The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reducing Social Context Cues: Electronic Mail in Organizational Communication
Abstract
This paper examines electronic mail in organizational communication. Based on ideas about how social context cues within a communication setting affect information exchange, it argues that electronic mail does not simply speed up the exchange of information but leads to the exchange of new information as well. In a field study in a Fortune 500 company, we used questionnaire data and actual messages to examine electronic mail communication at all levels of the organization. Based on hypotheses from research on social communication, we explored effects of electronic communication related to self-absorption, status equalization, and uninhibited behavior. Consistent with experimental studies, we found that decreasing social context cues has substantial deregulating effects on communication. And we found that much of the information conveyed through electronic mail was information that would not have been conveyed through another medium.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women
Kanter, R. M. (1977) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/226425 · Cited by 3,154
Cited by
Critical Inquiry in a Text-Based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education
Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (1999) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/s1096-7516(00)00016-6 · Cited by 6,619
The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations
Orlikowski, W. J. (1992) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.3.3.398 · Cited by 4,957
Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction
WALTHER, J. B. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023001001 · Cited by 4,798
Perceived Usefulness, Ease of Use, and Usage of Information Technology: A Replication
Adams, D. A., Nelson, R. R., & Todd, P. A. (1992) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/249577 · Cited by 3,084
van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M. C. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085546 · Cited by 2,200
The Mutual Knowledge Problem and Its Consequences for Dispersed Collaboration
Cramton, C. D. (2001) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.12.3.346.10098 · Cited by 1,916
The Impact of Technostress on Role Stress and Productivity
Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222240109 · Cited by 1,904
Self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication: The role of self-awareness and visual anonymity
Joinson, A. N. (2001) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.36 · Cited by 1,458
Survey research methodology in management information systems: an assessment
Pinsonneault, A., & Kraemer, K. (1993) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.1993.11518001 · Cited by 1,288
Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A. C., Swinth, K. R., Hoyt, C. L., & Bailenson, J. N. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1302_01 · Cited by 1,280
Informational influence in organizations: An integrated approach to knowledge adoption
Sussman, S. W., & Siegal, W. S. (2003) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.14.1.47.14767 · Cited by 1,250
Gibson, C. B., & Gibbs, J. L. (2006) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2189/asqu.51.3.451 · Cited by 1,152
Ma, M., & Agarwal, R. (2007) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.1070.0113 · Cited by 1,143
Managing User Trust in B2C e-Services
Gefen, & Straub (2003) · e-Service Journal · doi:10.2979/esj.2003.2.2.7 · Cited by 1,074
Designing Virtual Customer Environments for New Product Development: Toward a Theory
Nambisan, S. (2002) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2002.7389914 · Cited by 1,026
Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1996) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01462.x · Cited by 1,000
Hassanein, K., & Head, M. (2007) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2006.11.018 · Cited by 986
The science of interpersonal touch: An overview
Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.10.004 · Cited by 879
The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review
Derks, D., Fischer, A. H., & Bos, A. E. R. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.04.004 · Cited by 865
Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Dino, R. N. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012722 · Cited by 841
Barth, S., & de Jong, M. D. T. (2017) · Telematics and Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.tele.2017.04.013 · Cited by 798
“Cues-filtered-out Theory (Sproull and Kiesler, 1986, 1991) This theory implies that individuals disclose more personal data in computer-mediated communication settings compared to face-to-face settings due to the absence of social and contextual cues.”
BackgroundAvolio (2000) · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(00)00062-x · Cited by 767
Panacea or Panopticon?: The Hidden Power in Computer-Mediated Communication
SPEARS, R., & LEA, M. (1994) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365094021004001 · Cited by 705
Dynamic nature of trust in virtual teams
Kanawattanachai, P., & Yoo, Y. (2002) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/s0963-8687(02)00019-7 · Cited by 594
E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Baker, B. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003 · Cited by 584
Media effects: theory and research
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Walther, J. B. (2016) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033608 · Cited by 536
The Spatial, Temporal, and Configurational Characteristics of Geographic Dispersion in Teams1
O’Leary, M. B., & Cummings, J. N. (2007) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148802 · Cited by 497
Introduction to the Special Issue: Communication Processes for Virtual Organizations
DeSanctis, G., & Monge, P. (1999) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.10.6.693 · Cited by 495
Transformational leadership in context: Face-to-face and virtual teams
Purvanova, R. K., & Bono, J. E. (2009) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.004 · Cited by 472
Egocentrism over e-mail: can we communicate as well as we think?
Kruger, J., Epley, N., Parker, J., & Ng, Z.-W. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.925 · Cited by 425
Virtual Work: Bridging Research Clusters
Raghuram, S., Hill, N. S., Gibbs, J. L., & Maruping, L. M. (2019) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2017.0020 · Cited by 426
CONFLICT AND SHARED IDENTITY IN GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED TEAMS
Mortensen, M., & Hinds, P. J. (2001) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022856 · Cited by 393
Ledbetter, A. M., Mazer, J. P., DeGroot, J. M., Meyer, K. R., Mao, Y., & Swafford, B. (2011) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650210365537 · Cited by 346
Majchrzak, A., Malhotra, A., & John, R. (2005) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.1050.0044 · Cited by 350
Whitty, M. T. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2007.07.002 · Cited by 345
Social desirability is the same in offline, online, and paper surveys: A meta-analysis
Dodou, D., & de Winter, J. C. F. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.005 · Cited by 325
Leadership in virtual teams: A multilevel perspective
Liao, C. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.010 · Cited by 305
Collaborating During Coronavirus: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Nature of Work
DeFilippis, E., Impink, S. M., Singell, M., Polzer, J., & Sadun, R. (2020) · doi:10.3386/w27612 · Cited by 273
Technology acceptance: a meta-analysis of the TAM: part 2
Yousafzai, S. Y., Foxall, G. R., & Pallister, J. G. (2007) · Journal of Modelling in Management · doi:10.1108/17465660710834462 · Cited by 257
Uhls, Y. T., Michikyan, M., Morris, J., Garcia, D., Small, G. W., Zgourou, E., & Greenfield, P. M. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.036 · Cited by 257
Growing closer on facebook: changes in tie strength through social network site use
Burke, M., & Kraut, R. E. (2014) · Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/2556288.2557094 · Cited by 250
Enhancing Effectiveness on Virtual Teams: Understanding Why Traditional Team Skills Are Insufficient
Berry, G. R. (2011) · Journal of Business Communication · doi:10.1177/0021943610397270 · Cited by 241
Udris, R. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.036 · Cited by 234
Digital Leadership: A Bibliometric Analysis
Tigre, F. B., Curado, C., & Henriques, P. L. (2023) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/15480518221123132 · Cited by 226
Lee, S., Lee, N., & Sah, Y. J. (2020) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2019.1699748 · Cited by 204
James, M. L., Wotring, C. E., & Forrest, E. J. (1995) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838159509364287 · Cited by 199
Dating deception: Gender, online dating, and exaggerated self-presentation
Guadagno, R. E., Okdie, B. M., & Kruse, S. A. (2012) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.11.010 · Cited by 184
Feeling interrupted—Being responsive: how online messages relate to affect at work
Sonnentag, S., Reinecke, L., Mata, J., & Vorderer, P. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2239 · Cited by 167
Units of Analysis for Internet Communication
December, J. (1996) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01459.x · Cited by 163
Protean Communication: The Language of Computer-Mediated Communication
Murray, D. E. (2000) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587737 · Cited by 158
Email flaming behaviors and organizational conflict
Turnage, A. K. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00385.x · Cited by 134
Hinsch, C., & Sheldon, K. M. (2013) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1453 · Cited by 135
Measuring Online Communication Attitude: Instrument Development and Validation
Ledbetter, A. M. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750903300262 · Cited by 133
E-leadership or “How to be boss in Instant Messaging?”. The role of nonverbal communication.
Darics, E. (2020) · International Journal of Business Communication · doi:10.1177/2329488416685068 · Cited by 133
Salaberry, M. R. (2000) · The Modern Language Journal · doi:10.1111/0026-7902.00050 · Cited by 109
Monitoring and Performance: A Comparison of Computer and Supervisor Monitoring1
Griffith, T. L. (1993) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01103.x · Cited by 97
Zakaria, N., Stanton, J. M., & Sarkar‐Barney, S. T. M. (2003) · Information Technology & People · doi:10.1108/09593840310463023 · Cited by 99
Helsper, E. J., & Whitty, M. T. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.02.006 · Cited by 98
Reactions to unfair events in computer-mediated groups: A test of uncertainty management theory
Tangirala, S., & Alge, B. J. (2006) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.11.002 · Cited by 95
U txt WHEN? College students’ social contexts of text messaging
Harrison, M. A., & Gilmore, A. L. (2012) · The Social Science Journal · doi:10.1016/j.soscij.2012.05.003 · Cited by 89
Interactive Effects of Team Virtuality and Work Design on Team Functioning
Handke, L., Klonek, F. E., Parker, S. K., & Kauffeld, S. (2020) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496419863490 · Cited by 88
Burke, K., Aytes, K., Chidambaram, L., & Johnson, J. J. (1999) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/104649649903000404 · Cited by 83
Creativity in Virtual Work: Effects of Demographic Differences
Martins, L. L., & Shalley, C. E. (2011) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496410397382 · Cited by 80
Computer-mediated focus groups
Walston, J. T., & Lissitz, R. W. (2000) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x0002400502 · Cited by 75
Rains, S. A. (2005) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650204273763 · Cited by 74
Liu, X., Li, L., & Zhang, Z. (2018) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2017.1324018 · Cited by 66
Olaniran, B. A., Savage, G. T., & Sorenson, R. L. (1996) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634529609379053 · Cited by 62
Anonymity and its role in digital aggression: A systematic review
Kim, M., Ellithorpe, M., & Burt, S. A. (2023) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2023.101856 · Cited by 56
Structuring group decision making in a web-based environment by using the nominal group technique
Lago, P. P., Beruvides, M. G., Jian, J.-Y., Canto, A. M., Sandoval, A., & Taraban, R. (2007) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2006.11.003 · Cited by 46
(1993) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 45
Service equality in virtual reference
Shachaf, P., Oltmann, S. M., & Horowitz, S. M. (2008) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20757 · Cited by 38
Are virtual reference services color blind?
Shachaf, P., & Horowitz, S. (2006) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2006.08.009 · Cited by 33
Cyber neutralisation and flaming
Hwang, J., Lee, H., Kim, K., Zo, H., & Ciganek, A. P. (2016) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2015.1135191 · Cited by 30
Markovitzky, O., Anholt, G. E., & Lipsitz, J. D. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.002 · Cited by 30
Privacy-awareness information for web forums: results from an empirical study
Pötzsch, S., Wolkerstorfer, P., & Graf, C. (2010) · Proceedings of the 6th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Extending Boundaries · doi:10.1145/1868914.1868957 · Cited by 13
Smith, E. J., Rai, R., Scase, M. O., & Wilson, A. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1746672
Metadata
- Authors
- Sproull, L., & Kiesler, S.
- Venue
- Management Science
- Published
- 1986-11
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1492-1512
- ISSN
- 0025-1909 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-5501
- OpenAlex
- W1595891490
- Cited by
- 2,374
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 17.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.