Towards Conceptualizing a Neural Systems-Based Anatomy of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Convergent data from neuroimaging, neuropsychological, genetic and neurochemical studies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have implicated dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), which form the cortical arm of the frontostriatal network supporting executive functions. Furthermore, besides the DLPFC and dACC, structural and functional imaging studies have shown abnormalities in key brain regions within distributed cortical networks supporting attention. The conceptualization of neural systems biology in ADHD aims at the understanding of what organizing principles have been altered during development within the brain of a person with ADHD.Characterizing these neural systems using neuroimaging could be critical for the description of structural endophenotypes, and may provide the capability of in vivo categorization and correlation with behavior and genes.
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Most cases of ADHD arise from a 'pool' of genetic and environmental risk factors.
“These approaches have received clear support from aetiological studies indicating that most cases of ADHD arise from a 'pool' of genetic and environmental risk factors.”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [99]
The section “Symptom Basis for ADHD and Early Brain Localization Models” describes ADHD as having a multifactorial etiology and hypothesizes that genetic and perinatal environmental factors contribute to it (page not supplied). It does not establish that most cases arise from such a pool of factors; the citing sentence states that qualified model as an etiological finding about most cases. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeurocognitive, neuroimaging and genetic theories of ADHD have shifted from single-cause or single-pathway models to models that delineate causes that lead to ADHD through several molecular, neural and neurocognitive pathways.
“Neurocognitive, neuroimaging and genetic theories of ADHD have shifted from single-cause or singlepathway models to models that delineate causes that lead to ADHD through several molecular, neural and neurocognitive pathways 33,98-102 .”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [99]
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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“The findings support recent neurobiological theories of ADHD that suggest that the disorder is multisystemic, characterized by multiple parallel deficits in several fronto-striatal, fronto-cortical, and frontocerebellar networks that mediate the different cognitive functions that are impaired in the disorder.(4,35,97,…”
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Self-citationNeurofeedback Training Induces Changes in White and Gray Matter
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“Relative to healthy controls, smaller FA values have been reported in the CB in adults with childhood ADHD.36 Moreover, decreased FA has been found in the ACR—which connects the frontal cortex and the brainstem—in children and adolescents with this developmental disorder.37,38 As for the SCC, this tract may be implica…”
BackgroundNeurobiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Purper‐Ouakil, D., Ramoz, N., Lepagnol-Bestel, A.-M., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., & Simonneau, M. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212b40f · Cited by 146 · see citing works
“A detailed review of these networks indicates that diffuse and more specific alterations in brain structures and neural networks are possibly combined in ADHD and lead to organized brain phenotypes (60).”
BackgroundReif, D. M., Truong, L., Mandrell, D. T., Marvel, S. W., Zhang, G., & Tanguay, R. L. (2015) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-015-1554-1 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…phenotypes using whole organisms, where the full gamut of coordinated events leading to nervous system development occurs, including cellular differentiation, proliferation, migration, synapse formation, and apoptosis (Makris et al. 2009; Padilla et al. 2012; Sanes et al. 2005; Truong et al. 2014).”
BackgroundNeuropsychological basic deficits in preschoolers at risk for ADHD: A meta-analysis
Pauli-Pott, U., & Becker, K. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.02.005 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
White Matter Microstructure and Cognition in Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease
Rollins, C. K., Watson, C. G., Asaro, L. A., Wypij, D., Vajapeyam, S., Bellinger, D. C., DeMaso, D. R., Robertson, R. L., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.07.028 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Chacko, A., Feirsen, N., Bedard, A.-C., Marks, D., Uderman, J. Z., & Chimiklis, A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.787622 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Cortese, S., Imperati, D., Zhou, J., Proal, E., Klein, R. G., Mannuzza, S., Ramos-Olazagasti, M. A., Milham, M. P., Kelly, C., & Castellanos, F. X. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.025 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Recently, the pathophysiological conceptualization of ADHD has shifted from models focused primarily on fronto-striatal regions (8) to dysfunction in widely distributed large-scale brain networks (5,9,10).”
Does serotonin deficit mediate susceptibility to ADHD?
Banerjee, E., & Nandagopal, K. (2015) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.02.001 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging data link ADHD with deficits in vital brain regions concerned with cognitive control, attention, executive function and motivation/reward function (De La Fuente et al., 2013, Makris et al., 2009).”
Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in ADHD
Vaidya, C. J. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_138 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“One principled way to parse these findings is in terms of neural networks that subserve a functional domain that is affected in ADHD [see recent reviews (Makris et al. 2009; Vaidya and Stollstorff 2008)].”
BackgroundVideo game addiction, ADHD symptomatology, and video game reinforcement
Mathews, C. L., Morrell, H. E. R., & Molle, J. E. (2018) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1472269 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“integration abilities (24), as well as heightened awareness of incoming stimuli (especially sight, sound, and touch), which may make them especially sensitive to”
BackgroundInfluences of digital media use on children and adolescents with ADHD during COVID-19 pandemic
Shuai, L., He, S., Zheng, H., Wang, Z., Qiu, M., Xia, W., Cao, X., Lu, L., & Zhang, J. (2021) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-021-00699-z · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“behavioral inhibition would lead to difficulties in daily life management [24], including regulation of media and internet use [25].”
BackgroundHong, S.-B., Zalesky, A., Fornito, A., Park, S., Yang, Y.-H., Park, M.-H., Song, I.-C., Sohn, C.-H., Shin, M.-S., Kim, B.-N., et al. (2014) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.12.013 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Bralten, J., Franke, B., Waldman, I., Rommelse, N., Hartman, C., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Ebstein, R. P., Gill, M., Miranda, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.08.020 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Aguiar, A., Eubig, P. A., & Schantz, S. L. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1002326 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“The anterior cingulate cortex has roles in cognition and motor control and is specifically involved in processes underlying the arousal/drive state of the organism (Makris et al. 2009).”
BackgroundHodgkins, P., Sasané, R., & Meijer, W. M. (2011) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.03.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“First prescriber General practitioner 975 (20) Pediatrician 1184 (24) Psychiatrist 1933 (39) Neurologist 84 (2) Other specialist 733 (15)”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFine motor deficits and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in primary school children
Mokobane, M., Pillay, B. J., & Meyer, A. (2019) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v25i0.1232 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Supervised machine learning for diagnostic classification from large-scale neuroimaging datasets
Lanka, P., Rangaprakash, D., Dretsch, M. N., Katz, J. S., Denney, T. S., & Deshpande, G. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00191-8 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…and basal ganglia form a part of the frontal– striatal network which is involved in response inhibition (Aron and Poldrack 2006; Cubillo et al. 2010; Makris et al. 2009) with inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) playing an especially important role in salience processing and initiation of the response…”
BackgroundCai, W., Chen, T., Szegletes, L., Supekar, K., & Menon, V. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.10.005 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Decreased frontostriatal microstructural organization in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
de Zeeuw, P., Mandl, R. C. W., Pol, H. E. H., van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21335 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“has implicated frontostriatal connectivity in many ways, suggesting that both organization of the network and signal conduction within it may be disrupted [Durston et al., in press; Makris et al., 2009; Nigg and Casey, 2005].”
BackgroundDeficits in Cognitive Control, Timing and Reward Sensitivity Appear to be Dissociable in ADHD
de Zeeuw, P., Weusten, J., van Dijk, S., van Belle, J., & Durston, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051416 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Despite these limitations, we feel that our results come together with other studies investigating neuropsychological heterogeneity in ADHD using comparable methodology [11,12] to support a shift towards studying ADHD from a neural systems, multiple pathway approach [19,48,59].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDifferentiating SCT and inattentive symptoms in ADHD using fMRI measures of cognitive control
Fassbender, C., Krafft, C. E., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2015) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.05.007 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Sasayama, D., Hayashida, A., Yamasue, H., Harada, Y., Kaneko, T., Kasai, K., Washizuka, S., & Amano, N. (2010) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02102.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A preliminary study of the effects of working memory training on brain function
Stevens, M. C. G., Gaynor, A. M., Bessette, K. L., & Pearlson, G. D. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9416-2 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Given the suspected heterogenous nature of ADHD pathophysiology (Castellanos and Proal 2012; Cortese et al. 2012; Makris et al. 2009), it also is important to learn if pre-training profiles of ADHD brain dysfunction could predict whether a patient is more or less likely to benefit from treatment.”
BackgroundAcute Exercise Improves Mood and Motivation in Young Men with ADHD Symptoms
Fritz, K., & O’Connor, P. J. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000864 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Differential Brain Development with Low and High IQ in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
de Zeeuw, P., Schnack, H., van Belle, J., Weusten, J., van Dijk, S. C., Langen, M., Brouwer, R., van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035770 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“cingulate cortex and the cerebellum have been consistently reported in ADHD, in both structural MRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) studies [2,3,20,21].”
BackgroundComparison of brain volume abnormalities between ADHD and conduct disorder in adolescence
Stevens, M. C. G., & Haney‐Caron, E. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.110148 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Characterising resting-state functional connectivity in a large sample of adults with ADHD
Mostert, J. C., Shumskaya, E., Mennes, M., Onnink, A. M. H., Hoogman, M., Kan, C. C., Vásquez, A. A., Buitelaar, J. K., Franke, B., & Norris, D. G. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.011 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Role of the Gut-Brain Axis in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Dam, S. A., Mostert, J. C., Szopinska-Tokov, J., Bloemendaal, M., Amato, M. P., & Vásquez, A. A. (2019) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2019.05.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Ji, H., Wu, S., Won, J., Weng, S., Lee, S., Seo, S., & Park, J.-J. (2023) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/40438 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“The impaired attention and executive function in children with ADHD lead to reduced inhibitory ability, working memory, and task shift due to an imbalance of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine [5-7].”
BackgroundChoudhry, Z., Sengupta, S. M., Grizenko, N., Fortier, M., Thakur, G. A., Bellingham, J., & Joober, R. (2012) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02551.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Souza, B. R., & Tropepe, V. (2011) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/rns.2011.012 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Dopamine signalling genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders Dopaminergic signalling is a major target of pharmacological treatment for several mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and attention defi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Tohen and Vieta , 2009 ; van Os and Kapur , 2009 ; Froe…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWolfers, T., Onnink, A. M. H., Zwiers, M. P., Arias-Vasquez, A., Hoogman, M., Mostert, J. C., Kan, C. C., Slaats-Willemse, D., Buitelaar, J. K., & Franke, B. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140154 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Rüsch, N., Bracht, T., Kreher, B. W., Schnell, S., Glauche, V., Il'yasov, K. A., Ebert, D., Lieb, K., Hennig, J., Saur, D., et al. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.08.004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Because of ADHD comorbidity, recent findings of ACC volume reduction (Seidman et al., 2006) and alterations of functional connectivity (Tian et al., 2006) in ADHD add to the relevance of this brain region for our analyses (Makris et al., 2009).”
BackgroundResultToward Defining the Neural Substrates of ADHD
Makris, N., Liang, L., Biederman, J., Valera, E. M., Brown, A., Petty, C. R., Spencer, T. J., Faraone, S. V., & Seidman, L. J. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713506041 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Based on empirical data and accepted models of ADHD (Barkley, 1997; Makris et al., 2009; Sonuga-Barke, 2003), we hypothesized that treatment-naïve participants who reach adulthood while still meeting diagnostic criteria for ADHD show structural alterations in the ACC, DLPFC, OFC, IPL/TOP, caudate nucleus and CBL.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRodrigo-Yanguas, M., González, C., Bella-Fernández, M., & Blasco-Fontecilla, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.798480 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Refining psychiatric phenotypes for response to treatment: Contribution of LPHN3 in ADHD
Labbe, A., Liu, A., Atherton, J., Gizenko, N., Fortier, M., Sengupta, S. M., & Joober, R. (2012) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32083 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“These include regions of the brain that have been shown to be important inADHD[Aman et al., 1998; Arnsten, 2009; Makris et al., 2009; Shaw and Rabin, 2009; Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010].”
BackgroundHammerness, P., Biederman, J., Petty, C., Henin, A., & Moore, C. M. (2012) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00226.x · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“While underlying abnormalities in frontostriatal networks have been documented in pediatric [3] and adult ADHD populations [4], the underlying neurochemistry of ADHD, as well as the neuronal impact of pharmacological agents have received little attention in the scientific literature.”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeJeune, B. C., Beebe, D. W., Noll, J. G., Kenealy, L. E., Isquith, P. Κ., & Gioia, G. A. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040903352556 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Components of Motor Deficiencies in ADHD and Possible Interventions
Dahan, A., Ryder, C. H., & Reiner, M. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.040 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sidlauskaite, J., Caeyenberghs, K., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Roeyers, H., & Wiersema, J. R. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.10.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“This is an open access article under cingulum bundle, anterior corona radiata, internal capsule, forceps minor, cerebellar tracts, thalamic radiation and isthmus of corpus callosum (Kobel et al., 2010; Konrad et al., 2010; Makris et al., 2009; Pavuluri et al., 2009; Peterson et al., 2011; Silk et al., 2009; Weyandt et…”
ResultAn Asymmetric Stroop/Reverse-Stroop Interference Phenomenon in ADHD
Song, Y., & Hakoda, Y. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710367607 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mayer, K., Wyckoff, S. N., Fallgatter, A. J., Ehlis, A., & Strehl, U. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0683-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“a dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been assumed to underlie many of the deficits observed in ADHD, with particular involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and cingulate areas (for example, [12]).”
BackgroundFinke, K., Schwarzkopf, W., Müller, U., Frodl, T., Müller, H. J., Schneider, W. X., Engel, R. R., Riedel, M. J., Möller, H., & Hennig‐Fast, K. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024944 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Wu, W., McAnulty, G. B., Hamoda, H. M., Sarill, K., Karmacharya, S., Gagoski, B. A., Ning, L., Grant, P. E., Shenton, M. E., Waber, D. P., et al. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00108-5 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…occur primarily in the long association cortico-cortical fiber pathways, especially the right cingulum and right SLF-II, which are part of the attention circuitry (Makris et al. 2008, 2009), whereas the bilateral cingulum and SLF-II are involved in executive function (Makris et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGarcía Fernández, T., González-Pienda, J., Rodríguez Pérez, C., Álvarez García, D., & Álvarez Pérez, L. (2014) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2013.149 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Picon, F. A., Sato, J. R., Anés, M., Vedolin, L., Mazzola, A. A., Valentini, B. B., Cupertino, R. B., Karam, R. G., Victor, M. M., Breda, V., et al. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718816822 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Marchand-Krynski, M.-È., Morin‐Moncet, O., Bélanger, A.-M., Beauchamp, M. H., & Leonard, G. T. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177490 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Linder, N., Kroyzer, N., Maeir, A., Wertman‐Elad, R., & Pollak, Y. (2010) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297041003781884 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Convergent data from neuroimaging, neuropsychological, genetic and neurochemical studies in ADHD have implicated dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), which form the neural network supporting executive functions ( Bush, 2008 ; Kieling, Goncalves, Tannock…”
BackgroundDeficits in inhibitory force control in young adults with ADHD
Neely, K. A., Wang, P., Chennavasin, A. P., Samimy, S., Tucker, J., Merida, A., Pérez‐Edgar, K. E., & Huang‐Pollock, C. L. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“More importantly, these brain regions are implicated in neural models of ADHD characterized by large-scale networks including anterior cingulate cortex, posterior parietal cortex, thalamus, prefrontal cortex, striatum, and cerebellum (Bush et al., 2005; Seidman et al., 2005; Makris et al., 2009; Liston et al., 2011; C…”
Warner, D. O., Chelonis, J. J., Paule, M. G., Frank, R. D., Lee, M., Zaccariello, M. J., Katusic, S. K., Schroeder, D. R., Hanson, A. C., Schulte, P. J., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.12.020 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Deficits in fine motor skills in a genetic animal model of ADHD
Qian, Y., Lei, G., Castellanos, F. X., Forssberg, H., & Heijtz, R. D. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-51 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“These are the same regions that have been implicated in ADHD [27,28].”
BackgroundCortical folding patterns are associated with impulsivity in healthy young adults
Hirjak, D., Thomann, A., Kubera, K. M., Wolf, R. C., Jeung, H., Maier-Hein, K. H., & Thomann, P. A. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9618-2 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Bob, P., Konicarová, J., & Raboch, J. (2013) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s49343 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“3,4 20 The abnormalities may also be of cerebellar origin and ADHD children in many cases exhibit atrophy in cerebellar regions associated with motor dysfunctions that are most likely linked to inhibitory deficits.”
Pagán, A. F., Huizar, Y. P., Short, T. R., Gotcher, Z., & Schmidt, A. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01280-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Heijtz, R. D., Fuchs, E., Feldon, J., Pryce, C. R., & Forssberg, H. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-18 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“working memory, decision-making, inhibitory response control, and attentional set-shifting, of central relevance to ADHD [16].”
BackgroundKim, B., Kim, J.-W., Kang, H., Cho, S.-C., Shin, M., Yoo, H., Hong, S.-B., & Lee, D. S. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1139/jpn.090168 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wang, M., Yu, J., Kim, H.-D., & Cruz, A. B. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116338 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Balance deficits and ADHD symptoms in medication-naïve school-aged boys
Bob, P., Konicarová, J., & Raboch, J. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s56017 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Grazioli, S., Mauri, M., Crippa, A., Maggioni, E., Molteni, M., Brambilla, P., & Nobile, M. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.10.100 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ito, W., Komada, Y., Okajima, I., & Inoue, Y. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.04.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Structural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex and subcortical areas, which play a crucial role in attention, executive functions, and control of arousal, have been found in ADHD [46].”
BackgroundBob, P., Konicarová, J., & Raboch, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.430685 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
ADHD-Gaming Disorder Comorbidity in Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review
Salerno, L., Becheri, L., & Pallanti, S. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9101528 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Using a Research Domain Criteria (R-Do-C) framework, ADHD deficits appear to fit the domains of cognitive systems, because of the impairment of attention [73], working memory [74], and of the timing-related functions (motor and perceptual timing and temporal foresight) [75]; the positive valence system, with the sub-c…”
MethodHermosillo, R. J. M., Mooney, M. A., Feczko, E., Earl, E., Marr, M. C., Sturgeon, D., Perrone, A. J., Miranda-Domínguez, Ó., Faraone, S. V., Wilmot, B., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.11.014 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Makris, N., Seidman, L. J., Brown, A., Valera, E. M., Kaiser, J. R., Petty, C. R., Liang, L., Aleardi, M., Boriel, D., Henderson, C. S., et al. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.11.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Future studieswill need to assess whether this pattern is associated with neural systems alterations involving both cortical and white matter fibers (Makris et al., 2009).”
Self-citationJouzizadeh, M., Khanbabaie, R., & Ghaderi, A. H. (2020) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2019.1709843 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Nakanishi, Y., Ota, T., Iida, J., Yamamuro, K., Kishimoto, N., Okazaki, K., & Kishimoto, T. (2017) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-017-0163-6 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“The common mechanism of both drugs is that they modulate dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission [4].”
BackgroundEvidence for deficient motor planning in ADHD
Dahan, A., & Reiner, M. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09984-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“007404, for the short and long conditions (t(21) = −2.”
BackgroundLewis, N., Villani, A., & Lagopoulos, J. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.01.031 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Bolstering this assertion is the importance of frontostriatal regions in ADHD (Makris et al., 2009) which are modulated by DA, that ADHD involves excess DA transporter (DAT) binding (Dougherty et al., 1999; Swanson et al., 2007), and that common genes implicated in ADHD involve those encoding for…”
Bruxel, E. M., Akutagava-Martins, G. C., Salatino-Oliveira, A., Genro, J., Zeni, C., Polanczyk, G. V., Chazan, R., Schmitz, M., Rohde, L., & Hutz, M. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32489 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Genetics studies of ADHD symptom domains may explain a specific clinical variable or particular neuronal system dysfunction, given that hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive domains demonstrated some genetic specificities and different neuronal networks [Makris et al., 2009] decreasing phenotypic variability [Bralten…”
BackgroundTaylor, A., Novo, D., & Foreman, D. M. (2019) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare7030102 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Differences have been observed in the brain structure and function of those with ADHD, including the prefrontal cortex and its connections to striatal, parietal, and cerebellar circuits [18].”
Rushmore, J., Sylvain Bouix, A., Kubicki, M. R., Yogesh Rathi, A., Yeterian, E. H., & Makris, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2022.1035420 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive control in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Dramsdahl, M., Westerhausen, R., Haavik, J., Hugdahl, K., & Plessen, K. J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Brain imaging studies have described dysfunctional neurocircuits involving these areas in individuals with ADHD (Bush, 2010; Makris et al., 2009).”
BackgroundNeurobiology of Adult ADHD: Emerging Evidence for Network Dysfunctions
Jadidian, A., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2015) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15060142 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children
Зиновьева, О. Е., Rogovina, E. G., & Tyrinova, E. A. (2014) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2014-1-4-8 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Principle of Dissolution and Primitive Reflexes in AD HD
Konicarová, J., & Bob, P. (2013) · Activitas Nervosa Superior · doi:10.1007/bf03379598 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Accord ing to brain imaging stud ies these balance deficits likely are linked to prefrontal cortex deficits that influence attention and executive functions (Arnsten, 2009; Shaw & Rabin, 2009; Makris et al., 2009) and also may have cerebellar origin .”
BackgroundCai, W., Chen, T., Szegletes, L., Supekar, K., & Menon, V. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.017 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“ADHD is now increasingly viewed as a disorder stemming from disturbances in large-scale brain networks (10-16).”
BackgroundRetractedColzato, L. S., Hommel, B., Zhang, W., Roessner, V., & Beste, C. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104677 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bakhtadze, S., Beridze, M., Geladze, N., Khachapuridze, N., & Bornstein, N. M. (2015) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-015-9314-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The latter is topologically connected to distinct sensorimotor regions via the pons and the thalamus (Makris et al. 2009).”
BackgroundZhou, L., Zhao, Y., Liu, X., Kuang, W., Zhu, H., Dai, J., He, M., Lui, S., Kemp, G. J., & Gong, Q. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203498 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Using fNIRS to evaluate ADHD medication effects on neuronal activity: A systematic literature review
Poliakova, E., Conrad, A. L., Schieltz, K. M., & O’Brien, M. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroimaging · doi:10.3389/fnimg.2023.1083036 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The neurochemical mechanisms underlying the effect of stimulants have not been fully determined, however, studies have shown that methylphenidate inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine transporters, which are responsible for modulating sufficient reuptake of neurotransmitters (Makris et al., 2009; Berridge and Devilbiss…”
The egocentric spatial reference frame used in dorsal–lateral prefrontal working memory in primates
Ma, Y., Hu, X., & Wilson, F. A. W. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jarczok, T. A., Haase, R., Bluschke, A., Thiemann, U., & Bender, S. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.05.003 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Faraone, S. V., Bhide, P. G., & Biederman, J. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0064 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationNicotine and the developing brain: Insights from preclinical models
McCarthy, D. M., Zhang, L., Wilkes, B. J., Vaillancourt, D., Biederman, J., & Bhide, P. (2022) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173355 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, F., Jin, C., Zuo, T., Wang, R., Yang, Y., & Wang, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.999384 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Godinez, D. A., Willcutt, E. G., Burgess, G. C., Depue, B. E., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., & Banich, M. T. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.019 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…in several networks underlying attentional deficits in individuals with ADHD, including the frontoparietal, cingulo-opercular, dorsal and ventral-attention and cerebellar networks (For reviews see Makris et al., 2009; Bush, 2011; Durston et al., 2011; Cortese et al., 2012; Posner, 2012).”
Memory-guided force output is associated with self-reported ADHD symptoms in young adults
Neely, K., Chennavasin, A. P., Yoder, A., Williams, G. K. R., Loken, E., & Huang-Pollock, C. (2016) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-016-4718-1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…studies are converging on a neural system-based anatomy of ADHD wherein dysfunction is thought to affect the cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum (Makris et al. 2009)—all major players in visuomotor control processes (Coombes et al. 2011; Neely et al. 2013a; Vaillancourt et al. 2006).”
BackgroundO’Brien, A. M., Kivisto, L. R., Deasley, S., & Casey, J. E. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719869834 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Because these same subcortical brain regions are implicated in EF (Banaschewski et al., 2012; Castellanos et al., 2006; Makris et al., 2009), it may be suggested that executive dysfunction is the core underlying factor of ADHD.”
BackgroundYen, Y., Gassen, N., Zellner, A., Rein, T., Landgraf, R., Wotjak, C., & Anderzhanova, E. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00067 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Disturbance in the norepinephrine and dopamine cortical neurotransmission may mediate the NMDA receptor signaling shortage (Makris et al., 2009; Arnsten and Pliszka, 2011).”
Background
- Authors
- Makris, N., Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., & Seidman, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Developmental Neuroscience
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 36-49
- ISSN
- 0378-5866 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9859
- PMC
- PMC3777416
- OpenAlex
- W2033869827
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Developmental Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-62152, R01MH062152)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41-RR-14075, P41RR014075)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (P01AT002048)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, fronto-striatal network, executive function, attention, endophenotypes, brain development, neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Child, Diagnostic Imaging, Humans, Phenotype
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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