Deconstructing the third dimension – how 3D culture microenvironments alter cellular cues
Open accessAbstract
Much of our understanding of the biological mechanisms that underlie cellular functions, such as migration, differentiation and force-sensing has been garnered from studying cells cultured on two-dimensional (2D) glass or plastic surfaces. However, more recently the cell biology field has come to appreciate the dissimilarity between these flat surfaces and the topographically complex, three-dimensional (3D) extracellular environments in which cells routinely operate in vivo. This has spurred substantial efforts towards the development of in vitro 3D biomimetic environments and has encouraged much cross-disciplinary work among biologists, material scientists and tissue engineers. As we move towards more-physiological culture systems for studying fundamental cellular processes, it is crucial to define exactly which factors are operative in 3D microenvironments. Thus, the focus of this Commentary will be on identifying and describing the fundamental features of 3D cell culture systems that influence cell structure, adhesion, mechanotransduction and signaling in response to soluble factors, which – in turn – regulate overall cellular function in ways that depart dramatically from traditional 2D culture formats. Additionally, we will describe experimental scenarios in which 3D culture is particularly relevant, highlight recent advances in materials engineering for studying cell biology, and discuss examples where studying cells in a 3D context provided insights that would not have been observed in traditional 2D systems.
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Increasing the dimensionality of extracellular matrix around cells from 2D to 3D can significantly impact cell proliferation, differentiation, mechano-responses, and survival.
“Results from 3D studies demonstrate that increasing the dimensionality of extracellular matrix (ECM) around cells from 2D to 3D can significantly impact cell proliferation, differentiation, mechano-responses, and cell survival (2,10,41).”
From Modeling physiological events in 2D vs. 3D cell culture (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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“…treatment response of OC patients have relied heavily on in vitro techniques involving the growth of OC cell lines on tissue culture polystyrene, however, this leads to changes in cell morphology, phenotype, signaling and ultimately drug sensitivity (Baker and Chen, 2012; Brooks et al., 2019).”
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- Authors
- Baker, B. M., & Chen, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Christopher S.
- Venue
- Journal of Cell Science
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2012-01-01
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- Pt 13
- Pages
- 3015-24
- ISSN
- 0021-9533 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9137
- PMC
- PMC3434846
- OpenAlex
- W2163149880
- Cited by
- 1,760
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 108 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 121 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 218 · 2020: 190 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 144 · 2016: 121 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cell Science (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Washington
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL73305, R01HL073305)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM074048, GM74048)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB008396, EB 00262, F32EB014691, EB08396, R01EB000262)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Keywords
- 3D cell culture, extracellular microenvironment, cell adhesion, mechanotransduction, signal transduction, soluble factors, biomimetic materials, cell migration, cell differentiation, force sensing, 2D vs 3D culture comparison
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Biological Transport, Cell Adhesion, Cell Communication, Cell Differentiation, Cell Movement, Extracellular Matrix, Humans, Solubility, Cell Culture Techniques, Computational Biology, Chondrocytes, Mechanotransduction, Cellular, Cell Shape, Cellular Microenvironment
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