Cited by 1,858Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

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Microglial Physiology: Unique Stimuli, Specialized Responses

Ransohoff, Richard M., Perry, V. Hugh·2009·Annual Review of Immunology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132528

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Abstract

Microglia, the macrophages of the central nervous system parenchyma, have in the normal healthy brain a distinct phenotype induced by molecules expressed on or secreted by adjacent neurons and astrocytes, and this phenotype is maintained in part by virtue of the blood-brain barrier's exclusion of serum components. Microglia are continually active, their processes palpating and surveying their local microenvironment. The microglia rapidly change their phenotype in response to any disturbance of nervous system homeostasis and are commonly referred to as activated on the basis of the changes in their morphology or expression of cell surface antigens. A wealth of data now demonstrate that the microglia have very diverse effector functions, in line with macrophage populations in other organs. The term activated microglia needs to be qualified to reflect the distinct and very different states of activation-associated effector functions in different disease states. Manipulating the effector functions of microglia has the potential to modify the outcome of diverse neurological diseases.

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Authors: Ransohoff, R. M., & Perry, V. H.
Affiliations: Cleveland Clinic (US)
University of Southampton (GB)
ORCID: Ransohoff, Richard M.
Perry, V. Hugh
Venue: Annual Review of Immunology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2009-04-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 1
Pages: 119-145
ISSN: 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
1545-3278
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132528
OpenAlex: W2112880160
Cited by: 1,858
References: 141
Citations by year: 2026: 50 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 115 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 111 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 142 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 161 · 2012: 143
FWCI: 9.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: microglia, microglial activation, microglial phenotype, blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, neurological disorders, microglial morphology, cell surface antigens
MeSH terms: Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Cell Communication, Central Nervous System, Humans, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Signal Transduction, Microglia, Neurotransmitter Agents, Neurodegenerative Diseases

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Microglial Physiology: Unique Stimuli, Specialized Responses

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