, E., Tchernikov, I., & Sheppard, N. (2014) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s57832 · Cited by 87
Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for depression: comparison among older and younger veterans
Karlin, B. E., Walser, R. D., Yesavage, J., Zhang, A., Trockel, M., & Taylor, C. B. (2013) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2013.789002 · Cited by 89
Involvement of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Late-Life Depression
Dwivedi, Y. (2013) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.10.026 · Cited by 86
The association of comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms with disability onset in older adults
Dong, L., Freedman, V. A., & Mendes de Leon, C. F. (2020) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000763 · Cited by 80
Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin‐Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors in Older Adults: A Network Meta‐Analysis
Thorlund, K., Druyts, E., Wu, P., Balijepalli, C., Keohane, D., & Mills, E. (2015) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.13395 · Cited by 79
Depression trajectories and obesity among the elderly in Taiwan
Kuo, S.-Y., Lin, K.-M., Chen, C.-Y., Chuang, Y.-L., & Chen, W. J. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710002473 · Cited by 78
Inflammation and depression: Is there a causal connection with dementia?
E.Leonard, B., & Myint, A. (2006) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033243 · Cited by 76
Technology and aging project: training outcomes and efficacy from a randomized field trial
Woodward, A. T., Freddolino, P. P., Blaschke-Thompson, C. M., Wishart, D. J., Bakk, L., Kobayashi, R., & Tupper, C. (2011) · Ageing International · doi:10.1007/s12126-010-9074-z · Cited by 70
Prevalence and Predictors of Antidepressant Prescribing in Nursing Home Residents in the United States
Karkare, S. U., Bhattacharjee, S., Kamble, P., & Aparasu, R. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.03.001 · Cited by 70
Unilateral and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant late-life depression
Trevizol, A. P., Goldberger, K. W., Mulsant, B. H., Rajji, T. K., Downar, J., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Blumberger, D. M. (2019) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5091 · Cited by 70
Thyroid Hormones and Depression: The Health In Men Study
Almeida, O. P., Alfonso, H., Flicker, L., Hankey, G., Chubb, S. A. P., & Yeap, B. B. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31820dcad5 · Cited by 68
Prevention of depression: The state of the science at the beginning of the 21st Century
Barrera, A. Z., Torres, L. D., & Muñoz, R. F. (2007) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260701797894 · Cited by 65
Behavioral health service utilization and preferences of older adults receiving home-based aging services
Gum, A. M., Iser, L., & Petkus, A. (2010) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181c29495 · Cited by 64
Psychotherapy in long-term care: a review
BHARUCHA, A., DEW, M., MILLER, M., BORSON, S., & REYNOLDSIII, C. (2006) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2006.08.003 · Cited by 60
Relationship between Vitamin Intake and Depressive Symptoms in Elderly Japanese Individuals: Differences with Gender and Body Mass Index
Nguyen, T., Tsujiguchi, H., Kambayashi, Y., Hara, A., Miyagi, S., Yamada, Y., Nakamura, H., Shimizu, Y., Hori, D., Suzuki, F., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121319 · Cited by 61
A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Combined Escitalopram and Memantine for Older Adults With Major Depression and Subjective Memory Complaints
Lavretsky, H., Laird, K. T., Krause-Sorio, B., Heimberg, B. F., Yeargin, J., Grzenda, A., Wu, P., Thana-Udom, K., Ercoli, L. M., & Siddarth, P. (2020) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.08.011 · Cited by 61
A review of the effectiveness of antidepressant medications for depressed nursing home residents
Boyce, R. D., Hanlon, J. T., Karp, J. F., Kloke, J., Saleh, A., & Handler, S. M. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2011.08.009 · Cited by 58
The Pitfall of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia Mimics Despite Multidisciplinary Application of the FTDC Criteria
Krudop, W. A., Dols, A., Kerssens, C. J., Eikelenboom, P., Prins, N. D., Möller, C., Schouws, S., Rhebergen, D., van Exel, E., van der Flier, W. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170608 · Cited by 57
Eight-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind comparison of the antidepressant efficacy and tolerability of bupropion XR and venlafaxine XR
Hewett, K., Chrzanowski, W., Schmitz, M., Savela, A., Milanova, V, Gee, M., Krishen, A., Millen, L., Leary, M., & Modell, J. (2009) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881108089602 · Cited by 57
The effectiveness of behavioural therapy for the treatment of depression in older adults: a meta‐analysis
Samad, Z., Brealey, S., & Gilbody, S. (2011) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2680 · Cited by 57
Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression
Tsang, R. S. M., Mather, K. A., Sachdev, P. S., & Reppermund, S. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028 · Cited by 54
Depression in relation to purpose in life among a very old population: A five-year follow-up study
Hedberg, P., Gustafson, Y., Alèx, L., & Brulin, C. (2010) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607861003713216 · Cited by 53
A self-help behavioral activation treatment for geriatric depressive symptoms
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The impact of executive function on response to cognitive behavioral therapy in late-life depression: Executive function and CBT response in late-life depression
Goodkind, M. S., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Thompson, L. W., Kesler, S. R., Anker, L., Flournoy, J., Berman, M. P., Holland, J. M., & O'Hara, R. M. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4325 · Cited by 50
The connection between subjective nearness-to-death and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of meaning in life
Bergman, Y. S., Bodner, E., & Haber, Y. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.078 · Cited by 49
Treatment of depression in nursing home residents without significant cognitive impairment: a systematic review
Simning, A., & Simons, K. V. (2017) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610216001733 · Cited by 47
The effects of psychotherapy on reducing depression in residential aged care: a meta-analytic review
Cody, R. A., & Drysdale, K. (2013) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2012.731474 · Cited by 43
Dysphoria and anhedonia as risk factors for disability or death in older persons: implications for the assessment of geriatric depression
Covinsky, K. E., Cenzer, I. S., Yaffe, K., O'Brien, S., & Blazer, D. G. (2014) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2012.12.001 · Cited by 43
"If Alexa knew the state I was in, it would cry": Older Adults' Perspectives of Voice Assistants for Health
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Group, individual, and staff therapy: an efficient and effective cognitive behavioral therapy in long-term care
Hyer, L., Yeager, C. A., Hilton, N., & Sacks, A. (2009) · American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/1533317508323571 · Cited by 41
What does it feel like to be 100? Socio-emotional aspects of well-being in the stories of 16 Centenarians living in the United Kingdom
Hutnik, N., Smith, P., & Koch, T. (2012) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.684663 · Cited by 38
Chronic care model for the management of depression: Synthesis of barriers to, and facilitators of, success
Holm, A. L., & Severinsson, E. (2012) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00827.x · Cited by 36
Depression and cognitive impairment among newly admitted nursing home residents in the USA
Ulbricht, C. M., Rothschild, A. J., Hunnicutt, J. N., & Lapane, K. L. (2017) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4723 · Cited by 35
Neuropathological analysis of lacunes and microvascular lesions in late-onset depression: Vascular pathology in late-onset depression
Santos, M., Gold, G., Kövari, E., Herrmann, F. R., Hof, P. R., Bouras, C., & Giannakopoulos, P. (2010) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01101.x · Cited by 32
Tau in Late-Life Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Brown, E. E., Iwata, Y., Chung, J. K., Gerretsen, P., & Graff-Guerrero, A. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160401 · Cited by 29
Longitudinal association between n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and depressive symptoms: a population-based cohort study in Japan
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The relationship between social integration and depression in non-demented primary care patients aged 75 years and older
Schwarzbach, M., Luppa, M., Sikorski, C., Fuchs, A., Maier, W., van den Bussche, H., Pentzek, M., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.025 · Cited by 28
Collaborative treatment of late-life depression in primary care (GermanIMPACT): study protocol of a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Wernher, I., Bjerregaard, F., Tinsel, I., Bleich, C., Boczor, S., Kloppe, T., Scherer, M., Härter, M., Niebling, W., König, H.-H., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-351 · Cited by 28
Death Anxiety, Religious Doubt, and Depressive Symptoms across Race in Older Adults
Willis, K. D., Nelson, T., & Moreno, O. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16193645 · Cited by 28
Thought suppression is associated with psychological distress in homebound older adults: Thought Suppression in Homebound Older Adults
Petkus, A. J., Gum, A., & Wetherell, J. L. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20912 · Cited by 26
Resilience predicts remission in antidepressant treatment of geriatric depression
Laird, K. T., Lavretsky, H., St. Cyr, N., & Siddarth, P. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4953 · Cited by 23
Directions for effectiveness research to improve health services for late-life depression in the United States
Hoeft, T. J., Hinton, L., Liu, J., & Unützer, J. (2016) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2015.07.003 · Cited by 25
Remission in major depression: results from a geriatric primary care population
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Gene-environment interplay in depressive symptoms: Moderation by age, sex, and physical illness
Petkus, A. J., Beam, C. R., Johnson, W., Kaprio, J., Korhonen, T., McGue, M., Neiderhiser, J. M., Pedersen, N. L., Reynolds, C. A., Gatz, M., et al. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000290 · Cited by 22
Lifetime romantic attachment style and social adaptation in late‐onset depression
Paradiso, S., Naridze, R., & Holm‐Brown, E. (2012) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2814 · Cited by 21
Variables Connecting Parental PTSD to Offspring Successful Aging: Parent–Child Role Reversal, Secondary Traumatization, and Depressive Symptoms
Hoffman, Y., & Shrira, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00718 · Cited by 21
The Impact of Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions on Sleep Disturbance in Depressed and Anxious Community-dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review
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Authors: Blazer, D. G.
Venue: The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2003-03-01
Volume: 58
Issue: 3
Pages: M249-M265
ISSN: 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
1758-535X
DOI: 10.1093/gerona/58.3.m249
OpenAlex: W2106158410
Cited by: 2,344
References: 34
FWCI: 42.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed

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Depression in Late Life: Review and Commentary

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