The DOI matches its Crossref record; 160 of the 160 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 61 of the 109 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems.
Open accessAbstract
Suicide is the second leading cause of death worldwide for adolescents. Despite decades of research on correlates and risk factors for adolescent suicide, we know little about why suicidal ideation and behavior frequently emerge in adolescence and how to predict, and ultimately prevent, suicidal behavior among youths. In this review, we first discuss knowledge regarding correlates, risk factors, and theories of suicide. We then review why adolescence is a period of unique vulnerability, given changing biology and social network reorganization. Next, we present a conceptual model through which to interpret emerging findings in adolescent suicide research. We suggest that a promising area for future research is to examine adolescent suicide as a failure of biological responses to acute stress in the proximal moments of a suicidal crisis. After reviewing initial evidence for this conceptualization, we review future directions for studies on adolescent suicide.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review proposes that adolescent suicidal crises may be usefully understood as failures or dysregulation of biological acute stress-response systems during a developmentally sensitive period. It synthesizes prior suicide risk-factor research and preliminary biological findings to offer a heuristic model centered on proximal stress responses, stress thresholds, and suicide propinquity.
Key findings
- Suicide ranks as the second leading cause of death globally among people aged 10–24; suicidal ideation affects roughly 19.8–24% of youths and suicide attempts roughly 3.1–8.8%, yet prediction remains weak.
- Distal risk factors are limited: internalizing predictors show meta-analytic odds ratios of about 1.17–1.71, and even prior suicidal ideation/behavior weakly predicts later suicidal behavior; only childhood maltreatment, peer victimization, worthlessness, and low self-esteem prospectively predict beyond depression and prior suicidality in one review.
- Preliminary biological correlates include lower resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia or excessive withdrawal, mixed prospective RSA findings, both hyper- and hypocortisol responses, elevated proinflammatory cytokines in some suicide samples, and altered prefrontal–subcortical activation or connectivity.
- The authors propose two moderators: a stress-threshold process, where risk rises when stress exceeds a person’s usual or perceived coping capacity, and suicide propinquity, where prior self-injury, exposure to others’ suicide, or peer socialization makes suicide a more available option.
Methods
- Narrative/integrative review, not a primary empirical study; it synthesizes prior reviews, meta-analyses, theories, and emerging biological literature.
- Scope focuses on suicidal self-injurious thoughts and behaviors, excluding nonsuicidal self-injury, and covers adolescence, four acute stress-response systems, and a conceptual model.
- Main analysis is qualitative synthesis and heuristic model-building; the authors note that adolescent biological data are sparse and much cited evidence is cross-sectional or from adults.
Limitations
- The paper states that it excludes NSSI, cautions against treating suicide constructs as equivalent, notes more research on ideation and attempts than other outcomes, and acknowledges limited adolescent biological data and mostly cross-sectional/adult studies.
- The authors state the model cannot yet explain why some distressed adolescents develop suicidal outcomes rather than other psychopathology, and they note omitted topics including biological sex, culture, race/ethnicity, religiosity, protective factors, and macrosystem influences.
- Evident from the text: the proposed acute stress-response framework is heuristic and not directly tested in this review, and many cited biological associations are preliminary, mixed, or based on small samples.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
32 Own interpretation · 29 Partly supported · 15 No full text of the sources · 13 Supported · 9 Not checked yet · 9 No basis given · 8 Sources not found · 4 Supported so far · 2 Own result · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“adults with a history of suicide attempts have more blunted cortisol reactivity to a Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) than those with only suicidal ideation history or than healthy controls (Melhem et al. 2016, O’Connor et al. 2017)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Melhem et al. 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports no significant group differences in cortisol reactivity to the TSST, contrary to the claim. The Abstract and Discussion instead report lower total cortisol output and lower pre-task cortisol in suicide attempters than in the comparison groups; those measures are distinct from reactivity. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites O’Connor et al. 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.1; page unavailable) report lower cortisol output in attempters than in healthy controls, but no significant difference between attempters and ideators. The Methods (§2.2; page unavailable) identify this study’s stress task as the Maastricht Acute Stress Test, not the TSST. The Introduction (§1; page unavailable) says the TSST study it discusses found no significant between-group difference in cortisol reactivity. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Last, most suicidal behavior among youths occurs in response to a discrete stressful precipitant (King & Merchant 2008).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > INTRODUCTION > Organization of Review
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites King & Merchant 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Community-Based Epidemiologic Studies section reports that stressful life events were associated with suicidal behavior in a longitudinal cohort. It does not say that most suicidal behavior among youths follows a discrete stressful precipitant; the review also states that research on life stress was outside its scope. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from this review suggest that beyond demographic characteristics, only childhood maltreatment, peer victimization, feelings of worthlessness, and low self-esteem increase the risk for suicidal ideation or behaviors over time, after accounting for depression and prior suicidal ideation or behaviors as predictors (Cha et al. 2018).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Cha et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Psychological risk factors section reports that worthlessness and low self-esteem predict later suicidal thoughts or attempts after adjustment for depressive symptoms and baseline suicidality. The Environmental risk factors section supports childhood maltreatment and peer victimization as longitudinal risk factors, but does not establish that every form was assessed after both adjustments. The review also describes similar findings for neuroticism, so it does not support the claim that *only* the four listed factors increase risk. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Throughout puberty, changes in social and mentalizing neural networks allow for more sophisticated social comparisons and reflected appraisals, allowing adolescents to form a more stable sense of self-concept that is heavily dependent on perceived peer appraisals (Casey et al. 2008, Harter et al. 1996, Somerville 2013).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Casey et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) links puberty to changes in brain function and describes adolescents spending more time with peers. The Conclusions (page unavailable) describe developmental changes in frontolimbic regions, but relate them to cognitive control and self-regulation. Our copy does not connect changes in social or mentalizing networks to social comparisons, reflected appraisals, or a more stable self-concept dependent on perceived peer appraisals. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not matchedcites Harter et al. 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Somerville 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The sections “Thinking about the thoughts of others” and “Vigilance to social evaluation” describe developing mentalizing abilities, heightened sensitivity to peers’ impressions, and adolescent changes in socioaffective neural activity. They do not establish that these changes enable more sophisticated social comparisons or reflected appraisals, or that they produce a more stable self-concept heavily dependent on perceived peer appraisals. Our copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“depressive symptoms are associated with the development of hyporeactive responses to stress in the HPA axis (see Guerry & Hastings 2011 for a review)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Guerry & Hastings 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Psychological Challenge Studies section reports relatively hyporesponsive cortisol reactions to stress in prepubertal children with subclinical depressive symptoms. But it reports hyper-reactivity in post-pubertal dysphoric youths and does not establish that depressive symptoms cause hyporeactive responses to develop. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As reviewed above, few developmentally based theories have been offered to help explain why suicidal ideation and behaviors increase in prevalence at the adolescent transition (Nock et al. 2013).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nock et al. 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Prevalence and age-of-onset; page not supplied) show that suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts increase during adolescence. The Comment calls for further work to understand that increase, but does not say that few developmentally based theories have been offered. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Adolescence also is marked by an increase in the frequency and emotional intimacy of dyadic peer experiences, with both best friendships and emerging romantic relationships occupying more of adolescents’ attention and interest (Rose & Rudolph 2006, Steinberg & Morris 2001).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Rose & Rudolph 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages labeled Abstract (page unavailable) say that close dyadic friendships become especially important in adolescence and that romantic relationships gain importance in later adolescence. They do not establish a general increase in the frequency or emotional intimacy of dyadic experiences; the discussion of dyadic interaction says its frequency among older children and adolescents has not been studied. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Steinberg & Morris 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“chronic exposure to stress, particularly during early childhood and adolescent development, is associated with structural and functional changes in both the amygdala and hippocampus, thus increasing the risk for altered acute stress responses (Radley et al. 2015)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Radley et al. 2015 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Amygdala and Hippocampal Formation sections describe structural and functional changes with repeated or chronic stress, and the Amygdala section describes sensitized stress-response systems. The review also says early-life experience influences stress responsiveness, but the cited passages do not establish the claimed sequence specifically for chronic exposure during early childhood and adolescence. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Interestingly, epidemiological data suggest that the most dramatic increase in the incidence of suicidal ideation and behavior occurs between 12 and 17 years of age. (Nock et al. 2013).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Nock et al. 2013 source
The Results section (“Prevalence and age-of-onset of suicidal behaviors”; page not provided) says ideation rises more rapidly between ages 12 and 17, while plans and attempts rise from age 12 through 17, most quickly through age 15. The Comment section also describes a dramatic increase in first onset of suicidal behaviors during adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.89)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, changes in the HPA axis during adolescence result in heightened cortisol reactivity to acute stressors and a longer recovery relative to childhood and adult years (Gunnar et al. 2009, Romeo 2017).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Gunnar et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports generally higher cortisol reactivity in participants aged 13 and older than in those under 13 during one laboratory stressor, though the age pattern was not linear. It does not establish longer cortisol recovery in adolescence or greater reactivity than in adults; the study tested ages 9–15 and describes the older children's response as more adultlike. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites Romeo 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“children ages 7–11 years with a history of suicidal ideation and who had parents rated high on expressed negative emotion did not show flexible RSA responses to a stressful discussion, suggesting a poor adaptive stress response (James et al. 2017)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Supportedcites James et al. 2017 source
The Method (Participants; page unavailable) identifies the children as ages 7–11. The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that children with a history of suicidal ideation and a critical parent maintained baseline RSA across both parent–child discussion tasks rather than showing the typical RSA suppression. The paper measures parental expressed emotion–criticism; the claim’s “expressed negative emotion” refers to that more specific measure. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“exposure to chronic stress during early development has lasting effects on stress responses (see McEwen & Gianaros 2010 for a review)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Supportedcites McEwen & Gianaros 2010 source
The Introduction says that stressors during development can modify stress resiliency over the long term. It also links early maltreatment and adverse conditions to changes in brain systems that affect stress reactivity and recovery. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and recent data suggest that atypical presentations of these same systems have implications for understanding emotion dysregulation (Miller et al. 2017b, Tottenham et al. 2010) and a range of both internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Burghy et al. 2012, Chen et al. 2015, Nederhof et al. 2015, Slavich & Irwin 2014).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miller et al. 2017b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Tottenham et al. 2010 source
Tottenham et al. is cited for the emotion-dysregulation portion of the sentence, not the later claim about a range of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The Discussion reports that larger amygdala volumes predicted higher anxiety ratings and more internalizing behaviors, while the section on emotional processing links early adversity to emotion-regulation difficulties. These passages support the cited implication for understanding emotion dysregulation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites Burghy et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links early-life stress and altered cortisol and emotion-regulation circuitry to adolescent anxiety and depressive symptoms. The Results say externalizing symptoms were used as a control variable, not examined as an outcome of those systems. Burghy et al. therefore support the internalizing portion of the attributed claim, but not the externalizing portion; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Note also that these peer-related stressors (e.g., friendship alienation, romantic breakups, bullying) are among the most frequently reported precipitants to adolescents’ suicidal behavior (Juvonen & Graham 2014, King & Merchant 2008, Massing-Schaffer et al. 2018).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Juvonen & Graham 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites King & Merchant 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Community-Based Epidemiologic Studies section links friendship difficulties and social isolation with later suicide attempts, while the Population-Based/Community Studies section links bullying with suicidal ideation or attempts. These passages support the relevance of peer stressors, but they do not establish that these are among the most frequently reported precipitants or address romantic breakups. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites Massing-Schaffer et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introductory passages (page unavailable) say relationship breakups are a common precipitant of adolescent suicide attempts and link bullying and relational victimization with suicidality. They do not establish that friendship alienation, romantic breakups, and bullying are collectively among the most frequently reported precipitants. The Discussion also qualifies the findings for relational victimization, particularly among adolescent females. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Only three randomized controlled trials have demonstrated efficacy in temporarily reducing the risk for suicidal behavior among adolescents with a history of suicide attempts or self-harm (Asarnow et al. 2017, Esposito-Smythers et al. 2011, McCauley et al. 2018).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Asarnow et al. 2017 source
The Methods describe an RCT in adolescents with recent suicide attempts or other self-harm. The Results report significantly fewer suicide attempts in the SAFETY group at three months, and the Discussion says the benefit weakened after treatment ended. This supports citing the trial as one example of a temporary reduction; the paper alone does not establish the sentence’s total count of three trials. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites Esposito-Smythers et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Suicide Attempts and Other Adverse Psychiatric/Legal Outcomes; page unavailable) report significantly fewer suicide attempts in the randomized I-CBT group than in enhanced treatment as usual over 18 months. But the Participants and Study Sample sections show that 25% of the adolescents had suicidal ideation only, without a reported prior attempt; the trial therefore does not establish the result solely among adolescents with a history of attempts or self-harm. This citation supports the efficacy finding for this trial, not the sentence’s count of three trials. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McCauley et al. 2018 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The onset of puberty, characterized by rapid external physical and internal biological changes, includes extensive neural network changes in the brain and alterations in hormonal systems as adolescents move toward sexual maturity (Gunnar et al. 2009, Rudolph 2014, Susman & Dorn 2009).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Gunnar et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) reports changes in HPA-axis activity during the transition to adolescence and an association with pubertal maturation. The Puberty measure section documents physical changes used to assess maturation. The paper does not establish the claimed extensive changes in brain neural networks. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rudolph 2014 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Susman & Dorn 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Altered frontolimbic connectivity could help explain why some youths who experience an acute stressor are unable to leverage higher-order skills, such as cognitive reappraisal (Buhle et al. 2014), to modulate subcortical activation and, subsequently, begin experiencing suicidal ideation.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Buhle et al. 2014 source
The citation immediately follows “cognitive reappraisal,” identifying the higher-order emotion-regulation skill used as an example. The paper’s Abstract describes reappraisal as changing how one thinks about a stimulus and reports recruitment of cognitive-control regions alongside modulation of amygdala activity. The proposed explanation involving stressed youths and suicidal ideation is the citing authors’ own inference, not a finding attributed to Buhle et al. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“free circulating mtDNA measured via blood plasma was significantly higher in individuals with a history of suicide attempt compared with healthy controls (Lindqvist et al. 2016)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Lindqvist et al. 2016 source
The Results (mtDNA units versus clinical variables) report significantly higher plasma levels of free-circulating mtDNA in suicide attempters than in controls at all three time points. The Introduction identifies the comparison group as healthy controls. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“individuals with a lifetime history of suicidal behavior have had lower baseline levels or hair concentrations of cortisol compared with individuals with only suicidal ideation or with healthy controls (Keilp et al. 2016, Melhem et al. 2017)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Keilp et al. 2016 source
- Supportedcites Melhem et al. 2017 source
The Results (§3.2) report significantly lower hair cortisol concentrations in suicide attempters than in patients with suicidal ideation and healthy controls. The Methods (§2.1) identify the sample as inpatients aged 15–30, and the Introduction also reports earlier findings of low baseline cortisol in attempters. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“individuals with a history of suicide attempt had higher levels of TNF-α and C-reactive protein compared with those with a history of suicidal ideation and with healthy controls (Melhem et al. 2017)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Melhem et al. 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports higher CRP and TNF-α mRNA in suicide attempters than in the suicidal-ideation and control groups; the Methods describe participants aged 15–30. However, the Discussion explicitly says plasma TNF-α was not measured, so the claim's unqualified reference to higher TNF-α levels overstates that finding. Page numbers are not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“adolescents with major depressive disorder and suicidal ideation (N = 12) showed higher levels of interferon-γ compared with controls (N = 15) (Gabbay et al. 2009)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Gabbay et al. 2009 source
The Results (Cytokine findings; page unavailable) report significantly higher plasma IFN-γ in suicidal adolescents with MDD than in controls. The Methods (Subjects; page unavailable) identify 12 adolescents in the suicidal MDD group and 15 controls. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelationaln = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the worldwide trend for suicidal ideation and behavior to increase dramatically in prevalence at the adolescent transition (Nock et al. 2013)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nock et al. 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports that suicidal ideation rises more rapidly between ages 12 and 17, while plans and attempts increase after age 12. The study concerns US adolescents, so it does not establish that this prevalence pattern occurs worldwide. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“youths who died by suicide (N = 24) compared with matched healthy controls (N = 24) had higher levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the PFC (Pandey et al. 2012)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Pandey et al. 2012 source
Methods §2.1 reports 24 teenage suicide victims and 24 teenage controls; Results §3 reports comparable ages and postmortem intervals. Results §§3.1 and 3.3 report higher prefrontal-cortex levels of all three cytokines in suicide victims. The IL-6 protein increase did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06), but the claim says “higher,” not “significantly higher.” (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelationaln = 24- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“individuals with a history of suicidal ideation appear to show abnormal resting state connectivity between PFC control regions and subcortical brain regions (Chase et al. 2017, Ordaz et al. 2018)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Chase et al. 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Group differences in connectivity; page unavailable) report abnormal resting-state connectivity in suicidal ideators, chiefly between the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. They do not report an ideator–control difference in connectivity between prefrontal control regions and subcortical regions. The Results (Main effects; page unavailable) mention prefrontal and subcortical connectivity across participants, not as an abnormality in ideators. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites Ordaz et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Network Associations with Lifetime Suicidal Ideation; page unavailable) associate greater lifetime ideation severity in depressed adolescents with lower resting-state coherence in the left executive control, anterior default mode, and salience networks. The Methods (Operationalizing Network Coherence; page unavailable) place prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus within the executive control network, but the study measures coherence within networks, not connectivity specifically between prefrontal control regions and subcortical regions. The claim also generalizes beyond the studied population of depressed adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“work from our group demonstrated that compared with controls, youths with a history of suicidal ideation show decreased dorsolateral PFC activation when passively viewing negative stimuli (Miller et al. 2018)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Miller et al. 2018 source
The Results section (“Neural Response to Passive Viewing of Negative Emotional Stimuli”) reports significantly less dlPFC activation in youth with suicidal ideation histories than in youth without such histories during the look-negative-versus-neutral contrast. This supports the citing sentence’s comparison during passive viewing. (LLM, conf=0.94)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“adolescents may be particularly susceptible toward the socialization of self-injury when a close friend endorses depressive symptoms, NSSI, or suicidal ideation and behavior (Bearman & Moody 2004, Kandel et al. 1991, Rew et al. 2001, Yoder 1999)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Suicide Propinquity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bearman & Moody 2004 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable in our copy) associate a friend's suicide attempt with adolescents' own suicidal thoughts and attempts, supporting the suicidal-behavior portion of the claim. The paper does not establish socialization as the mechanism or address a friend's depressive symptoms, NSSI, or suicidal ideation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kandel et al. 1991 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rew et al. 2001 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“some emerging longitudinal evidence suggests that a friend’s suicide is a meaningful predictor of an adolescent’s own risk for future NSSI (Giletta et al. 2013, Prinstein et al. 2010, You et al. 2013) and suicidal behavior (e.g., Liu 2006)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Suicide Propinquity
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Giletta et al. 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that friends’ depressive symptoms predicted changes in adolescents’ NSSI; they do not address whether a friend’s suicide predicts NSSI. Searches for a friend’s suicide and suicidal behavior found no passage addressing that claim. The citing sentence attributes suicidal behavior to a different source, not to Giletta et al. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites Prinstein et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Study 2 Methods reports asking adolescents whether close friends had attempted suicide, not whether a friend had died by suicide. The General Discussion reports that friends’ self-harm predicted later NSSI among girls, but not boys. Thus the paper supports a narrower longitudinal peer-influence finding, not the claim that a friend’s suicide predicts NSSI; the citing sentence attributes the separate suicidal-behavior claim to Liu (2006). (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites You et al. 2013 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A series of multiwave prospective studies conducted within our research group using a within-person analytical approach has offered some evidence to support a stress-threshold hypothesis.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“among adolescent girls who have been exposed to child abuse, for instance, periods of higher-than-usual stress are also times of enhanced risk for suicidal behavior (Miller et al. 2017a)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Miller et al. 2017a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a large sample of adolescent girls, we found modest between-person associations between interpersonally themed stress and suicidal ideation or suicide attempts during the course of an 18-month follow-up period.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suicidal attempts were most likely among girls who demonstrated hyporeactive cortisol responses to a social speech task and only during the period when they experienced higher-than-usual peer stress (Eisenlohr-Moul et al. 2018a)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eisenlohr-Moul et al. 2018a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, most risk factors previously identified are remarkably weak predictors of later suicidal ideation and behavior.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > INTRODUCTION > Organization of Review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Despite these disturbing statistics, our ability to accurately predict suicidal ideation and behavior, as well as death by suicide, remains remarkably limited (Franklin et al. 2017).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al. 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, many prior conceptual frameworks and identified risk factors lack specificity; many elucidate risks relevant to psychopathology more generally, rather than to suicidal ideation and behaviors.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > INTRODUCTION > Organization of Review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence is associated with a recalibration of biological responses to acute stress that may further create a period of developmental vulnerability for suicide.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“23 adolescent females aged 14 to 18 years with a history of suicidal behavior or NSSI, or both, evinced lower resting RSA and excessive RSA withdrawal (i.e., greater release of SNS suppression) following exposure to evocative stimuli compared with controls (N = 23, ages 14–18 years) (Crowell et al. 2005)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crowell et al. 2005 source
plaincorrelationaln = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Suicidal ideation and behavior may occur following particularly severe social stressors, especially among those with atypical biological responses to acute stress.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, Glenn and colleagues (2018) revealed significant, but low, effect sizes for markers of the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria Negative Valence Systems domain (i.e., depressed mood, rumination, and hopelessness) in predicting suicidal ideation or behaviors.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Glenn et al. 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Indeed, difficulties navigating this unique combination of their changing environmental context, developing self- and social competencies, and biological vulnerabilities has been associated with a range of psychological symptoms and adjustment difficulties (see Prinstein et al. 2018 for a review).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Prinstein et al. 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Adolescents’ bids to enhance or maintain this form of peer status frequently involve the use of overt or relational aggression strategies that often are cited as powerful predictors of adolescent suicide (Juvonen & Graham 2014, Massing-Schaffer et al. 2018).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Juvonen & Graham 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Massing-Schaffer et al. 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Together, these reviews highlight a fundamental limitation in the suicide literature: By focusing on distal risk factors, it has been remarkably difficult to identify robust predictors of suicidal ideation, behaviors, or death by suicide.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“At the peer group level, adolescence is marked by the introduction of a new form of peer status, reflecting adolescents’ dominance, power, influence, and visibility (Cillessen & Rose 2005, Parkhurst & Hopmeyer 1998).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In sum, the adolescent transition offers a potentially risky person–environment transaction that may be especially relevant for understanding suicide.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Meta-analytic reviews of the broader suicide literature across the life span yield remarkably low odds ratios in the prospective prediction of suicidal ideation or behaviors.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“findings suggesting that a lower resting RSA or excessive RSA withdrawal may be linked with emotion dysregulation and suicidal ideation and behavior”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“research suggests that each of these biological stress-response systems may be linked with suicidal ideation and behaviors”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Associations Among Biological Markers of Stress Response and Suicide
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Comparable changes in development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), allowing for emotional regulation skills and goal-directed behavior, do not occur until years later.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, normative adolescent development is defined by increased sensitivity and responsiveness across these acute stress-response systems”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is also some preliminary evidence for autonomic dysregulation in insulin and glucagon secretion among individuals with a history of suicide attempt (Bendix et al. 2017)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bendix et al. 2017 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“we elucidated how reciprocal intra- and interpersonal transactions between social–environmental, cognitive, and biological systems may confer a unique risk for the types of interpersonally themed stress that most adolescents report as precipitants to suicidal behavior and the impulsive suicidal urges that are more common among adolescents than among suicidal adults (Orbach 1997)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Orbach 1997 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“compared with controls, individuals with suicidal ideation and behavior have increased proinflammatory cytokine activity (Black & Miller 2015)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Black & Miller 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“lower levels of cortisol after a dexamethasone suppression test (suggesting cortisol hyporeactivity) were associated with greater current suicidal ideation (Beauchaine et al. 2015)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Beauchaine et al. 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“increased inflammatory brain signaling in the context of exposure to social stressors may distinguish adolescents at risk for suicidal ideation and behavior”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these findings offer preliminary promise, suggesting that ANS responses to acute stressors may provide insight into adolescents’ risk for suicide”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“almost all research studies have employed analytical approaches that prohibit testing of a stress-threshold hypothesis”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“each (a) may undergo important recalibration in adolescence, increasing vulnerability during this developmental period”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“findings suggest that dysregulated cortisol levels, as markers of HPA axis responses to stress, may be relevant markers of suicide risk”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suicide may follow from the same stress-response processes that confer risk for other forms of psychopathology when stressors exceed an individual’s own stress threshold”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the vulnerability conferred by the pubertal transition and from preexisting distal risk factors combine to affect biological stress-response systems in adolescence, leaving some youths especially ill-prepared to cope with the increase in interpersonal stressors that characterize this developmental period”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for those with depressive symptoms, chronic or early childhood stress, or other distal risks for suicide, thresholds may be lower, making suicide a more likely option”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“The polyamine system has been implicated in the risk for suicide (see Lutz et al. 2017 for a detailed discussion)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lutz et al. 2017 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these findings suggest that activation of the PFC and subcortical regions during emotionally evocative tasks may be associated with suicidal ideation and behavior among adolescents.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emerging research in neuroscience supports a link between suicide risk and altered neural structure and function.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, early evidence suggests there is altered signaling in subcortical regions among youths at risk for suicide.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two recent studies suggest that youths at risk for suicide demonstrate significant differences in subcortical brain regions.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“may be especially dysregulated among adolescents who possess known distal risk factors for suicide”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“slower recovery of RSA (indexed by lower resting RSA during recovery from the task) was associated with a prospective risk for this same self-injury composite over time (Wielgus et al. 2016)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wielgus et al. 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in some studies in adults, elevated baseline levels of cortisol have been associated with greater frequencies of suicidal behavior (Mann & Currier 2007)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Mann & Currier 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the vast majority of research on suicide is concurrent in nature, precluding the ability to understand how an individual’s experience of stress or suicidal ideation or behavior at one time point might compare with an individual’s enduring level of stress”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have reviewed a constellation of biological and social adaptations to adolescence that occur at precisely the same period when the onset of suicidal ideation and behavior is most likely.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Findings regarding cortisol levels following a stressor similarly reveal that both hypo- and hyperreactivity may be relevant for suicide.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both studies suggest that the polyamine system may be relevant for regulating depressed affect and perhaps also suicidal ideation or behavior.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“administration of the polyamine agmatine ameliorated experimentally (TNF-α)-induced depression-like behaviors in mice (Neis et al. 2014)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Neis et al. 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suicide may become more likely when individuals experience distress that is unusual, severe, and exceeds their actual or perceived capacity to activate cognitive and social coping resources”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“traditional tests of associations among suicide risk factors and self-injurious constructs traditionally utilize a between-subjects design”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second factor that may increase the likelihood that vulnerable (i.e., stress-exposed) adolescents might exhibit suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior reflects the extent to which they have been exposed to suicide as an option for ameliorating distress.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Suicide Propinquity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Altered polyamine-related genes, suggesting system dysregulation, also were revealed in a postmortem study of adults who died by suicide (Gross & Turecki 2013)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gross & Turecki 2013 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“even healthy individuals with intact acute stress-response systems might conceive of suicidal behavior if faced with a stressor perceived to be unusually intense, life-altering, or overwhelming (see Orbach 1997 for a detailed discussion of people who attempted suicide and exhibited high levels of perfectionism but no other apparent psychopathology)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Orbach 1997 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“findings suggest that both hyper- and hypocortisol responses reflect disruptions in the HPA axis system that may increase the vulnerability to suicide in the context of acute stress”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Preliminary associations have also been revealed between suicide and polyamines, mtDNA, and DNA methylation.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The effects of exposure to well-known individuals’ suicidal behavior on adolescents’ own suicidal behavior also have been well documented through research on suicide clusters (see Brent et al. 1989, Gould 1990, Gould et al. 1990, Joiner 1999, Phillips & Carstensen 1986)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Suicide Propinquity
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 32
- Probably not a substantial claim. 12
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Remarkably, all of these reviews demonstrate that we know surprisingly little about the etiology of adolescent suicidal ideation and behaviors and that predictors of suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior, and death by suicide are surprisingly weak.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Cha et al. 2018 source
The Introduction defines the review’s youth outcomes as suicidal ideation, attempts, and deaths. In “Potential etiology: Risk factors and correlates” (page unavailable), the authors say that all the correlates and risk factors reviewed have fairly modest effects; “Future directions” adds that much of the literature does not directly test etiology, leaving causal questions open. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al. 2017 source
- Not matchedcites Glenn et al. 2017a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“early chronic stress is linked with increased amygdala reactivity and with a lack of prefrontal regulation to acute stressors (Tottenham & Galván 2016)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tottenham & Galván 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the section on amygdala–PFC circuitry and developmental stress (page unavailable), the review links stress exposure to increased amygdala reactivity and reports that trauma-exposed youths failed to dampen that reactivity during an emotional-conflict task. It does not establish a general lack of prefrontal regulation in response to acute stressors: the evidence concerns emotional tasks, and it also describes increased prefrontal recruitment or adult-like regulatory connectivity in some stress-exposed youths. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Consequently, little is known regarding the processes that may immediately precede suicide, and few effective strategies designed to intervene in the hours or minutes before individuals engage in suicidal behavior are available (Asarnow et al. 2017, Cha et al. 2018, Miller et al. 2017a), perhaps particularly among youths.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Asarnow et al. 2017 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says that treatments with replicated efficacy for youth suicide attempts and self-harm are lacking, supporting the claim that effective strategies are limited among youths. It does not address what is known about processes immediately preceding suicide or whether effective interventions are available in the hours or minutes before suicidal behavior; the Method describes a safety plan but does not establish its effectiveness on that timescale. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites Cha et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Potential etiology section says the pathways by which young people develop suicidal thoughts and act on them are not well understood, and Future directions calls for more short-term, real-time research. The Prevention section says crisis lines address immediate needs but have not been studied for reducing suicidal behaviour in youth. These passages support the broad knowledge and intervention gaps, but do not specifically establish a lack of effective interventions in the hours or minutes before suicidal behaviour across individuals generally. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not matchedcites Miller et al. 2017a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, across rodent and human studies, adolescents demonstrate changes in ANS responses, including increased SNS reactivity and PNS withdrawal to acute stressors (Allen & Matthews 1997, Choi & Kellogg 1996, Kurtz & Campbell 1994, Stroud et al. 2009), suggesting that adolescents are more physiologically reactive to stressors and less able to flexibly regulate these increased signals.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Allen & Matthews 1997 source
- Partly supportedcites Choi & Kellogg 1996 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (section 3.2) and Discussion report age-dependent responses to restraint in male rats, supporting the general point that stress responses change during adolescence. But the study measures hypothalamic norepinephrine, not SNS reactivity or PNS withdrawal, and describes this system’s stressor-responsiveness as blunted at mid-adolescence rather than increased. It does not study humans or establish less flexible regulation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites Kurtz & Campbell 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although data from studies in developmental affective neuroscience are still emerging, accumulating evidence suggests that pubertal adaptations in acute stress-response systems likely contribute to a protracted period of increased stress reactivity and prolonged stress responses (i.e., a slower return to baseline) in adolescence, which is during the same developmental period associated with”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Dahl & Gunnar 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“a lower resting RSA is associated with suicidal ideation (Rottenberg et al. 2002) and distinguishes individuals with and without a history of suicide attempt (Tsypes et al. 2018)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rottenberg et al. 2002 source
- Partly supportedcites Tsypes et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report significantly lower resting RSA in women with a history of suicide attempt than in women without one. The citing sentence attributes only this attempt-history finding to Tsypes et al.; its suicidal-ideation clause cites a different source. The Discussion cautions that the women-only finding has not been shown to generalize to men, so the unqualified reference to individuals is broader than this study supports. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Early in this process, beginning before physical manifestations of puberty are evident, changes within the limbic system include synaptic pruning, increased myelinization, and a proliferation of dopamine and oxytocin receptors that facilitate more rapid and dramatic responses to social rewards and avoidance of social punishment (Casey et al. 2008, Chein et al. 2011).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Casey et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites Chein et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In sum, findings from developmental affective neuroscience suggest that adolescents experience several years during the pubertal transition with newly developed and robust responses to their social environment and a more sophisticated capacity to allow these social experiences to shape their self-concept, but without mature abilities to regulate their emotions or inhibit impulsive responses (Casey”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Casey et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Even the effects of prior suicidal ideation and behaviors are relatively weak in predicting future suicidal behavior (Ribeiro et al. 2016), reflecting that in most studies, only a minority of those who attempt suicide are likely do so again.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ribeiro et al. 2016 source
The citation is attached to the claim that prior suicidal ideation and behaviors are relatively weak predictors, not to the citing authors’ subsequent explanation about repeat attempts. The Discussion (page unavailable) states that prior self-injurious thoughts and behaviors confer risk, but their effects are substantially weaker than anticipated and may not improve prediction much beyond chance. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Less is known regarding adolescent-specific changes in peripheral stress-response systems, although research has begun examining typical adolescent levels of immune system markers, such as cytokines (Riis et al. 2014).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Typical Biological Responses to Acute Stress
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Riis et al. 2014 source
The Introduction says knowledge of salivary cytokine levels in youth is shallow and that the study addresses this gap. The Methods (Participants and Analytic Strategy) describe measuring cytokine levels and examining their associations with age and pubertal stage in adolescent girls. This supports the sentence’s qualified claim that research has begun examining these markers in adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Research confirms that adolescents experience increased physiological responses to stressors (Stroud et al. 2009), increased prefrontal brain activation during social evaluation (Somerville 2013), and increased difficulty implementing cognitive control skills in the context of emotionally evocative events (Cohen et al. 2016, Somerville et al. 2011).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Stroud et al. 2009 source
Stroud et al. is cited only for increased physiological responses to stressors, not for the claims about brain activation or cognitive control. The Abstract reports significantly greater cortisol, salivary alpha-amylase, and blood-pressure stress responses in adolescents than in children. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites Somerville 2013 source
In “Vigilance to social evaluation,” the paper reports that medial prefrontal cortex activity during peer video monitoring increased markedly in adolescence and partially subsided in adulthood. This supports the part of the citing sentence attributed to Somerville (2013); the other claims have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2016 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Initial findings revealed a significant effect for cortisol hyperreactivity (and a marginal trend for hyporeactivity) to the TSST on the risk for suicidal ideation 3 months later, even after controlling for the lifetime history of suicidal ideation and other distal risk factors (e.g., impulsivity) (Giletta et al. 2015)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Giletta et al. 2015 source
The Results (Multivariate Predictors of Adolescent Suicidal Ideation; page not available) report that hyperresponsive adolescents were about 16 times more likely than the normative group to report suicidal ideation at three months, with a marginal trend for the hyporesponsive group (p=0.087). The Methods (Strategy of Analyses; page not available) describe models including impulsiveness and other baseline predictors, and the Results state that the follow-up association remained after controlling for lifetime suicidal ideation. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“compared with nonsuicidal controls, youths with a history of suicidal behavior had decreased gray matter volumes in the hippocampus and cerebellum and decreased functional connectivity between the amygdala and the left ventral and right rostral PFC when viewing emotional faces (Johnston et al. 2017)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Johnston et al. 2017 source
The Abstract Results and Discussion report lower hippocampal and cerebellar gray matter volumes and lower amygdala connectivity to left ventral and right rostral prefrontal regions in suicide attempters than non-attempters. The Method identifies both groups as adolescents or young adults with bipolar disorder; the Results specify that connectivity differences occurred during emotional-face conditions. Here, “nonsuicidal controls” refers to the study’s non-attempter comparison group, not a healthy control group. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“DNA methylation systematically alters gene expression, resulting in an increased risk for psychopathology and, specifically, suicide (Haghighi et al. 2014)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Haghighi et al. 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction links methylation at specific sites to decreased gene expression, and the Abstract says increased methylation may contribute to psychopathology and suicide risk. But the Discussion explicitly says the study cannot establish a causal relationship between increased DNA methylation and suicide risk, so the citing sentence overstates the evidence by saying methylation results in increased risk. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We have replicated a similar pattern of results in a separate sample of adolescents and in a sample of emerging adults (Miller et al. 2018).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Miller et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Participants; page unavailable) describe one sample of 49 adolescents, and the Discussion reports differences in neural activation associated with suicidal ideation in that sample. This supports the reference to a similar pattern in adolescents, but the paper does not report a separate sample of emerging adults. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Adolescents who engage in NSSI or make suicide attempts are significantly more likely to engage in future suicidal behavior (Ribeiro et al. 2016), especially within the first few months following an attempt (Goldston et al. 2001)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Suicide Propinquity
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Ribeiro et al. 2016 source
The Results (Risk factor category analyses) report significantly increased odds of future suicide attempts after NSSI (OR 4.27) or a prior suicide attempt (OR 3.61). The Results (Moderator analyses, Sample age) also report a significant association with future attempts in adolescent samples. The first-few-months qualifier is cited to Goldston et al. (2001), not Ribeiro et al., and is outside this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Goldston et al. 2001 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“adverse social experiences characterized by loss or threat activate proinflammatory cytokine activity (Giletta et al. 2018, Slavich & Cole 2013) and trigger alterations in the genes regulating proinflammatory cytokine production (Slavich et al. 2010)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giletta et al. 2018 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Peer Victimization and Adolescent Inflammatory Responses to Social Stress section (page unavailable) says threats to the social self may increase acute inflammatory responses. The Results (page unavailable) find greater IL-6 and IL-1β reactivity among girls with more peer victimization, but no significant average cytokine increase after the stressor. Thus, the citation supports a narrower, qualified link than the claim’s general statement that loss- or threat-related experiences activate cytokine activity. The separate claim about gene alterations is attributed to Slavich et al. (2010), not this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Supportedcites Slavich & Cole 2013 source
The citation to Slavich and Cole is attached to the first clause, about adverse social experiences activating proinflammatory activity; the later claim about alterations in genes is cited to a different source. In “Social Signal Transduction” (page unavailable), the paper says that even the threat of a significant social loss can activate the inflammatory transcriptional response, and that psychosocial stress or threat can lead to increased inflammatory activity. “Socially Sensitive Genes” identifies proinflammatory cytokine genes as part of the immune response under discussion. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites Slavich et al. 2010 source
Section 3.2, “Social rejection and inflammation” (page not provided), reports that social isolation and interpersonal stress upregulate expression of genes that promote inflammation. This supports the gene-regulation clause attributed to Slavich et al.; the paper describes altered gene expression, not changes to DNA sequence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“An emerging line of research points to altered neural activation (Just et al. 2017, Miller et al. 2018, Pan et al. 2013, Quevedo et al. 2016) and neural network connectivity (Chase et al. 2017; Ordaz et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2014, 2016) in PFC regions among individuals with a history of suicidal ideation or behavior.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Neural Markers
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Just et al. 2017 source
The Results section reports negligible stable activation in anterior frontal regions among suicidal ideators, compared with controls. Just et al. is cited for altered neural activation; the sentence attributes neural network connectivity to other studies. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites Miller et al. 2018 source
The Miller et al. citation is attached to the neural-activation portion of the sentence, not the connectivity portion. The Discussion reports different activation in frontal control regions between adolescents with and without histories of suicidal ideation during an emotion-regulation task. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites Pan et al. 2013 source
Pan et al. is cited for the neural-activation portion of the sentence, not the connectivity portion. The Discussion reports greater left dorsolateral prefrontal activity in adolescents with a history of depression and suicide attempt than in depressed adolescents without an attempt when viewing 50% intensity angry faces. Our copy does not provide a page number for this passage. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Following acute stress, proinflammatory cytokines signal the brain to engage in sickness behaviors closely mimicking depression and, in some cases, leading to clinical depression among physically ill people (Dantzer et al. 2008)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Dantzer et al. 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says that pro-inflammatory cytokines act on the brain to cause sickness behaviour, that its symptoms resemble depression, and that sustained immune activation may contribute to depression in vulnerable physically ill people. It describes infection and ongoing inflammation, however, not acute stress as the trigger; it also says the similarity between sickness and depression is only partial. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“those who become suicidal might be predicted by understanding whether adolescents have recently been exposed to and, perhaps, consequently possess less-aversive attitudes toward suicide (Nock et al. 2010)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Suicide Propinquity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Nock et al. 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not provided) show that an implicit association between death/suicide and self predicted subsequent suicide attempts in psychiatric emergency-department patients. The paper does not establish that these patients had less-aversive attitudes toward suicide, or assess recent exposure to suicide as a predictor. It does not establish the proposed prediction specifically for adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“higher-than-usual peer stress predicted suicidal ideation over 18 months, regardless of HPA axis function, but it predicted suicidal behavior only among girls with blunted cortisol responses to the TSST at baseline (Eisenlohr-Moul et al. 2018a)”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Eisenlohr-Moul et al. 2018a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet prior work has not elucidated the biological or psychological processes that immediately follow stressful experiences and occur within the hours, minutes, or seconds prior to suicidal behavior.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > INTRODUCTION > Organization of Review
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that a promising area for future research is to examine adolescent suicide as a failure of biological responses to acute stress in the proximal moments of a suicidal crisis.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · hedged
“Specifically, we suggest that failures in biological responses to acute stress may underlie acute suicidal crises in youth.”
- Also stated in: § Organization of Review · hedged
“We suggest that adolescent suicidal crises may result from failures of biological responses to acute stress.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, it is not clear how these factors confer risk in the proximal moments of a suicidal crisis.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Biologically equipped with an increased investment in social interactions and enhanced social sensitivity, adolescents enter a world involving novel, complex, and unfamiliar social interactions with increased stakes for success, but with immature biological resources to adequately regulate social stress.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While these risk factors provide information about global risk for any suicidal ideation or behaviors in the future, they are nonspecific. In other words, they do not provide information about which youths are more vulnerable to these risk factors or when a given youth will experience suicidal ideation or engage in suicidal behavior.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, they note that while internalizing risk factors accounted for nearly 66% of all predictors examined in the literature, they were not strongly related to future risk for suicidal ideation or behaviors when omnibus effect sizes are considered in meta-analyses (odds ratios between 1.17 and 1.71; Franklin et al. 2017).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > CORRELATES, RISK FACTORS, AND THEORIES OF SUICIDE > Current Knowledge About Correlates and Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Franklin et al. 2017 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As compared with children and adults, adolescents report higher levels of peer-related interpersonal stressors and greater emotional reactivity to these types of stressors (Rudolph 2014).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rudolph 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Markers of central stress-response systems may be promising predictors of proximal suicide risk in adolescents.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, research suggests that the pubertal transition is associated with marked increases in adolescents’ interactions with peers, concomitant decreases in parental supervision, and more severe parent–child conflict (Prinstein & Giletta 2016).”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Prinstein & Giletta 2016 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescence is marked by dramatic changes in biological and social systems that simultaneously increase acute stress-response system reactivity and adolescents’ orientation toward social stimuli, thus creating a uniquely vulnerable time frame for the emergence of suicidal ideation and behavior.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > The Adolescent Transition
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For healthy individuals, stress thresholds may be quite high.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Stress Threshold
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are several factors that may increase the likelihood that adolescents will readily consider suicide, including (a) their own prior experiences with self-injury and suicide, such as prior NSSI, ideation, or attempts; (b) their knowledge of others’ (a relative’s or celebrity’s) suicidal behavior; and (c) peer socialization toward self-injurious thoughts and behaviors”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Suicide Propinquity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“suicide is most likely to occur when at least one of two conditions is met”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a fact that, unfortunately, has been unaddressed in almost all prior theories regarding suicide”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Markers of several peripheral response systems also may be relevant correlates of adolescent suicide.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Peripheral Stress-Response Systems and Functional Genomics
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“both higher and lower levels of cortisol have been associated with suicide”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“is associated with relevant suicidal outcomes, at least preliminarily, based on limited empirical studies”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many other domains of psychopathology also may be predicted by these same distal factors, the onset of social–biological adaptations to puberty, and atypical stress-response systems”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“resting RSA and greater RSA withdrawal to a noninterpersonal frustration task did not predict engagement in self-injurious thoughts and behavior (defined as a composite of NSSI, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior) during the following 6 months”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > ADOLESCENCE: A CRITICAL TIME OF VULNERABILITY TO SUICIDE > Markers of Central Stress-Response Systems
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wielgus et al. 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, suicide propinquity may moderate the association between adolescents’ acute stress response and suicidal ideation or behavior.”
§ Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems > SYNTHESIS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS > Suicide Propinquity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The acute stress-response systems are the proximal mechanisms linking stress to suicidal ideation and behavior.
“we have suggested that our understanding and, ultimately, the successful treatment of suicidal thoughts and behaviors and the prevention of suicide would be aided by addressing one of the central facts about this perplexing and troubling clinical phenomenon”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Individuals have a stress threshold that can be exceeded by severe distress.
“we posit that suicide may become more likely when individuals experience distress that is unusual, severe, and exceeds their actual or perceived capacity to activate cognitive and social coping resources”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Suicide propinquity is a meaningful factor that moderates the association between acute stress response and suicidal ideation or behavior.
“A second factor that may increase the likelihood that vulnerable (i.e., stress-exposed) adolescents might exhibit suicidal ideation or suicidal behavior reflects the extent to which they have been exposed to suicide as an option for ameliorating distress.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The prefrontal cortex modulates subcortical activation during acute stress responses.
“The PFC serves a critical role in leveraging higher-order cognitive skills in the service of modulating subcortical activation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Subcortical structures monitor the environment for reward or threat and signal the body to enact stress responses.
“Subcortical brain regions, including the amygdala and hippocampus, are primitive brain structures that monitor the environment for salient cues for reward or threat.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The biological measures used in the reviewed studies validly index the acute stress-response systems.
“Although data on adolescents is sorely lacking, research suggests that each of these biological stress-response systems may be linked with suicidal ideation and behaviors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This can be attributed to a failure of biological responses to acute stressors, increasing proximal risk for STBs (for a comprehensive review, see Miller & Prinstein, 2019).”
From Toward objective characterizations of suicide risk: A narrative review of laboratory-based cognitive and behavioral tasks (2023) · cites this paper as Miller & Prinstein, 2019
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“the adolescent HPA axis is hyper-reactive to stressors, particularly social threat and peer rejection (95)”
From Exploring the neurobiological markers of suicidal behaviors in pediatric population: a narrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [95]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Rather than a quirk of age stratification, this reversal likely reflects a real developmental progression: the adolescent HPA axis is hyper-reactive to stressors, particularly social threat and peer rejection (95), and only later transitions to the blunted, exhausted profile characteristic of chronic adult HPA dysregulation.”
From Exploring the neurobiological markers of suicidal behaviors in pediatric population: a narrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [95]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“several current theoretical perspectives hold that acute suicide risk occurs during relatively short-lived periods of heightened arousal or agitation (Deisenhammer et al., 2009; Miller & Prinstein, 2019; Tucker et al., 2016; Wolfe-Clark & Bryan, 2017)”
From Sleep and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies (2020) · cites this paper as Miller & Prinstein, 2019
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Adolescence is a developmental window of unique biological vulnerability, characterized by ongoing maturation of stress-response systems, prefrontal-limbic circuits, and reward processing pathways that are still calibrating their adult set-points (95).”
From Exploring the neurobiological markers of suicidal behaviors in pediatric population: a narrative review (2026) · cites this paper as [95]
In the citing paper
“stress is prominently featured in many leading STB (11, 20, 38) and NSSI (25, 39) theories.”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [38]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
A note, not an issue: for example, a cited work that was retracted only after this paper was published, which its authors could not have known.
In the paper
“An emerging line of research points to altered neural activation (Just et al. 2017, Miller et al. 2018, Pan et al. 2013, Quevedo et al. 2016) and neural network connectivity (Chase et al. 2017; Ordaz et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2014, 2016) in PFC regions among individuals with a history of suicidal…”
Cited work 10.1038/s41562-017-0234-y · retracted 2023-04-06 · notice 10.1038/s41562-023-01581-1 · this paper published 2019-05-07
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Just, M. A., Pan, L., Cherkassky, V. L., McMakin, D. L., Cha, C., Nock, M. K., & Brent, D. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0234-y · Cited by 210 · cited 1×
“An emerging line of research points to altered neural activation (Just et al. 2017, Miller et al. 2018, Pan et al. 2013, Quevedo et al. 2016) and neural network connectivity (Chase et al. 2017; Ordaz et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2014, 2016) in PFC regions among individuals with a history of suicidal…”
BackgroundRetractedThe Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395 · cited 1×
“Following acute stress, proinflammatory cytokines signal the brain to engage in sickness behaviors closely mimicking depression and, in some cases, leading to clinical depression among physically ill people (Dantzer et al. 2008).”
BackgroundCognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder
Cary, G. L. (1994) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1994.48.1.155 · Cited by 6,299
Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: central role of the brain
McEwen, B. S. (2007) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2006 · Cited by 5,429 · cited 1×
“Consistent with allostatic load theories (McEwen 2007) regarding moderate levels of cortisol facilitating flexible, adaptive responses to environmental stressors, findings suggest that both hyper- and hypocortisol responses reflect disruptions in the HPA axis system that may increase the…”
BackgroundThe interpersonal theory of suicide.
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018697 · Cited by 5,292 · cited 5×
“More recent theories also have emphasized negative interpersonal states that give rise to suicidal thinking (Joiner 2005, Klonsky & May 2015, O’Connor 2011, Van Orden et al. 2010), including thwarted belongingness or perceived burdensomeness.”
BackgroundInfluentialSuicide: A study in sociology.
Durkheim, É. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10406-003 · Cited by 3,944
Suicide: A Study in Sociology.
Alpert, H., Durkheim, É., Spaulding, J. A., Simpson, G. L., Solovay, S. A., Mueller, J. H., & Catlin, G. (1951) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2088294 · Cited by 3,910
Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research
Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., Musacchio, K. M., Jaroszewski, A. C., Chang, B. P., & Nock, M. K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000084 · Cited by 3,784 · cited 8×
“Recently, several theoretical (Glenn et al. 2017a), systematic (Cha et al. 2018), and meta-analytic reviews (Franklin et al. 2017, Glenn et al. 2018, Ribeiro et al. 2016) have been published on the topic of suicide, with one review by Cha and colleagues (2018) focusing specifically on youths.”
BackgroundInfluentialPorges, S. W. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009 · Cited by 3,415 · cited 3×
“In this way, the PNS acts as a brake on the SNS by reducing the heart rate and facilitating alert engagement in the environment (Porges 2003, 2007).”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Beck AT, 1987, J. Cogn. Psychother., 1, 5
- Curtin S, 2016, NCHS Data Brief, 241, 1
- Harter S, 1996, J. Res. Adolesc., 6, 285
- Menninger KA, 1933, Int. J. Psychoanal., 14, 376
- Spirito A, 2012, Child and Adolescent Therapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Procedures, 234
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gruber, J., Prinstein, M. J., Clark, L. A., Rottenberg, J., Abramowitz, J. S., Albano, A. M., Aldao, A., Borelli, J. L., Chung, T., Davila, J., et al. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000707 · Cited by 697
“Last, most theories offered to explain suicidal behavior have implicated interpersonal stress (e.g., conflict, loss) as a common factor that significantly enhances individuals’ risk (Miller & Prinstein, 2019).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBorderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation
Chapman, A. L. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579419000658 · Cited by 276
Sleep and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies
Liu, R. T., Steele, S. J., Hamilton, J. L., Do, Q. B. P., Furbish, K., Burke, T. A., Martinez, A. P., & Gerlus, N. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101895 · Cited by 239
Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth
Auerbach, R. P., Pagliaccio, D., Allison, G. O., Alqueza, K. L., & Alonso, M. F. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.002 · Cited by 204
“Rather, they interact dynamically with stress (2, 3, 36, 37), a point underscored by the fact that stress is prominently featured in many leading STB (11, 20, 38) and NSSI (25, 39) theories.”
BackgroundParental sensitivity and child behavioral problems: A meta-analytic review
Cooke, J. E., Deneault, A.-A., Devereux, C., Eirich, R., Fearon, R. M. P., & Madigan, S. (2022) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13764 · Cited by 173
Metadata
- Authors
- Miller, A. B., & Prinstein, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2019-05-07
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 425-450
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- PMC
- PMC6953613
- OpenAlex
- W2915425527
- Semantic Scholar
- 9d46ab775c12bc217f7dafb0ebcc8a71740f065b
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 66 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 2.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH108238, R01MH107479, K01MH116325)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescent suicide, suicidal ideation, acute stress response, stress system, suicide risk factors, suicide prevention, adolescent vulnerability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Humans, Models, Biological, Stress, Psychological, Suicide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
