The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 22 of the 54 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees
Open accessAbstract
Peripheral nerves provide a promising source of motor control signals for neuroprosthetic devices. Unfortunately, the clinical utility of current peripheral nerve interfaces is limited by signal amplitude and stability. Here, we showed that the regenerative peripheral nerve interface (RPNI) serves as a biologically stable bioamplifier of efferent motor action potentials with long-term stability in upper limb amputees. Ultrasound assessments of RPNIs revealed prominent contractions during phantom finger flexion, confirming functional reinnervation of the RPNIs in two patients. The RPNIs in two additional patients produced electromyography signals with large signal-to-noise ratios. Using these RPNI signals, subjects successfully controlled a hand prosthesis in real-time up to 300 days without control algorithm recalibration. RPNIs show potential in enhancing prosthesis control for people with upper limb loss.
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Claims the paper makes
55 Own result · 17 Own interpretation · 10 Partly supported · 7 No basis given · 6 Own method · 5 Supported so far · 5 No full text of the sources · 4 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Consequently, implanted amputees can control a limited number of independent movements (11).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [11] source
The Future Advances section (page unavailable) says that even with targeted muscle reinnervation, current control algorithms operate sequentially or control at most two degrees of freedom at once. This supports the claim that the number of independently controllable movements is limited. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“However, current peripheral nerve interfaces have limitations, which minimize their clinical utility (1, 2).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] source
- Supportedcites [2] source
The Electrical section (p. 2) says nerve electrodes can damage nerves and that compatibility issues require further study before widespread clinical application. The Disadvantages section (p. 3) lists additional limitations, including surgical complexity and difficulty achieving selective stimulation. These passages support the claim that limitations reduce clinical usefulness. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Electrodes placed around a nerve have been successfully used in humans for improving sensory feedback for more than 2 years.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [8] source
The Discussion (p. 8) states that results from the peripheral nerve cuff interface were stable for more than two years in subject 1. The Discussion also reports improved functional performance with sensory feedback. The claim is supported for at least one human subject, not both. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
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In the paper
“The chronic bipolar electrodes used in this study are similar to those that have been previously observed to record stable EMG for up to 7.5 years (23).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results describe implanted bipolar EMG recording electrodes, and the Discussion says the subjects used implanted EMG electrodes for control. But the 7.5-year observation in the Results and Discussion concerns functioning nerve cuff electrodes, not stable EMG recordings; the copy does not establish that duration for the recording electrodes. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In previous studies, investigators have provided prosthetic control signals by interfacing with intact muscles in the residual limb.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
- Supportedcites [27] source
The Introduction states that powered transradial prostheses commonly use EMG signals from forearm muscles to control hand opening and closing. This supports the claim that prosthetic control signals have been obtained by interfacing with muscles in the residual limb. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [28] source
The Introduction describes myoelectric prostheses using signals from residual-limb muscles to control movement and notes existing clinical control methods. Methods §2.1 describes recording from forearm muscles in two amputee subjects. The copy does not provide page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“To date, pattern recognition controllers have outperformed conventional controllers during standardized functional trials (36).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [36] source
The Results (In Lab Testing with Physical Prosthesis) report significantly better performance with pattern recognition than direct control on the SHAP and Clothespin Relocation Task. These standardized functional tests support the claim; the study involved eight transhumeral amputees with targeted muscle reinnervation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies of simultaneous control of multiple DOFs have focused on controlling the wrist and hand open/closed (26, 28, 30).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
- Supportedcites [28] source
The Introduction describes earlier real-time demonstrations of simultaneous control of two wrist DOFs, with or without a hand DOF. The Methods describe this study’s simultaneous-control task as wrist rotation, wrist flexion/extension, and hand open/close, matching the cited area of work. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [30] source
The Discussion reports simultaneous control of wrist and hand-opening/closing DOFs. The clothespin-task description also identifies simultaneous wrist pronation–supination and hand opening–closing, so this paper is an example of the earlier work described in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“results from previous animal work, which demonstrated that it took approximately 3 months for RPNIs to mature and stabilize (12, 15–17).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Electrophysiology
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
- Partly supportedcites [16] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (§2.1; page unavailable) say the rats recuperated for four months to allow healing and graft reinnervation, with evaluation during the fourth month. The paper reports that RPNI signal amplitudes did not vary appreciably over the evaluation period (Figure 4 caption; page unavailable), but it does not demonstrate that maturation and stabilization took approximately three months. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two participants (P1 and P2) with RPNIs created above the elbow (that is, no long flexors or extensors of the fingers or wrist remain) were evaluated with ultrasound, and their RPNIs were observed to contract during phantom finger movements.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
plaincorrelationaln = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using these RPNI signals, subjects successfully controlled a hand prosthesis in real-time up to 300 days without control algorithm recalibration.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
- It may state two separate claims as one. 38
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“RPNI is composed of a transected peripheral nerve, or peripheral nerve fascicle, that is implanted into a free muscle graft (12, 13).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
- Partly supportedcites [13] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Methods describe an RPNI attached to the end of a divided peripheral nerve. But this study constructed it with cultured myoblasts in a scaffold—silicone mesh or acellular muscle—not by implanting the nerve or a fascicle into a free muscle graft. The cited passages also do not describe use of a nerve fascicle. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This process creates a stable, peripheral nerve bioamplifier that produces high-amplitude EMG signals, which could be used to control a prosthetic device (14–17).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [15] source
- Supportedcites [16] source
The Introduction describes the reinnervated muscle graft as a signal amplifier and transducer intended for prosthetic control, and reports earlier rat responses without loss of amplitude over 14 months. Section 4.1 reports large RPNI EMG signals—about 1 mV peak-to-peak—in awake rats. The paper supports their potential use for prosthetic control; it does not claim that such control was demonstrated in humans. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition, RPNIs have been shown to prevent and treat neuroma pain and phantom pain after amputation (18–20).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
- Partly supportedcites [20] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report reduced neuroma and phantom pain after RPNI surgery in 16 amputees treated for symptomatic neuromas. The Conclusions and Future Directions describe neuroma prevention at primary amputation as a potential use requiring further study; this pilot study does not show prevention of either neuroma or phantom pain. (LLM, conf=0.90)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Electrodes placed within a peripheral nerve can record distinct efferent motor action potentials but over time are susceptible to decline in signal amplitude (3, 4).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] source
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, “Decoding USEA recordings allowed intuitive control of many movements” (page unavailable), reports neuronal action potentials and distinct movement-related firing patterns from intraneural electrodes. It also reports fewer electrodes with movement-correlated activity over time in one subject, but does not report a decline in signal amplitude; the Discussion (“Decode,” page unavailable) likewise describes declining recording ability, not amplitude. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This strategy has provided reasonable signal amplitude and some control of a prosthetic limb in patients undergoing transradial amputations (24–28).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
- Partly supportedcites [27] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says powered transradial prostheses use forearm EMG signal amplitudes for limited control. The Abstract reports that five transradial amputees used residual-forearm signals to control a virtual arm, but the Discussion explicitly says they did not test a physical prosthesis. The paper does not establish a particular ‘reasonable’ signal amplitude. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and amputee-subject Results report that two transradial amputees used EMG to control a cursor in a virtual task. The Discussion explicitly says physical-prosthesis testing remains to be done, and the paper does not establish that the strategy provided reasonable signal amplitude. Thus, it supports some myoelectric control in transradial amputees, but not the claimed signal amplitude or control of a physical prosthetic limb. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“RPNIs have shown to be an effective technique to reduce symptomatic neuroma pain and also prevent neuroma formation (18–20).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [19] source
- Partly supportedcites [20] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a 71% reduction in neuroma pain among 16 amputees treated with RPNIs. The Abstract Conclusions and Discussion state that RPNIs prevent neuroma formation through their proposed mechanism, but the Conclusions and Future Directions say prophylactic use still needs study. This pilot study therefore supports pain reduction, not a demonstrated clinical benefit in preventing new neuromas. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“have been previously observed to record stable EMG for up to 7.5 years (23).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Electrode performance; page not provided) report that nerve cuff electrodes continued to function for 7.5 years in one subject. The Methods describe separate implanted EMG recording electrodes, and the Discussion says subjects used them for control, but neither passage reports stable EMG recordings for 7.5 years or identifies the electrodes as RPNIs. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In addition, intraneural probes, such as the Utah slanted electrode array, can provide large signals but currently run into issues of signal stability over time (4).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [4] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Study limitations and Decode; page unavailable) reports unstable USEA recording ability and a decline in neural recording from post-implant day 13 to 30. It does not establish that the probes provide large neural signals; its reference to higher-amplitude signals concerns EMG that masked neural activity. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“as is necessary in TMR (29).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [29] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says TMR transfers remaining arm nerves to residual muscles, and the Methods (page unavailable) identify muscles that received those transfers. Our copy does not say that TMR necessarily cuts the target muscles’ existing nerve branches or denervates existing muscle. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Similar results have been demonstrated with TMR (37), with a more recent study providing evidence that TMR decreases phantom limb pain (38).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [37] source
The citation to this paper (37) supports the claim that TMR showed similar pain outcomes: the Discussion says its outcomes compared favorably with established techniques, and the Results report resolution of neuroma pain in 14 of 15 patients. The phantom-limb-pain claim is attributed to citation 38, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“EMG-driven musculoskeletal models have been developed for real-time, physiologically accurate prosthesis control during functional tasks (30) but have only shown control of two to three DOFs.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [30] source
The EMG-driven Musculoskeletal Model section describes a physiologically correct model operating in real time. The Functional Tasks section reports prosthesis control during real-world activities, while the Results and Discussion describe control of wrist and hand DOFs, including simultaneous control of two DOFs. These passages support the cited example of functional control limited to a small number of DOFs. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we successfully recorded independent efferent motor action potentials from RPNIs, which provided real-time prosthetic finger control up to 300 days without recalibration of the control algorithm.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, median RPNI 1 contracted for thumb flexion, whereas median RPNI 2 to RPNI 4 and a subsection of RPNI 1 contracted for index finger flexion (Fig. 2A).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Likewise, P4’s median nerve RPNI had an average peak-to-peak amplitude of 579 ± 209 μV (SNR = 19.1), ulnar nerve RPNI 1 had an amplitude of 334 ± 80.9 μV (SNR = 15.6), and ulnar nerve RPNI 2 had an amplitude of 501 ± 164 μV (SNR = 28.3) (fig. S2, C and D).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Surgically implanted indwelling bipolar electrodes
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For index finger flexion, median RPNI 1 contracted more than the surrounding tissue (P < 0.001), whereas observation of median RPNI 2 to RPNI 4 demonstrated smaller contractions and had mixed pixel changes (table S2).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we observed clear EMG spikes associated with thumb movements in median RPNI 1, with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 4.62, and for small finger movements in ulnar RPNI 1 and RPNI 2 (mean SNR = 3.80) (Fig. 2C).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
boostedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparison, RPNIs have remained a stable peripheral nerve interface for 2 years in P1, 8 months in P2, 3 years in P3, and 1 year in P4.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A small subsection of the ulnar RPNI did appear to undergo small but visible contractions during volitional index finger movement.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
hedgedcorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of movements were selected quickly, with the fastest motion selection times, or the times between EMG onset and the classifier’s prediction, less than 0.3 s”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Real-time myoelectric prosthetic control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, P1’s median RPNI 1 and ulnar RPNI 1 and RPNI 2 had a significant change in mean pixel intensity than the surrounding tissue during thumb and small finger flexion, respectively (P < 0.001 for both comparisons).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
plaincorrelationalSingle case ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P3 and P4 acquired targets with 100 and 96.3% accuracy on day 0, respectively.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Real-time myoelectric prosthetic control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SNR of the recorded EMG had a mean of 4.21 in P1, 68.9 in P3, and 21.0 in P4.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P3 and P4 performed the same target hitting task in these two axes, hitting eight targets with 100 and 97.2% accuracy with an average time to success of 0.987 ± 0.16 and 2.83 ± 0.43 s, respectively (Fig. 5, E and F, and movie S9).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Real-time myoelectric prosthetic control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, extraction of single motor units from P3 and P4’s median RPNIs showed signal amplitude variability from day to day, ±17.2 and ±6.63%, respectively, but no observable decreasing trend in amplitude (Fig. 5, C and D).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Real-time myoelectric prosthetic control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The averaged peak-to-peak amplitude for the most preferred movement on the RPNIs was 2.77 ± 0.660 mV with an SNR of 102 and 501 ± 145 μV with an SNR of 36.1 on P3’s median and ulnar RPNIs, respectively (fig. S2, A and B).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Surgically implanted indwelling bipolar electrodes
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The bulk of RPNI 1 and RPNI 2 contracted during volitional small finger PIP/DIP joint flexion of the phantom hand, whereas a subsection of both RPNIs contracted for thumb movement (Fig. 2A and movie S2).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a direct comparison, P4 performed the same task using surface EMG (see Materials and Methods), hitting targets with 78.4% accuracy with an average time to success of 4.40 ± 0.50 s (movie S10).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Real-time myoelectric prosthetic control
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the ulnar nerve RPNIs, RPNI activation appropriately occurred during flexion of the phantom thumb, whereas minimal activation occurred during index finger flexion.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Surgically implanted indwelling bipolar electrodes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P3 and P4’s averaged motion selection time across all movements were 0.172 ± 0.105 and 0.234 ± 0.0894 s, respectively (means ± SD; table S3).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Real-time myoelectric prosthetic control
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we did not need to transect any nerve branches to any of the residual muscles of the upper arm and, thus, did not denervate existing muscle”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, recording specific efferent motor action potentials is challenging because of the small amplitude of the signals, limiting the number of independent control signals that can be recorded (9).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With TMR, a normally innervated muscle must be partially denervated to provide a new target for recording EMG signals from the implanted nerve.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Instead, electrical stimulation has shown promise in providing tactile feedback through stimulation of afferent sensory axons (3, 5–7).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we showed that the regenerative peripheral nerve interface (RPNI) serves as a biologically stable bioamplifier of efferent motor action potentials with long-term stability in upper limb amputees.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, two or three nerves (median, radial, and ulnar) may be implanted into the same target muscle (for example, the pectoralis major muscle), making it difficult to record independent control signals from individual nerves or fascicles.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) can provide multiple control signals by transferring divided peripheral nerves in a residual limb to intact local or regional muscles. Surface electromyography (EMG) is then used to record the efferent motor control signals (10).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surface EMG amplitude was lower than intramuscular EMG, which may have contributed to the decrease in performance.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Real-time myoelectric prosthetic control
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“P3’s nerves had an additional 2 years to reinnervate his muscle grafts before electrode implantation.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was anatomically unexpected but may be due to P1’s 16-year period without a hand, making certain volitional movements difficult to generate independently.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study design did not include a direct comparison to other surgical approaches (for example, TMR).”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These RPNI contractions, seen in two participants missing finger-related musculature, suggest that nerves carrying efferent motor action potentials controlling finger functionality successfully reinnervated the RPNIs, allowing P1 and P2 to have volitional control over their phantom hand.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
hedgeddirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The attempted phantom finger movements made by participants correspond to volitional motor commands in the residual nerves that can drive RPNI contractions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The wide SNR gap between P1, P3, and P4 is likely due to the smaller bipolar electrode spacing in acute fine wires (1 mm) versus indwelling EMG electrodes (10 mm), whereas the difference between P3 and P4’s measured SNR may be due to the period of reinnervation.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that efferent motor action potentials can be recorded using RPNIs from individual nerve fascicles, each of which may have distinct and unique motor control signals.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Surgically implanted indwelling bipolar electrodes
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The signals recorded from RPNI electrodes are efferent motor action potentials generated by the RPNI grafts rather than by other sources.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The more accurate surgical targeting of the bipolar indwelling electrode into the RPNI may account for the larger amplitude efferent motor action potential signals compared with P1.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Surgically implanted indwelling bipolar electrodes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that these RPNI grafts amplify efferent motor nerve action potentials, actively contract, and generate EMG signals similar to residual muscle.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > RESULTS > Observed muscle contractions of the RPNI
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The signals recorded from RPNI electrodes are efferent motor action potentials generated by the RPNI grafts rather than by other sources.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan approved this study, and each participant provided written and informed consent.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No power analysis was calculated before the study.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was a first-in-human, non-blinded, nonrandomized pilot study.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > MATERIALS AND METHODS > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This led to a careful decision on which residual muscles to implant to provide the best prosthesis control for the subjects.”
§ A regenerative peripheral nerve interface allows real-time control of an artificial hand in upper limb amputees > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The attempted phantom finger movements made by participants correspond to volitional motor commands in the residual nerves that can drive RPNI contractions.
“Participants were asked at the beginning of each behavioral task whether they could move the fingers of their phantom limb. In this situation, the RPNIs were observed contracting during movement of the phantom fingers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The signals recorded from RPNI electrodes are efferent motor action potentials generated by the RPNI grafts rather than by other sources.
“In both participants, large amplitude, anatomically appropriate motor control signals were recorded from the indwelling RPNI electrodes (n = 2,3).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both the median and ulnar nerves supply several intrinsic thumb muscles that help flex the thumb CMC and MCP joints.
“This is anatomically appropriate since both the median and ulnar nerves innervate several intrinsic muscles, which assist in flexing the thumb CMC/MCP joints.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The thumb state vector represents thumb flexion/extension and thumb opposition/reposition position and velocity.
“We assume that the thumb state vector xt represents the position and velocity of the thumb flexion/extension and thumb opposition/reposition.”
Citations
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“However, current peripheral nerve interfaces have limitations, which minimize their clinical utility (1, 2).”
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Cited by
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“RPNI involves implanting the transected peripheral nerve into a free muscle graft harvested from healthy native donor muscles 44,45 .”
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“Similarly, the more recent RNPI represents another promising technique for bioamplification of motor signals and its successful demonstration in experimental trials encourages their potential adoption in clinical practice (Vu et al 2020b).”
InfluentialTechnological Advances in Prosthesis Design and Rehabilitation Following Upper Extremity Limb Loss
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A highly integrated bionic hand with neural control and feedback for use in daily life
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Medial Temporal Lobe Networks in Alzheimer's Disease: Structural and Molecular Vulnerabilities
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Advancing limb neural prostheses
Raspopović, S. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb1073 · Cited by 54
Programming the lifestyles of engineered bacteria for cancer therapy
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“Decreasing Postamputation Pain with the Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (RPNI)”
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Conformal electrodes for on‐skin digitalization
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“In essence, the RPNIs act as a bioamplifier of the efferent motor action potentials [55, 56].”
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IoT Controlled Device to Manage the EMG Signals of the Patient and Alert in Real Time
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“In addition, the system features a real-time alert mechanism that prompts warnings to be sent to healthcare professionals or carers if important deviations or aberrant EMG patterns are detected [5].”
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Biology and pathophysiology of symptomatic neuromas
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Artificial Intelligence Enables Real-Time and Intuitive Control of Prostheses via Nerve Interface
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“interface like one reported in our previous work [14]–[16] and others [17]–[26] is less invasive while still providing sufficient motor control signals with simultaneous somatosensory neuro-”
BackgroundMalpetti, M., Joie, R. L., & Rabinovici, G. D. (2022) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.121.263694 · Cited by 45
Mechanoneural interfaces for bionic integration
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“This is a painful procedure that can cause individual dropout and represents a limitation of the technology used to interface with RPNI constructs 19 .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRegenerative peripheral nerve interface free muscle graft mass and function
Hu, Y., Ursu, D. C., Sohasky, R. A., Sando, I. C., Ambani, S. W., French, Z. P., Mays, E. A., Nedic, A., Moon, J. D., Kung, T. A., et al. (2020) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.27138 · Cited by 41
Self-citationRegenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface Surgery: Anatomic and Technical Guide
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Self-citationVaskov, A. K., Vu, P. P., North, N., Davis, A. J., Kung, T. A., Gates, D. H., Cederna, P. S., & Chestek, C. A. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Robotics · doi:10.1109/tro.2022.3170720 · Cited by 39
“Although approaches that automatically weight individual muscle and nerve signals may provide more accurate estimates of intended kinematics [32], [39].”
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Self-citationThe future of upper extremity rehabilitation robotics: research and practice
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“A more recent study demonstrated that RPNIs are anatomically viable in humans, enabling long-term recording of efferent motor action potentials.(67) Instead of using surface electrodes, intramuscular bipolar electrodes have been implanted directly into RPNIs to produce large SNR signals that have been used to control…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationOsborn, L. E., Moran, C. W., Johannes, M. S., Sutton, E. E., Wormley, J. M., Dohopolski, C., Nordstrom, M. J., Butkus, J., Chi, A., Pasquina, P. F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abe20d · Cited by 36
“Recently, researchers demonstrated prosthesis finger control using signals from regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces in individuals with upper limb amputation [9].”
BackgroundBucher, M., Niebling, S., Han, Y., Molodenskiy, D., Hassani Nia, F., Kreienkamp, H.-J., Svergun, D., Kim, E., Kostyukova, A. S., Kreutz, M. R., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.66165 · Cited by 33
A modular strategy for next-generation upper-limb sensory-motor neuroprostheses
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“Most of the control and sensory feedback strategies available or proposed so far rely on the transduction/encoding of efferent/afferent electrical signals from/to the brain, exploiting the peripheral physiological structures (nerves and muscles) ( 5 – 12 ).”
BackgroundEngineered Protein Nanocages for Concurrent RNA and Protein Packaging In Vivo
Kwon, S., & Giessen, T. W. (2022) · ACS Synthetic Biology · doi:10.1021/acssynbio.2c00391 · Cited by 31
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Upper limb prostheses: bridging the sensory gap
Roche, A. D., Bailey, Z., Gonzalez, M. A., Vu, P. P., Chestek, C. A., Gates, D. H., Kemp, S. W. P., Cederna, P. S., Ortiz-Catalan, M., & Aszmann, O. C. (2023) · Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) · doi:10.1177/17531934221131756 · Cited by 32
“The RPNI has been shown in extensive animal studies and human trials to provide high fidelity motor control of prostheses (Irwin et al., 2016; Kung et al., 2014; Urbanchek et al., 2016; Vaskov et al., 2022; Vu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIssa, C. J., Svientek, S. R., Dehdashtian, A., Cederna, P. S., & Kemp, S. W. P. (2022) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000004549 · Cited by 30
Self-citation3D Printed Dry Electrodes for Electrophysiological Signal Monitoring: A Review
Alsharif, A. A., Cucuri, N. S. M., Mishra, R., & El‐Atab, N. (2023) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202201677 · Cited by 28
Wang, Z., Yi, X. Z., & Yi, X. Z. (2022) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.353498 · Cited by 26
“In fact, the PNS undergoes a process of disordered axonal sprouting and elongation because the muscle belly is already fully innervated by its native motor nerve, and thus the regenerating axons of the PNS are not introduced to any targets to reinnervate (Vu et al., 2020).”
InfluentialXu, S., Li, C., Wei, C., Kang, X., Shu, S., Liu, G., Xu, Z., Han, M., Luo, J., & Tang, W. (2024) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202304763 · Cited by 27
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Hierarchical Human-Inspired Control Strategies for Prosthetic Hands
Gentile, C., Cordella, F., & Zollo, L. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22072521 · Cited by 28
Kubiak, C. A., Svientek, S. R., Dehdashtian, A., Lawera, N. G., Nadarajan, V., Bratley, J. V., Kung, T. A., Cederna, P. S., & Kemp, S. W. P. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac1b6b · Cited by 26
“This large SNR facilitates high-accuracy detection of motor intention for the control of prosthetic devices [52, 54].”
InfluentialSelf-citationD’Accolti, D., Clemente, F., Mannini, A., Mastinu, E., Ortiz-Catalan, M., & Cipriani, C. (2023) · IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters · doi:10.1109/lra.2023.3235680 · Cited by 26
“While recent surgical techniques like Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) [2] and Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface (RPNI) [3] along with neuromusculoskeletal interfaces [4] or wireless Implantable MyoElectric Sensor (IMES) [5] implantation have shown the potential to restore accessibility to neural paths disrup…”
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Self-citationRegenerative Peripheral Nerve Interfaces for Advanced Control of Upper Extremity Prosthetic Devices
Kumar, N. G., Kung, T. A., & Cederna, P. S. (2021) · Hand Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2021.04.005 · Cited by 26
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Hepatic adaptation to chronic metabolic stress primes tumorigenesis
Tzouanas, C. N., Shay, J. E. S., Sherman, M. S., Rubin, A. J., Mead, B. E., Dao, T. T., Tao, J., Lehrich, B. M., Eng, G. M., Patterson-Fortin, J., et al. (2025) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2025.11.031 · Cited by 32
Restoring Form and Function to the Partial Hand Amputee
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First Demonstration of Functional Task Performance Using a Sonomyographic Prosthesis: A Case Study
Engdahl, S. M., Acuña, S. A., King, E. L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2022.876836 · Cited by 23
Deep Learning-Based Approaches for Decoding Motor Intent From Peripheral Nerve Signals
Luu, D. K., Nguyen, A. T., Jiang, M. X., Xu, J., Drealan, M. W., Cheng, J., Keefer, E. W., Zhao, Q., & Yang, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.667907 · Cited by 23
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Estimating muscle activation from EMG using deep learning-based dynamical systems models
Wimalasena, L. N., Braun, J., Keshtkaran, M. R., Hofmann, D., Gallego, J. Á., Alessandro, C., Tresch, M. C., Miller, L. E., & Pandarinath, C. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac6369 · Cited by 22
“To visualize the consistency of the oscillations observed in AutoLFADS output from the monkey isometric task, we varied the lead or lag for individual trials in order to minimize the residual between the single-trial activity and the trial-average for a given condition (Williams et al 2020).”
Review on Microscale Sensors with 3D Engineered Structures: Fabrication and Applications
Zhang, C., Qu, M., Fu, X., & Lin, J. (2022) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202101384 · Cited by 21
Emerging Medical Technologies and Their Use in Bionic Repair and Human Augmentation
Manero, A. C., Rivera, V., Fu, Q., Schwartzman, J. D., Gibbs, H. P., Shah, N., Gandhi, D. A., White, E., Crawford, K. E., & Coathup, M. J. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11070695 · Cited by 24
“In contrast, penetrating electrodes, such as inter-fasicular electrodes [80], intra-fasicular electrodes [81], and regenerative electrodes [82,83], can achieve better spatial resolution and specificity while still facing challenges of longevity, stability, and infection.”
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“It has been widely applied in various human-machine interactions (HMI), including rehabilitation [2], [3], exoskeleton control [4], [5], and prosthetic control [6], [7].”
Lin, Z., Yu, P., Chen, Z., & Li, G. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-04116-6 · Cited by 23
“These amplified EMG signals can be used to control smart prostheses, which is also beneficial for improving amputees’ quality of life [28].”
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The Future of Biohybrid Regenerative Bioelectronics
Carnicer‐Lombarte, A., Malliaras, G. G., & Barone, D. G. (2024) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202408308 · Cited by 20
Wu, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Lin, Z., & Li, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2022.938930 · Cited by 21
“Intelligent prosthetic control is achieved by the extraction of biological signals in RPNI (Woo et al., 2014; Irwin et al., 2016; Vu et al., 2020).”
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Cracchiolo, M., Panarese, A., Valle, G., Strauss, I., Granata, G., Iorio, R. D., Stieglitz, T., Rossini, P. M., Mazzoni, A., & Micera, S. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abef3a · Cited by 16
“Other very recent and promising techniques exist, namely targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) and regenerative peripheral nerve interface (RPNI) [33, 34], but they require a much more complex surgical manipulation.”
Lee, C., Vaskov, A. K., Gonzalez, M. A., Vu, P. P., Davis, A. J., Cederna, P. S., Chestek, C. A., & Gates, D. H. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac9e1c · Cited by 17
“Using these control signals, participants controlled virtual finger movements with high accuracy, including thumb flexion and opposition, which were exclusively achieved using RPNI signals [29].”
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Solution structure and synaptic analyses reveal determinants of bispecific T cell engager potency
Leithner, A., Staufer, O., Mitra, T., Liberta, F., Valvo, S., Kutuzov, M., Dada, H., Spaeth, J., Zhou, W., Schiele, F., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2425781122 · Cited by 22
Der chirurgische Umgang mit peripheren Nerven nach Extremitätenverlust
Gstoettner, C., Laengle, G., Salminger, S., Festin, C., Platzgummer, H., & Aszmann, O. C. (2020) · Der Orthopäde · doi:10.1007/s00132-020-04032-1 · Cited by 16
Milici, S., Gherardini, M., Clemente, F., Masiero, F., Sassu, P., & Cipriani, C. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.3024960 · Cited by 16
Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNIs): current status and future direction
Burke, K. L., Kung, T. A., Hooper, R. C., Kemp, S. W. P., & Cederna, P. S. (2022) · Plastic and Aesthetic Research · doi:10.20517/2347-9264.2022.26 · Cited by 15
Self-citationGonzalez, M. A., Nwokeabia, C., Vaskov, A. K., Vu, P. P., Lu, C. W., Patil, P. G., Cederna, P. S., Chestek, C. A., & Gates, D. H. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2023.3345164 · Cited by 16
“Prior research has demonstrated that RPNI muscle tissue maintains a consistent size [19] and produces consistent motor signals when electrodes are surgically implanted into them after creation for periods of up to 3 years [20].”
Self-citationClinical Applications and Future Translation of Somatosensory Neuroprostheses
Graczyk, E. L., Hutchison, B. C., Valle, G., Bjånes, D. A., Gates, D. H., Raspopović, S., & Gaunt, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1237-24.2024 · Cited by 18
Self-citationCross-reactive antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal common cold coronavirusesPreprint
Klompus, S., Leviatan, S., Vogl, T. J., Kalka, I. N., Godneva, A., Shinar, E., Weinberger, A., & Segal, E. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.09.01.20182220 · Cited by 15
Creation of a biological sensorimotor interface for bionic reconstruction
Festin, C., Ortmayr, J., Maierhofer, U., Tereshenko, V., Blumer, R., Schmoll, M., Rojas, G. C., Luft, M., Laengle, G., Farina, D., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-49580-8 · Cited by 15
A low-power communication scheme for wireless, 1000 channel brain–machine interfaces
Costello, J. T., Nason, S. R., An, H., Lee, J., Mender, M. J., Temmar, H., Wallace, D. M., Lim, J., Willsey, M. S., Patil, P. G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac7352 · Cited by 14
Self-citationUpper Extremity Prosthetics: Current Options and Future Innovations
Xu, W., Toyoda, Y., & Lin, I. C. (2023) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2023.05.018 · Cited by 13
Excitation of natural spinal reflex loops in the sensory-motor control of hand prostheses
Alva, P. G. S., Boesendorfer, A., Aszmann, O. C., Ibáñez, J., & Farina, D. (2024) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.adl0085 · Cited by 15
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Karczewski, A. M., Dingle, A. M., & Poore, S. O. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2021.711028 · Cited by 13
Proof of concept for multiple nerve transfers to a single target muscle
Luft, M., Klepetko, J., Muceli, S., Ibáñez, J., Tereshenko, V., Festin, C., Laengle, G., Politikou, O., Maierhofer, U., Farina, D., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.71312 · Cited by 14
“Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces RPNIs (Vu et al., 2020), for example, are created by implanting transected peripheral nerves into small free muscle grafts, which serve as neuronal control signal amplifiers.”
BackgroundInfluentialPatient-reported outcomes: A primer for plastic surgeons
Talwar, A. A., Niu, E. F., Broach, R. B., Nelson, J. A., & Fischer, J. P. (2023) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2023.08.008 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Vu, P. P., Vaskov, A. K., Irwin, Z. T., Henning, P. T., Lueders, D. R., Laidlaw, A. T., Davis, A. J., Nu, C. S., Gates, D. H., Gillespie, R. B., Kemp, S. W. P., Kung, T. A., Chestek, C. A., & Cederna, P. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Michigan Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chestek, Cynthia A.
- Cederna, Paul S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2020-03-04
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 533
- ISSN
- 1946-6234 (ISSN-L)
- 1946-6242
- PMC
- PMC8082695
- OpenAlex
- W3009733360
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 18
- FWCI
- 18.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science Translational Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Defense Sciences Office, DARPA (N66001-16-1-4006)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics
- Keywords
- regenerative peripheral nerve interface, peripheral nerve interfaces, upper limb amputees, prosthetic hand control, neuroprosthetics, bioamplification, functional reinnervation, electromyography, signal stability
- MeSH terms
- Amputees, Artificial Limbs, Electromyography, Hand, Humans, Peripheral Nerves, Upper Extremity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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