The DOI matches its Crossref record; 171 of the 171 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 141 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better
Open accessAbstract
The memories that we retain can serve many functions. They guide our future actions, form a scaffold for constructing the self, and continue to shape both the self and the way we perceive the world. Although most memories we acquire each day are forgotten, those integrated within the structure of multiple prior memories tend to endure. A rapidly growing body of research is steadily elucidating how the consolidation of memories depends on their reactivation during sleep. Processing memories during sleep not only helps counteract their weakening but also supports problem solving, creativity, and emotional regulation. Yet, sleep-based processing might become maladaptive, such as when worries are excessively revisited. Advances in research on memory and sleep can thus shed light on how this processing influences our waking life, which can further inspire the development of novel strategies for decreasing detrimental rumination-like activity during sleep and for promoting beneficial sleep cognition.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sleep, especially NREM/SWS, supports memory consolidation through reactivation and nested oscillations, with consequences for problem solving, creativity, emotional regulation, and well-being. It also proposes that maladaptive sleep-based memory processing may contribute to rumination and psychiatric symptoms, and that targeted memory reactivation (TMR) can modify these processes.
Key findings
- Memory reactivation during sleep, especially NREM/SWS, is linked to consolidation; hippocampal sharp-wave/ripples (70–110 Hz in humans, 150–200 Hz in rodents) nest within thalamo-cortical spindles (11–16 Hz, 0.5–3 s) and cortical slow oscillations (≤1 Hz), providing a temporal frame for hippocampal–neocortical communication.
- A meta-analysis including over 90 experiments found that TMR cues presented during SWS or N2 selectively improved memory for cued information relative to uncued information; TMR benefits have been shown for spatial, skill, vocabulary, and word recall, and can enhance problem solving and creativity.
- Sleep processing can support problem solving and emotional regulation; in one study, after an 8-hour break including sleep or wake, only 35% of participants discovered a hidden shortcut, but participants who slept were more likely to discover it than those who did not.
- Maladaptive sleep cognition may contribute to psychiatric conditions: sleep disturbances are reported in 50–80% of people with psychiatric disorders; MDD shows reduced slow-wave activity and altered dynamics; REM instability/arousals are linked to PTSD and insomnia; and TMR cueing negative memories increased negative ratings one week later in socially anxious adolescents but not healthy ones.
Methods
- Narrative review synthesizing human and rodent studies of memory consolidation during sleep, including EEG/intracranial recordings, fMRI, behavioral sleep/wake comparisons, TMR, and meta-analytic evidence.
- No new primary data or sample; the paper integrates prior findings and proposes a conceptual framework linking sleep memory processing to waking cognition and well-being.
- Main analysis is conceptual synthesis across systems consolidation, sleep physiology (SWRs, SOs, spindles), TMR, creativity/problem solving, emotion, and psychiatric disorders.
Limitations
- The paper states that many mechanisms remain not fully understood, including hippocampal–neocortical contributions to memory change, and that the jury is still out on whether sleep effects apply universally across memory types.
- The paper notes mixed results: SO enhancement sometimes occurs without memory improvement; word-pair recall measures often have low test-retest reliability; some studies failed to find sleep benefits for problem solving; TMR may not produce the same reactivation as spontaneous reactivation; and IAT measures have poor reliability, with one TMR bias result failing to replicate.
- Evident from the text: as a review, it does not provide new experimental tests, and causal claims about maladaptive sleep cognition and psychiatric disorders are often speculative or hypothesized rather than directly established.
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Claims the paper makes
105 Not checked yet · 66 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given · 5 Own method
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Behavioral studies of memory consolidation during sleep have produced ample evidence of superior retrieval of various types of information after a period of sleep compared to a period of wake (e.g., Karni et al. 1994, Plihal & Born 1997, Walker et al. 2002, Tucker et al. 2006).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karni et al. 1994
- Not checked yetcites Plihal & Born 1997
- Not checked yetcites Walker et al. 2002
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In keeping with this idea, damage to the medial temporal lobe can lead to a profound impairment in learning, or anterograde amnesia.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AT A SYSTEMS LEVEL
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The proposal that human declarative memories undergo consolidation for many months after learning, initially regarded by researchers as surprising, is now widely accepted (Squire 1992, Squire & Wixted 2011).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AT A SYSTEMS LEVEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Squire 1992
- Not checked yetcites Squire & Wixted 2011
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This finding was later extended to show that the temporal patterns of action potentials exhibited during wake are repeated during sleep, constituting memory replay (Skaggs & McNaughton 1996).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AT A SYSTEMS LEVEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Skaggs & McNaughton 1996
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Rodent hippocampal place cells with fields used in recent exploration fired more frequently during sleep compared to cells with fields not encountered during pre-sleep exploration (Pavlides & Winson 1989).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AT A SYSTEMS LEVEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pavlides & Winson 1989
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In a seminal study on memory consolidation, Wilson & McNaughton (1994) found that coordinated place cell activity in the hippocampus was likely to reoccur again during sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AT A SYSTEMS LEVEL
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson & McNaughton 1994
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, auditory entrainment produced an increase in spindles with characteristics resembling those of endogenous spindles (Antony & Paller 2017).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Antony & Paller 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, given findings that memory changes after a nap correlated with SWS spindle activity but not with N2 spindle activity (Antony et al. 2012, Cox et al. 2012), spindles during SWS may be particularly important for consolidation.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Antony et al. 2012
- Not checked yetcites Cox et al. 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The importance of the link between SOs and spindles is underscored by the finding that their coupling predicts the degree of memory strengthening over sleep (e.g., Latchoumane et al. 2017).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Latchoumane et al. 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, manipulating SOs during sleep also increases sleep spindles (e.g., Marshall et al. 2006).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marshall et al. 2006
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 48
- Probably not a substantial claim. 47
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
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In the paper
“Damage to this brain region generally produces not only anterograde amnesia, but also temporally graded retrograde amnesia, which spares remote but not recent declarative memories.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AT A SYSTEMS LEVEL
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Spindles originate in the thalamus and propagate to different neocortical sites (Fernandez & Luthi 2020).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fernandez & Luthi 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although the sleeping brain suppresses sensory input during sleep, some sensory processing nevertheless persists, perhaps in order to monitor the surroundings (Andrillon & Kouider 2019).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Toward a Causal Link Between Reactivation and Consolidation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Andrillon & Kouider 2019
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, slow spindles (≤13 Hz) tend to be nested in the down-state of the SO, whereas fast spindles (>13 Hz) are nested in the up-state (Mölle et al. 2011, Cox et al. 2014).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mölle et al. 2011
- Not checked yetcites Cox et al. 2014
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, electrical stimulation with transcranial alternating current was used to boost spindle activity, also benefiting motor memory consolidation (Lustenberger et al. 2016).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lustenberger et al. 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Many such studies have shown enhanced SOs and a concurrent improvement in retention over sleep (Marshall et al. 2006, Ngo et al. 2013, Westerberg et al. 2015, Papalambros et al. 2017).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Slow Oscillations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marshall et al. 2006
- Not checked yetcites Ngo et al. 2013
- Not checked yetcites Westerberg et al. 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, disruption of SWRs during sleep negatively affects memory (Girardeau et al. 2009), whereas their artificial extension benefits memory during wake (Fernández-Ruiz et al. 2019).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sharp-Wave/Ripple Complexes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Girardeau et al. 2009
- Not checked yetcites Fernández-Ruiz et al. 2019
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In rodents, wake SWRs coincide with high-fidelity replay and remain local, whereas sleep SWRs coincide with noisier replay and, as described below, are coordinated with widespread cortical SOs (Roumis & Frank 2015).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sharp-Wave/Ripple Complexes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roumis & Frank 2015
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a pharmacological study, the GABAA agonist zolpidem (Ambien®) was found to increase sleep spindles and to improve word-pair recall but not motor-sequence learning (Mednick et al. 2013).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mednick et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“Higher spindle density has been associated with better memory in word-pair learning (Gais et al. 2002), visuospatial learning (Clemens et al. 2006), episodic learning (Cox et al. 2012), and procedural learning (Milner et al. 2006, Nishida & Walker 2007).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sleep Spindles
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gais et al. 2002
- Not checked yetcites Clemens et al. 2006
- Not checked yetcites Cox et al. 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, a study by Tilley (1979) did not have a large impact because sounds played during REM did not enhance memory performance, and at the time REM was the central focus of questions about consolidation during sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tilley 1979
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a subsequent TMR study by Rudoy et al. (2009), spatial learning was similarly improved but using sounds (Figure 2c): The results showed less forgetting for object locations that were cued by a sound during sleep compared to those that were not cued.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rudoy et al. 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, sleep-based processing might become maladaptive, such as when worries are excessively revisited.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We postulate here that consolidation largely transpires without us knowing about it—because we are asleep at the time.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY AND THE MAGIC TOOLBOX
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ultimately, changes in memory storage during sleep may shape not only what we can remember but also who we are.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY AND THE MAGIC TOOLBOX
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Processing memories during sleep not only helps counteract their weakening but also supports problem solving, creativity, and emotional regulation.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this way, some declarative memories can become independent of the hippocampus; memories may become schematic, may lose details including various contextual features concerning the circumstances of their acquisition, and may be transformed to only hold the bare facts, general outlines, or a portion of the information acquired.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > MEMORY CONSOLIDATION AT A SYSTEMS LEVEL
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TMR experiments lacking polysomnography leave room for doubt about what happened during sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Accordingly, high-fidelity reactivation may support memory-guided planning during wake, whereas noisier, distributed reactivations may support generalization during sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Sharp-Wave/Ripple Complexes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An alternative account, the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis, instead attributes the memory benefits of sleep to widespread downscaling of synaptic strength, thereby increasing the signal-to-noise ratio for memory retrieval (Tononi & Cirelli 2014).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tononi & Cirelli 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“SOs are the hallmark of SWS.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Slow Oscillations
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A prominent account of sleep-based consolidation, sometimes termed the active systems consolidation hypothesis, suggests that memory reactivation in the hippocampus during NREM sleep dictates changes in cortical networks (Buzsáki 1998, Born et al. 2006).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buzsáki 1998
- Not checked yetcites Born et al. 2006
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During sleep, some of these same interpretive issues may be in play but to a lesser extent, as new episodic memories are not readily formed as they are during wake.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > PHYSIOLOGY OF MEMORY CONSOLIDATION DURING SLEEP > Toward a Causal Link Between Reactivation and Consolidation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, Arzi et al. (2014) showed that sleep conditioning changed waking behavior in participants who wished to quit smoking. Conditioned pairing of a noxious odor with the odor of smoking during stage N2 and REM reduced the number of cigarettes smoked compared to various control conditions.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arzi et al. (2014)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An fMRI study using an olfactory TMR procedure found that scents associated with prior learning elicited learning-related patterns of brain activity during sleep, and this activity was correlated with post-sleep spatial memory improvement (Shanahan et al. 2018).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shanahan et al. 2018
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The efficacy of TMR cues undoubtedly depends on many factors. Four such factors are as follows: (a) The cue must gain sufficient sensory processing but not produce awakening; (b) the association between the cue and the learned information must be sufficiently strong and specific, so that the cue preferentially reactivates the intended information; (c) memory measures must be highly sensitive and”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Creery et al. 2015
- Not checked yetcites Cairney et al. 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Following an 8-hour break including either sleep or wake, only 35% of the participants made this discovery. Participants who slept, compared to those who did not, were more likely to discover the shortcut, presumably by restructuring their memories of the task (Wagner et al. 2004).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Problem Solving and Creativity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wagner et al. 2004
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, TMR studies have shown a benefit for skill learning (Antony et al. 2012), vocabulary learning (Schreiner & Rasch 2015), and word recall (Fuentemilla et al. 2013).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Antony et al. 2012
- Not checked yetcites Schreiner & Rasch 2015
- Not checked yetcites Fuentemilla et al. 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Processing memories during sleep can lead not only to the strengthening of particular memories but also to other sorts of memory modification.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Time in SWS correlated with greater hippocampal and caudate activity for cued versus uncued sequences in subsequent wake. Also, time in REM correlated with an increase in cerebellar and cortical motor activity for cued versus uncued sequences, suggesting that the effects of TMR during NREM sleep may depend on subsequent REM sleep as well.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cousins et al. (2016)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A further advantage of this type of design is that participants commonly exhibit no knowledge of whether cues were presented or which cues were presented, so no demand characteristics or strategic confounds are operative during post-sleep memory testing.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Earlier dreams in the night are generally based on recent memory fragments, whereas later dreams incorporate memory fragments from an increasingly farther past (Roffwarg et al. 1978).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Problem Solving and Creativity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roffwarg et al. 1978
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In an fMRI study of spatial learning using an auditory TMR procedure, the degree of memory benefit was found to be correlated with activity in the medial temporal lobe and the cerebellum, as well as with the degree of parahippocampal-precuneus connectivity, thus identifying several candidate measures of brain activity associated with sound-cued memory reactivation (van Dongen et al. 2012; see also”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > TARGETED MEMORY REACTIVATION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Dongen et al. 2012
- Not checked yetcites Berkers et al. 2018
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These two benefits correspond roughly to modifying declarative memories and nondeclarative memories, respectively.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Problem Solving and Creativity
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Although more research is certainly needed in this area, multiple investigators have championed the view that sleep aids the overnight resolution of emotional distress (e.g., Walker & van der Helm 2009).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Emotional Memories and Emotional Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walker & van der Helm 2009
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), memory issues are particularly prominent, as are sleep-related symptoms, and some PTSD symptoms have been attributed to an excessive consolidation of negative memories (Pitman et al. 2000).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pitman et al. 2000
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This type of unstable or disrupted REM sleep has been observed in PTSD (Germain et al. 2008) and in insomnia (Riemann et al. 2012).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Germain et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Riemann et al. 2012
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“After sleep, an interesting pattern of results was revealed: Total time spent in SWS predicted faster spatial recall responses for cued pictures, but only in the negative emotion condition. Cuing did not influence spatial recall accuracy.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Emotional Memories and Emotional Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cairney et al. 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, the outcome may extend to pervasive problems for one’s well-being and mental health.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This decline is disrupted in depression (Kupfer et al. 1986) and restored upon effective treatment (Jindal et al. 2003).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kupfer et al. 1986
- Not checked yetcites Jindal et al. 2003
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Decreased connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and the amygdala was presumed to have caused greater amygdala activation and thus to have increased emotional reactivity.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Emotional Memories and Emotional Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoo et al. 2007
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, insomnia is common in patients with depression (Buysse et al. 2008, Manber et al. 2008).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Buysse et al. 2008
- Not checked yetcites Manber et al. 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, other mood disorders such as social anxiety disorder can involve a negative memory bias as in depression (Glazier & Alden 2019), and the bias may be operative during sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Glazier & Alden 2019
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The memory work accomplished during sleep ideally supports adaptive memory function, but it can become maladaptive instead.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another study, sleep preserved the autonomic response to emotional stimuli after sleep, but it reduced the autonomic response as well as valence ratings to emotional stimuli one week later (Bolinger et al. 2019).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Emotional Memories and Emotional Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolinger et al. 2019
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Major depressive disorder (MDD), for example, is characterized by impaired sleep continuity, lower-than-normal density of NREM sleep, and higher-than-normal density of REM sleep (Steiger & Pawlowski 2019).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Steiger & Pawlowski 2019
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two benefits of sleep can thus be described as (a) reactivating and reorganizing memories and (b) creatively fine-tuning strategies in the service of solving current problems.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Problem Solving and Creativity
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even if there is sufficient sleep and plenty of time for overnight memory processing, that processing may become dysfunctional.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“REM may be particularly important for processing emotional memories, but the evidence is mixed.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Emotional Memories and Emotional Regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If we extend ideas from this experiment to patients, it could be that individuals who suffer the most persistent distress following trauma or emotional insult are those plagued by maladaptive memory processing during sleep; REM sleep punctuated by signs of arousal, presumably mediated by ascending noradrenergic systems, could be a sign of this specific type of maladaptive sleep-thinking.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The number of spindles during SWS also predicted the speed of recall responses, suggesting that sleep spindles mediate a selective enhancement of reactivated emotional memories.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Emotional Memories and Emotional Regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cairney et al. 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In depression and anxiety, a patient’s day may be filled with excessive rumination and worry. Negative thoughts may be recirculated to the detriment of the person’s well-being.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Sleep disturbances are reported in 50–80% of people with psychiatric disorders (Franzen & Buysse 2017).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Franzen & Buysse 2017
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“By one account, patients suffering from MDD hold and empower negative representations about the self that serve to bias memory processing toward negative experiences (Everaert et al. 2012).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Everaert et al. 2012
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Multiple investigators thinking along these lines have emphasized the role of REM sleep, suggesting that its prominence in MDD serves to overemphasize the consolidation of negative memories (Walker & van der Helm 2009, Harrington et al. 2018).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walker & van der Helm 2009
- Not checked yetcites Harrington et al. 2018
hedgeddirect- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“She identified systematic relationships between the dreams of recently divorced individuals and their postdivorce coping strategies, and critically, she found better emotional adjustment the more dreaming was used in this fashion.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AS A CONTRIBUTOR TO CREATIVE INSIGHT AND EMOTIONAL REGULATION > Problem Solving and Creativity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cartwright (1990)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A flaw could develop in the way memories are selected for reactivation or in the way they are processed, with the consequence that the normal progress of nightly consolidation could go awry.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sleep disturbances immediately following traumatic experiences may serve as a protective mechanism to prevent the consolidation of traumatic memories, though consolidation of emotional memories may span many nights (Bolinger et al. 2019).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bolinger et al. 2019
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sense, optimal memory processing during sleep may elude psychiatric patients—and by extension, perhaps the same applies to those who experience less extreme psychological difficulties.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > SLEEP AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such measures might be insensitive to subtle memory transactions.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To take an extreme example, if the mind is excessively agitated during sleep, incessantly revisiting negative thoughts and memories, one consequence could be objectively poor sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much as waking rumination can be harmful, a proliferation of negative memories may also occur during sleep and may likewise have negative psychological consequences.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broadening this idea, rumination may be just one variant of a larger category of maladaptive memory processing during sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be possible to adjust the memories that we emphasize and maintain at the forefront of our psyche in an intentional and strategic way, in order to reach one’s goals of self-improvement.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With reference to the literature reviewed above, memory processing during SWS could be very important, whether or not negative dreams are recalled after awakening.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These measures, however, are not high in test-retest reliability and are poor predictors of discriminatory behavior (Oswald et al. 2013).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oswald et al. 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change is possible based on what information we emphasize and recapitulate while awake, which is subject to further memory processing during sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Changing a dream can be accomplished by using pre-sleep intentions and by using a variant of the TMR procedure to prompt particular dream content (Konkoly et al. 2020).”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Konkoly et al. 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the quality of life reflects both”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, sleep could look fairly normal electrophysiologically, but the nature of the memory processing could still have unwanted consequences for the individual after sleep.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ingrained attitudes may be difficult to change and also difficult to measure.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mental content during the last few minutes before falling asleep might be particularly influential.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It could be that overnight emotional turmoil is the price we pay for subsequent waking benefits.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that sleep with maladaptive memory processing can be detrimental, in which case it could be helpful to change it, for instance through the counter-reactivation or inception of positive memories, feelings, or concepts.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that memory processing during sleep is modifiable, sleep-based consolidation affords the opportunity not just for improving memory function but also for restructuring the self.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We may tend to ignore the portion of our lives occupied by sleep because it is predominantly out of view (like the dark side of the moon)”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we acknowledge that the link between sleep and waking cognition is bidirectional”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both cases—maladaptive sleep with or without obvious signs of sleep disruption—there could be harmful ramifications for the waking mind.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quality of sleep reflects cognitive activity recently engaged while awake”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such exploration must proceed together with research aimed at advancing our understanding of sleep, given that sleep may help with adaptive processing of traumatic memories.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the quality of wakefulness, in turn, reflects consolidation and other cognitive activity engaged while asleep”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A major factor that may influence sleep quality is the reemergence of negative memories.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sleep-based rumination might be quite prevalent, regardless of clinical diagnosis.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One tactic would be to control pre-sleep mental activity, in that positive waking thoughts could produce positive sleeping thoughts.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By understanding the mutual relationships between sleep and wake, and by embracing innovative ways to improve sleep, we can change the waking mind for the better.”
§ Memory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better > HARNESSING SLEEP TO IMPROVE PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep plays a critical role in memory consolidation.
“Bringing together the critical role of sleep in memory consolidation with the fact that memory is used for many cognitive functions leads to the following further inference: Sleep disturbances may have far-reaching cognitive consequences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The cortical-hippocampal-cortical loop theory of reactivation-dependent memory consolidation is correct.
“These results were thus used to support the cortical-hippocampal-cortical loop theory of reactivation-dependent memory consolidation outlined above.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep spindles are unlikely to occur in close succession and are typically separated by 3–6 s.
“Spindles are unlikely to occur in close succession and are typically separated by 3–6 s.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The primary candidate mechanism for this effect is an iterative reactivation and strengthening of recently formed memory networks in the sleeping brain [13, 15–17].”
From Constructive episodic simulation in dreams (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Metadata
- Authors
- Paller, K. A., Creery, J. D., & Schechtman, E.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2021-01-04
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 123-150
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC7983127
- OpenAlex
- W3087541990
- Semantic Scholar
- de5c4357e615a760acfe8d41e4dab89d63b1353a
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 10
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007909)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS112942, T32NS047987)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, rumination, worry, emotion regulation, creativity, problem solving, forgetting, self-construction
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Memory, Mental Health, Mental Recall, Sleep
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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