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Facilitating Adaptive Emotional Analysis: Distinguishing Distanced-Analysis of Depressive Experiences From Immersed-Analysis and Distraction
Abstract
Two studies examined the psychological processes that facilitate adaptive emotional analysis. In Study 1, participants recalled a depression experience and then analyzed their feelings from either a self-immersed (immersed-analysis) or self-distanced (distanced-analysis) perspective. Participants in the distanced-analysis group focused less on recounting their experience and more on reconstruing it, which in turn led to lower levels of depressed affect. Furthermore, comparisons to a distraction group indicated that distanced-analysis was as effective as distraction in reducing depressed affect relative to the immersed-analysis group. Study 2 replicated these findings and showed that both 1 day and 7 days after the experimental manipulations, participants in the distanced-analysis group remained buffered against depressed affect and reported experiencing fewer recurring thoughts about their depression experience over time compared to both the immersed-analysis and distraction groups.
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“The use of less cognition words in those with increased PTSD symptoms is in accord with cognitive theories of PTSD and the proposed beneficial nature of elaborative cognitive processing during trauma (13, 14) and complements earlier findings of increased cognition words predicting fewer distress symptoms following emotional events (15, 25).”
From Early Linguistic Markers of Trauma-Specific Processing Predict Post-trauma Adjustment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Finally, the use of first-person singular pronouns (“I,” “me.” “my”), a proposed measure of self-immersed processing (24, 25) has emerged as a predictor of depression (9, 26, 27) and general psychopathology (28) in prior research.”
From Early Linguistic Markers of Trauma-Specific Processing Predict Post-trauma Adjustment (2018) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“One reason this strategy is so well studied is because reappraisal is highly effective at regulating affect and physiological arousal without the cognitive and physiological costs associated with response-focused strategies (e.g., expressive suppression) (Gross 1998), and with longerlasting effects than attention-focused strategies (e.g., distraction) (Ochsner and Gross 2005;Kross and Ayduk 2008;O”
From Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies (2014) · cites this paper as Kross and Ayduk 2008
In the citing paper
“Anxiety and depression are global health challenges with the majority of cases emerging before the age of 24 years105,106.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [105]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kross, E., & Ayduk, O.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley,
- Corresponding author
- Kross, Ethan
- ORCID
- Kross, Ethan
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2008-05-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 924-938
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2025906891
- Cited by
- 390
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 23.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH39349)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- depression, depressive affect, emotion regulation, distraction, autobiographical memory, thought suppression, rumination
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Awareness, Depression, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Life Change Events, Male, Problem Solving, Psychotherapy, Mental Recall, Repression, Psychology, Thinking, Self Psychology
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